The regional significance of Cretaceous magmatism and metamorphism in Fiordland, New Zealand, from U–Pb zircon geochronology

The western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO) is an extensive composite metagabbroic to dioritic arc batholith that was emplaced at c. 20–25 km crustal depth into Palaeozoic and Mesozoic gneiss during collision and accretion of the arc with the Mesozoic Pacific Gondwana margin. Sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe U–Pb zircon data from central and northern Fiordland indicate that WFO plutons were emplaced throughout the early Cretaceous (123.6 ± 3.0, 121.8 ± 1.7, 120.0 ± 2.6 and 115.6 ± 2.4 Ma). Emplacement of the WFO synchronous with regional deformation and collisional‐style orogenesis is illustrated by (i) coeval ages of a post‐D1 dyke (123.6 ± 3.0 Ma) and its host pluton (121.8 ± 1.7 Ma) at Mt Daniel and (ii) coeval ages of pluton emplacement and metamorphism/deformation of proximal paragneiss in George and Doubtful Sounds. The coincidence emplacement and metamorphic ages indicate that the WFO was regionally significant as a heat source for amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism. The age spectra of detrital zircon populations were characterized for four paragneiss samples. A paragneiss from Doubtful Sound shows a similar age spectrum to other central Fiordland and Westland paragneiss and SE Australian Ordovician sedimentary rocks, with age peaks at 600–500 and 1100–900 Ma, a smaller peak at c. 1400 Ma, and a minor Archean component. Similarly, one sample of the George Sound paragneiss has a significant Palaeozoic to Archean age spectrum, however zircon populations from the George Sound paragneiss are dominated by Permo‐Triassic components and thus are markedly different from any of those previously studied in Fiordland.     

Geochronology and geochemistry of high‐pressure granulites of the Arthur River Complex,Fiordland, New Zealand: Cretaceous magmatism and metamorphism on the palaeo‐Pacific Margin

The Arthur River Complex is a suite of gabbroic to dioritic orthogneisses in northern Fiordland, New Zealand. The Arthur River Complex separates rocks of the Median Tectonic Zone, a Mesozoic island arc complex, from Palaeozoic rocks of the palaeo‐Pacific Gondwana margin, and is itself intruded by the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss. New SHRIMP U/Pb single zircon data are presented for magmatic, metamorphic and deformation events in the Arthur River Complex and adjacent rocks from northern Fiordland. The Arthur River Complex orthogneisses and dykes are dominated by magmatic zircon dated at 136–129 Ma. A dioritic orthogneiss that occurs along the eastern margin of the Complex is dated at 154.4 ± 3.6 Ma and predates adjacent plutons of the Median Tectonic Zone. Rims on zircon cores from this sample record a thermal event at c. 120 Ma, attributed to the emplacement of the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss. Migmatitic Palaeozoic orthogneiss from the Arthur River Complex (346 ± 6 Ma) is interpreted as deformed wall rock. Very fine rims (5–20 µm) also indicate a metamorphic age of c. 120–110 Ma. A post‐tectonic pegmatite (81.8 ± 1.8 Ma) may be related to phases of crustal extension associated with the opening of the Tasman Sea. The Arthur River Complex is interpreted as a batholith, emplaced at mid‐crustal levels and then buried to deep crustal levels due to convergence of the Median Tectonic Zone arc and the continental margin.     

Granulite facies thermal aureoles and metastable amphibolite facies assemblages adjacent to the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss in southwest Fiordland, New Zealand

In southwest New Zealand, a suite of felsic diorite intrusions known as the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO) were emplaced into the mid to deep crust and partially recrystallized to high‐P (12 kbar) granulite facies assemblages. This study focuses on the southern most pluton within the WFO suite (Malaspina Pluton) between Doubtful and Dusky sounds. New mapping shows intrusive contacts between the Malaspina Pluton and adjacent Palaeozoic metasedimentary country rocks with a thermal aureole ～200–1000 m wide adjacent to the Malaspina Pluton in the surrounding rocks. Thermobarometry on assemblages in the aureole indicates that the Malaspina Pluton intruded the adjacent amphibolite facies rocks while they were at depths of 10–14 kbar. Similar P–T conditions are recorded in high‐P granulite facies assemblages developed locally throughout the Malaspina Pluton. Palaeozoic rocks more than ～200–1000 m from the Malaspina Pluton retain medium‐P mid‐amphibolite facies assemblages, despite having been subjected to pressures of 10–14 kbar for > 5 Myr. These observations contradict previous interpretations of the WFO Malaspina Pluton as the lower plate of a metamorphic core complex, everywhere separated from the metasedimentary rocks by a regional‐scale extensional shear zone (Doubtful Sound Shear Zone). Slow reaction kinetics, lack of available H₂O, lack of widespread penetrative deformation, and cooling of the Malaspina Pluton thermal anomaly within c. 3–4 Myr likely prevented recrystallization of mid amphibolite facies assemblages outside the thermal aureole. If not for the evidence within the thermal aureole, there would be little to suggest that gneissic rocks which underlie several 100 km² of southwest New Zealand had experienced metamorphic pressures of 10–14 kbar. Similar high‐P metamorphic events may therefore be more common than presently recognized.     

Polymetamorphism, zircon growth and retention of early assemblages through the dynamic evolution of a continental arc in Fiordland, New Zealand

The Marguerite Amphibolite and associated rocks in northern Fiordland, New Zealand, contain evidence for retention of Carboniferous metamorphic assemblages through Cretaceous collision of an arc, emplacement of large volumes of mafic magma, high‐P metamorphism and then extensional exhumation. The amphibolite occurs as five dismembered aluminous meta‐gabbroic xenoliths up to 2 km wide that are enclosed within meta‐leucotonalite of the Lake Hankinson Complex. A first metamorphic event (M1) is manifest in the amphibolite as a pervasively lineated pargasite–anorthite–kyanite or corundum ± rutile assemblage, and as diffusion‐zoned garnet in pelitic schist xenoliths within the amphibolite. Thin zones of metasomatically Al‐enriched leucotonalite directly at the margins of each amphibolite xenolith indicate element redistribution during M1 and equilibration at 6.6 ± 0.8 kbar and 618 ± 25 °C. A second phase of recrystallization (M2) formed patchy and static margarite ± kyanite–staurolite–chlorite–plagioclase–epidote assemblages in the amphibolite, pseudomorphs of coronas in gabbronorite, and thin high‐grossular garnet rims in the pelitic schists. Conditions of M2, 8.8 ± 0.6 kbar and 643 ± 27 °C, are recorded from the rims of garnet in the pelitic schists. Cathodoluminescence imaging and simultaneous acquisition of U‐Th‐Pb isotopes and trace elements by depth‐profiling zircon grains from one pelitic schist reveals four stages of growth, two of which are metamorphic. The first metamorphic stage, dated as 340.2 ± 2.2 Ma, is correlated with M1 on the basis that the unusual zircon trace element compositions indicate growth from a metasomatic fluid derived from the surrounding amphibolite during penetrative deformation. A second phase of zircon overgrowth coupled with crosscutting relationships date M2 to between 119 and 117 Ma. The Early Carboniferous event has not previously been recognized in northern Fiordland, whereas the latter event, which has been identified in Early Cretaceous batholiths, their xenoliths, and rocks directly at batholith margins, is here shown to have also affected the country rock. However, the effects of M2 are fragmentary due to limited element mobility, lack of deformation, distance from a heat source and short residence time in the lower crust during peak P and T. It is possible that many parts of the Fiordland continental arc achieved high‐P conditions in the Early Cretaceous but retain earlier metamorphic or igneous assemblages.     

Integration of zircon color and zircon fission-track zonation patterns in orogenic belts: application to the Southern Alps, New Zealand

An exhumed crustal section of the Mesozoic Torlesse terrane underlies the Southern Alps collision zone in New Zealand. Since the Late Miocene, oblique horizontal shortening has formed the northeastern–southwestern trending orogen and exhumed the crustal section within it. On the eastern side, rocks are zeolite- to prehnite–pumpellyite-grade greywacke; on the western side rocks, they have the same protolith, but are greenschist to amphibolite facies of the Alpine Schist. Zircon crystals from sediments in east-flowing rivers (hinterland) have pre-orogenic fission-track ages (>80 Ma) and are dominated by pink, radiation-damaged grains (up to 60%). These zircons are derived from the upper 10 km crustal section (unreset FT color zone) that includes the Late Cenozoic zircon partial annealing zone; both fission tracks and color remain intact and unaffected by orogenesis. Many zircon crystals from sediments in west-flowing rivers (foreland) have synorogenic FT ages, and about 80% are colorless due to thermal annealing. They have been derived from rocks that originally lay in the reset FT color zone and the underlying reset FT colorless zone. The reset FT color zone occurs between 250 and 400 °C. In this zone, zircon crystals have color but reset FT ages that reflect the timing of orogenesis.     

The thermo-tectonic history of the Song-Kul plateau, Kyrgyz Tien Shan: Constraints by apatite and titanite thermochronometry and zircon U/Pb dating

The Song-Kul Basin sits on a plateau at the Northern and Middle Kyrgyz Tien Shan junction. It is a lacustrine basin, occupied by Lake Song-Kul and predominantly developed on igneous basement. This basement was targeted for a multi-method chronological study to identify the different magmatic episodes responsible for basement formation and to constrain the timing of the development of its present-day morphology. Zircon U/Pb dating by LA-ICP-MS revealed four different magmatic episodes: a Late Cambrian (~ 500 Ma) island arc system, a Late Ordovician (~ 450 Ma) subduction related intrusion, an Early Permian (~ 290 Ma) collisional stage, and a Middle to Late Permian (~ 260 Ma) post-collisional magmatic pulse. Middle to Late Triassic (~ 200–230 Ma) titanite fission-track ages and Late Triassic – Early Jurassic (~ 180–210 Ma) apatite fission-track ages and thermal history modeling indicate the Song-Kul basement was already emplaced in the shallow crust at that time. An exhumed fossil apatite fission-track partial annealing zone is recognized in the bordering Song-Kul mountain ranges. The area experienced only minor post-Early Mesozoic denudation. The igneous basement was slowly brought to apatite (U–Th)/He retention temperatures in the Late Cretaceous–Palaeogene. Miocene to present reactivation of the Tien Shan does not manifestly affect this part of the orogen.     

甘肃花牛山铅锌银矿床成因：来自原位S、Pb同位素及微量元素的约束

甘肃花牛山铅锌银矿床位于中亚造山带中段的甘肃北山地区。本文在详细的野外观察和室内鉴定的基础上,将花牛山铅锌银矿床成矿阶段划分为石英-毒砂-黄铁矿(第Ⅰ成矿阶段)和石英-多金属硫化物(第Ⅱ成矿阶段)两个阶段;进一步将黄铁矿划分为三种类型,分别为第一种类型的胶状黄铁矿(Py0)、第二种类型的热液叠加交代特征的黄铁矿(Py Ⅰ)及第三种类型的热液黄铁矿(PyⅡ)。黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的原位硫同位素研究表明,成矿从早到晚硫化物δ~(34)S值呈递增的规律,具有逐渐向岩浆硫演化的趋势;胶状黄铁矿δ~(34)S值为-9.37‰～-8.10‰,具有沉积(生物成因)硫的特征;成矿第Ⅰ阶段硫化物δ~(34)S值为-9.03‰～-7.03‰,成矿第Ⅱ阶段硫化物δ~(34)S值为-5.77‰～-4.88‰,成矿阶段具有沉积硫与岩浆硫混合来源的特征。黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的原位铅同位素研究表明,成矿期硫化物的~(206)Pb/~(204) Pb值、~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb值、~(208) Pb/~(204) Pb值以及μ、ω等铅同位素特征值组成范围较窄,铅源为与岩浆作用有关的壳幔混合来源,且与壳幔混合来源的晚三叠世花岗岩中长石铅及其控制的矽卡岩型金矿硫化物铅同位素组成类似。黄铁矿原位微量元素研究表明,胶状黄铁矿(Py0) Co/Ni和S/Se 比值分别为0.004～0.34和3.43 × 10~4～34.84 × 10~4,Se含量为1.558 × 10~(-6)～15.82 × 10~(-6),表现为沉积成因黄铁矿的特征。具有热液叠加交代特征Py Ⅰ的Co/Ni和S/Se 比值分别为0.05～3.38、0.05 ×10~4～5.38 ×10~4,Se含量为10.09 × 10~(-6)～1070 × 10~(-6),数值分布范围广,总体上有别于沉积成因黄铁矿,类似于热液成因黄铁矿的特征。热液黄铁矿(Py Ⅱ)的Co/Ni和S/Se 比值分别为0.60-68.88、1.46 × 10~4～9.15 × 10~4,Se含量为5.938 × 10~(-6)-35.91 × 10~(-6),表现为热液成因的特征。综上研究,认为花牛山矿床经历了南华纪-震旦纪沉积胶状黄铁矿形成期和晚三叠世岩浆热液成矿期,胶状黄铁矿在成矿过程中提供了部分硫,成矿金属物质主要来自晚三叠世岩浆成矿热液,并认为矿床成因为岩浆热液型矿床。     

土耳其西部新生代斑岩成矿岩浆氧逸度-挥发份元素组成演化特征——来自锆石和磷灰石组成约束

特提斯成矿域中段的土耳其西部集中产出了与俯冲、碰撞-后碰撞、伸展动力学背景有关的斑岩型铜、钼、金矿床。前人已完成了针对这些斑岩型矿床构造背景的大量研究工作,但对于区内不同构造背景下斑岩型矿床的成矿岩浆源区性质、成矿元素-挥发分含量和成矿物质演化关系尚未有系统研究。而这些研究将对认识中特提斯构造域晚白垩世以来在新特提斯洋俯冲、欧亚板块-Tauride-Anatolide板块碰撞和伸展过程中斑岩矿床形成时地壳厚度、壳幔相互作用方式及成矿物质演化过程具有重要意义。本研究选择土耳其西段三个斑岩成矿带(Tavsanli带、Biga半岛成矿带和Afyon-Konya带)内五个斑岩型矿床的成矿岩体与同期侵入岩-火山岩,开展锆石微量元素和磷灰石主量元素研究,限定碰撞与伸展环境下斑岩型矿床成矿岩浆的形成温度、氧逸度条件及其与岩浆形成时地壳厚度的关系,利用磷灰石F-Cl-S含量组成揭示熔体挥发分和硫元素的物质组成,进而约束新特提斯洋俯冲-碰撞-伸展过程中斑岩系统的深部物质演化规律。研究结果表明,土耳其西部新生代斑岩型矿床成矿岩浆锆石大部分落于高水含量-高氧逸度区间,具有相似的稀土元素标准化配分曲线。从始新世到中新世,锆石氧逸度Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)比值呈现出先降低(斑岩型Cu-Mo矿到斑岩型Mo矿)后升高(斑岩型Mo-Cu矿到斑岩Au矿)的趋势,且相对于斑岩型Mo矿和Mo-Cu矿,斑岩型Au矿和Cu-Mo矿成矿岩体的锆石形成时具有相对较高的氧逸度。绝大部分斑岩型矿床成矿岩体的锆石Eu_N/EU_N~*位于0.4～0.7之间,但斑岩型Mo矿和斑岩型Mo-Cu矿床的锆石具有相对较低的Eu_N/Eu_N~*比值,可能是由于在结晶时熔体受斜长石结晶影响较大。锆石微量元素显示(Yb/Gd和Hf/Y-Th/U)锆石组成大部分受岩浆房中角闪石±榍石±磷灰石分离结晶控制。根据锆石Ti温度计估算土耳其西部斑岩型矿床成矿岩体及其相关岩体的形成温度在650～900℃之间,结晶温度从斑岩型Au矿、斑岩型Cu-Mo/Mo-Cu矿至斑岩型Mo矿呈现递减趋势。对于熔体的挥发分与硫含量组成始新世-渐新世斑岩型Cu-Mo与Mo矿床成矿岩浆相对具有高F和低Cl组成,中新世伸展环境形成的斑岩型Mo-Cu矿和斑岩型Au矿床成矿岩浆Cl含量普遍较高。与成矿岩体同期的暗色包体或基性岩脉中磷灰石计算获得的熔体硫含量均大于侵入体对应熔体的硫含量,且具有不均一的含量组成,表明基性岩浆注入可能为岩浆房提供硫。结合区域动力学和地壳厚度估算,本文认为触发土耳其西部新生代斑岩矿床形成的动力学机制是:在新特提斯洋向北单向汇聚的背景下,北部始新世-渐新世斑岩矿床受控于碰撞后俯冲的新特提斯洋板片(Vardar洋)后撤-回转-断离过程;南部中新世斑岩矿床的形成则受控于爱琴海板片俯冲控制的地壳伸展-减薄过程。北侧Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan缝合带附近的Tavsanli与Biga半岛斑岩成矿带始新世-渐新世斑岩型矿床的形成与熔融-同化-储存-均一过程(MASH)有关,深部地壳热区过程(DCHZ)与中新世Afyon-Konya带斑岩型矿床的形成有关。     

Temporal links between pluton emplacement,garnet granulite metamorphism,partial melting and extensional collapse in the lower crust of a Cretaceous magmatic arc,Fiordland, New Zealand

Garnet granulite facies mid‐to lower crust in Fiordland, New Zealand, provides evidence for pulsed intrusion and deformation occurring in the mid‐to lower crust of magmatic arcs. ²³⁸U‐²⁰⁶Pb zircon ages constrain emplacement of the ～595 km² Malaspina Pluton to 116–114 Ma. Nine Sm‐Nd garnet ages (multi‐point garnet‐rock isochrons) ranging from 115.6 ± 2.6 to 110.6 ± 2.0 Ma indicate that garnet granulite facies metamorphism was synchronous or near synchronous throughout the pluton. Hence, partial melting and garnet granulite facies metamorphism lasted <5 Ma and began within 5 Ma of pluton emplacement. Garnet granulite facies L‐S tectonites in the eastern part of the Malaspina Pluton record the onset of extensional strain and arc collapse. An Sm‐Nd garnet age and thermobarometric results for these rocks directly below the amphibolite facies Doubtful Sound shear zone provide the oldest known age for extension in Fiordland at ≥112.8 ± 2.2 Ma at ～920 °C and 14–15 kbar. Narrow high Ca rims in garnet from some of these suprasolidus rocks could reflect a ≤ 1.5 kbar pressure increase, but may be largely a result of temperature decrease based on the Ca content of garnet predicted from pseudosections. At peak metamorphic conditions >900 °C, garnet contained ～4000 ppm Ti; subsequently, rutile inclusions grew during declining temperature with limited pressure change. Garnet granulite metamorphism of the Malaspina Pluton is c. 10 Ma younger than similar metamorphism of the Pembroke Granulite in northern Fiordland; therefore, high‐P metamorphism and partial melting must have been diachronous for this >3000 km² area of mid‐to‐lower crust. Thus, two or more pulses of intrusion shortly followed by garnet granulite metamorphism and extensional strain occurred from north to south along the axis of the lower crustal root of the Cretaceous Gondwana arc.     

Uncoupled U/Pb and REE response in zircon during the transformation of eclogite to mafic and intermediate granulite (Blanský les,Bohemian Massif)

An eclogite–mafic granulite occurs as a rare boudin within a felsic kyanite–K‐feldspar granulite in a low‐strain zone. Its boundary is marked by significant metasomatism–diffusional gain of potassium at the centimetre‐scale, and probable infiltration of felsic melt on a larger scale. This converted the eclogite–mafic granulite into an intermediate‐composition, ternary‐feldspar‐bearing granulite. Based on inclusions in garnet, the peak P–T conditions of the original eclogite are 18 kbar at 850–950 °C, with later matrix re‐equilibration at 12 kbar and 950 °C. Four samples from the transition of the eclogite–mafic granulite through to the intermediate granulite were studied. In the eclogite, REE patterns in the garnet core show no Eu anomaly, compatible with crystallization in the absence of plagioclase and consistent with eclogite facies conditions. Towards the rim of garnet, LREE decrease, and a weak negative Eu anomaly appears, reflecting passage into HP granulite facies conditions with plagioclase present. The rims of garnet next to ternary feldspar in the intermediate granulite show the lowest LREE and deepest Eu anomalies. Zircon from the four samples was analysed by LASS (laser ablation–split‐stream inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry). It shows U–Pb ages from 404 ± 4.0 to 331 ± 3.3 Ma, with a peak at 340 ± 4.0 Ma corresponding to the likely exhumation of the rocks to 12 kbar. Older ages from zircon with steep HREE patterns indicate the minimum age of the protolith, and ages <360 ± 4.0 Ma are interpreted to correspond to the eclogite facies metamorphism. Only some zircon grains ≤350 ± 4.0 Ma have flat HREE patterns, suggesting that these are primarily modified protolith grains, rather than new zircon crystallized in the eclogite‐ or granulite facies. The metasomatic processes that converted the eclogite–mafic granulite to an intermediate granulite may have facilitated zircon modification as zircon in the intermediate granulite has flat HREE and ages of 340 ± 4.0 Ma. The difference between the oldest and youngest ages with flat REE patterns indicates a 16 ± 5.6 Ma period of zircon modification in the presence of garnet.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

华北地块南缘老牛山杂岩体时代、成因及地质意义——锆石年龄、Hf同位素和地球化学新证据

老牛山杂岩体位于华北地块南缘。野外侵入关系和锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年显示,其由晚三叠世(印支期)和晚侏罗(燕山期)花岗质岩石组成。印支期岩石类型为石英二长岩、石英闪长岩和粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩,年龄分别为223±1Ma、222±1Ma和214±1Ma; 燕山期为中粒-中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒-中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩,年龄分别为152±1Ma和146±1Ma。印支期石英闪长岩、石英二长岩的SiO₂相对含量低、富碱、高铝,为钾玄系列,准铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;印支期粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩具富硅、碱、高铝、低镁的特点,属于高钾钙碱性系列,为准铝质-过铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩具高硅和铝、富碱,低镁的特点,为高钾钙碱性系列,准铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩。组成老牛山杂岩体的花岗岩从早到晚SiO₂含量由低变高,MgO、CaO和Na₂O由高变低。各期次岩石均表现出稀土元素总量较高,轻稀土元素明显富集,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具有较弱的铕异常。两期花岗质岩石均富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba、Sr),而相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P)。印支期花岗质岩石的全岩ε_Nd(t)为-11.3~-14.87,t_DM为1.7~1.9Ga,锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-9.57~-25.11,t_DM2为1863~2841Ma;燕山期花岗岩的全岩ε_Nd(t)为-13.32~-16.83,t_DM为 1.7~1.9Ga,锆石的ε_Hf(t)为-18.28~-24.79,t_DM2 为2360~2767Ma,表明该杂岩体的源区物质以壳源物质为主,可能与太古宙太华群相似,印支期有年轻地幔物质贡献。     

Oligo-Miocene shearing along the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone: Constraints from structural analysis and zircon U/Pb geochronology of magmatic rocks in the Diancang Shan massif, SE Tibet, China

The left-lateral strike-slip shearing along the Ailao Shan–Red River (ASRR) shear zone in the Southeastern Tibet, China, has been widely advocated to be a result of the Indian–Eurasian plate collision and post-collisional processes. The Diancang Shan (DCS) massif, which occurs at the northwestern extension of the Ailao Shan massif, is a typical high-grade metamorphic complex aligned along the ASRR tectonic belt. Structural and microstructural analysis of the plutonic intrusions in the DCS revealed different types of granitic intrusions spatially confined to the shear zone and temporally related to the left-lateral shearing along the ASRR shear zone in the DCS massif. The combined structural and geochronological results of SHRIMP-II and LA-ICP-MS zircon U/Pb isotopic dating have revealed successive magmatic intrusions and crystallization related to the Oligo-Miocene shearing in the DCS massif. The pre-, early- and syn-kinematic emplacements are linked to regional high-temperature deformation (lower amphibolite facies) at relatively deep crustal levels. The zircon U/Pb geochronological results suggest that the left-lateral ductile shearing along the ASRR shear zone was initiated at ca. 31 Ma, culminated between ca. 27 and 21 Ma resulting in high-temperature metamorphic conditions and slowed down at ca. 20 Ma at relatively low-temperatures.     

SHRIMP in situ isotopic analyses of REE,Pb and U in micro-minerals bearing fission products in the Oklo and Bangombé natural reactors: A review of a natural analogue study for the migration of fission products

In the Precambrian, parts of the Oklo, Okélobondo and Bangombé uranium deposits of the Republic of Gabon, central Africa, functioned as natural fission reactors. Many elements in the Oklo and Bangombé uranium deposits show variations in isotopic composition caused by a combination of nuclear fission, neutron capture and radioactive decay. Isotopic studies provide useful information to understand the behavior of radionuclides in geological media. In our recent work, in situ REE, Pb and U isotopic analyses of individual tiny minerals in and around reactor zones have been performed using a SHRIMP (Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe). The isotopic results of the SHRIMP analyses on micro-minerals found in and around the Oklo and Bangombé natural reactors are reviewed in this paper. The data suggest the selective uptake behavior of (1) Ra into illite, and (2) Pu into apatite, (3) the formation process of secondary minerals bearing fissiogenic REE and depleted U, (4) evidence of nuggets (?-particles) bearing fissiogenic platinum group elements (PGE), and (5) from the U–Pb systematics of highly altered zircons, the redistribution of U and Pb.     

Distribution of high field strength elements (Y, Zr, REE, Hf, Ta, Th, U) in adjacent magnetite and chert bands and in reference standards FeR-3 and FeR-4 from the Temagami iron-formation, Canada, and the redox level of the Neoarchean ocean

Adjacent magnetite and chert bands and reference standards FeR-3 and FeR-4 from the Neoarchean Temagami iron-formation (IF) show shale-normalized rare earth and yttrium (REY) patterns with low Nd/Yb ratios and positive Eu, Gd and Y anomalies, indicating that they formed as marine chemical sediments. In contrast to previous claims, none of the samples shows any Ce anomaly, indicating the absence of oxidative Ce-REY decoupling and arguing against oxic conditions in the wider vicinity of the Neoarchean “Temagami seabasin”. The distribution of Zr, Hf and Ta yields Zr/Hf and Hf/Ta ratios that differ from those of chondrites, average upper continental crust and local shales, suggesting that the Temagami IF is the only case observed so far in which a significant fraction of these elements is non-detrital but sourced from seawater. If Neoarchean seawater was characterized by Zr/Hf and Hf/Ta ratios similar to those of modern seawater these ratios point towards preferential scavenging of Hf over Zr and Ta, as is typical of the modern ocean. Similar to the 2.9 Ga old Mozaan IF in the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa, the Temagami IF shows low Th/U ratios that differ from those of the respective local shales and from that of average upper continental crust. Decoupling of U and Th results from U⁴⁺ oxidation in the Earth's surface system and fractionated Th/U ratios in these marine chemical sediments are, therefore, at odds with the lack of Ce anomalies. This suggests a different redox-sensitivity of the two paleo-redox-proxies Th–U and Ce-REY and demonstrates that the Temagami IF and the Mozaan IF warrant further study of other paleo-redox-proxies.