赤道太平洋温度、流场距平EOF分析及与厄尔尼诺的关系

利用EOF分析方法,讨论了最近20a赤道太平洋次表层温度、纬向流距平与厄尔尼诺的关系.结果表明:赤道太平洋海温距平EOF分析第一、二主分量占总量的近80%,其中第一主分量类似于厄尔尼诺模态,第二主分量类似于暖池模态;后一模态存在着突变和渐变两种过程,其中由冷位相变暖位相过程为渐变过程,而暖位相变冷位相过程为突变过程.厄尔尼诺事件是赤道西太平洋暖池突变过程的结果.赤道太平洋纬向流距平EOF的第二主分量代表赤道西太平洋潜流和东太平洋南赤道流的变化,这个模态存在着半年左右的振荡和与厄尔尼诺同位相的年际振荡两种频率.另外,它还存在明显的年代际变化.赤道西太平洋潜流和东太平洋南赤道流减弱是产生厄尔尼诺的必要条件.统计回归分析表明,赤道太平洋海温距平和纬向流距平EOF的第二特征向量的时间系数对厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜均有一定的预报意义.     

基于卫星测高资料的班达海海平面季节及年际变化研究

本文基于法国空间局AVISO提供的格点化绝对动力地形(MADT:maps of absolute dynamic topography)资料,分析了1993年1月—2013年12月班达海(Banda Sea)海平面的季节和年际变化特征。班达海海面高度的季节变化主要表现为12月到翌年4月西北季风盛行时较高,7月到10月东南季风盛行时较低,全年变化幅度为16.5cm;班达海东部近阿拉弗拉海(Arafuru Sea)与西南部近弗洛勒斯海(Flores Sea)海平面随季风转换表现出"跷跷板"形态。海平面的变化受比容海平面变化和海水质量变化共同调制,其中比容海面高度季节变化振幅为14cm左右,约占海平面变化的84%,并且班达海比容海平面的季节性空间分布与总体海平面具有明显的一致性,因此比容海平面的变化是造成班达海海平面季节变化的主要原因;而风生Ekman流引起的海水堆积会影响班达海东北部的海平面高度。年际尺度上,班达海海平面与ENSO事件密切相关,月平均海面高度异常EOF分解第一模态方差贡献率高达96%,第一模态时间序列(PC1)滞后Ni?o3.4指数1个月左右时相关系数达到–0.76,远超过95%置信度水平;相比之下,IOD事件对班达海海平面的影响较小,PC1与印度洋偶极子指数(DMI)之间的最大相关系数仅为–0.3,低于95%置信度水平。并且月平均比容海平面异常和动力地形异常之间的差异在ENSO事件期间显著增大,表明ENSO事件引起的平流输送在班达海海平面高度年际变化中起到重要作用。     

南海混合层深度的季节变化及年际变化特征

通过分析新的SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)资料,得到南海混合层时空场的分布特征,剖析了南海混合层深度的季节及年际变化特征。资料分析表明:南海混合层存在着显著的季节和年际变化,且两者的均方差分布存在一定的差异。在季节变化中,冬季混合层在南海北部及西北陆架区深,在南海南部及吕宋冷涡处浅;夏季混合层在南海西北部浅,东南深。南海这种混合层深度分布特征除了与热通量的季节变化有关外,在相当大的程度上与季风引起的Ekman输送及Ekman抽吸有关。混合层深度距平场EOF(Empirical Othorgnal Function)第一模和第二模时间变化的主信号均为周期的年际变化信号,其中第一模态约为3 a,第二模态则有1.8,2.4和4.3 a的3个显著周期。EOF第一模显示混合层深度在南海东南部年际变化幅度最大,且滞后Nino3指数7个月时相关性最好(相关系数为0.422 3);EOF第二模显示在南海南部和北部混合层深度呈反位相变化。     

赤道潜流变化及其与ENSO的关系

应用TOGA/TAO实测海流和SODA全球海洋再分析资料,分析研究了热带太平洋赤道潜流的变化特征及其与ENSO循环的关系,初步探讨了赤道潜流变化对两种不同类型(中部型和东部型)ENSO事件的影响。对赤道潜流距平场的EOF分解表明,第一模态为"东太平洋潜流模态",特征向量主要反映东太平洋赤道潜流的变化情况;第二模态为"中太平洋潜流模态",特征向量主要反映中太平洋赤道潜流的变化情况;这两个主要模态基本可以反映赤道潜流距平场的主要信息。这两个模态对应的时间系数有明显的年际变化特征,并且与NINO指数都有较好的负相关,最大相关均通过99.9%的信度检验。相关分析表明潜流第一模态的变化滞后于NINO指数变化,而第二模态的变化则提前于NINO指数变化,即ENSO事件对东太平洋赤道潜流的变化有一定影响,而中太平洋的潜流变化又会对ENSO事件产生影响。通过个例分析表明,中太平洋赤道潜流的变化对两种不同类型ENSO事件的发生有重要影响。在东部型ENSO事件发生前,中太平洋赤道潜流增强,这样西太平洋暖池的异常海温在潜流的引导下快速向东传播,直接到达东太平洋形成东部型ENSO事件;中部型ENSO事件发生前,中太平洋赤道潜流明显减弱,西太平洋的异常海温不能迅速东传速,在中太平洋堆积上升到达海面,使得中部型ENSO事件爆发。     

1993—2006年北太平洋海平面变化特征及影响因素

利用1993—2006年间卫星高度计资料分析北太平洋海平面的变化特征,结合同期上层海洋温度、盐度数据以及风应力资料分析比容海平面和风对海平面变化的影响。结果显示:1993—2006年北太平洋上升海域主要位于洋盆西侧中低纬度海域,高纬度海域及大洋东侧的中低纬度海域海平面呈下降趋势;同期比容海平面线性速率的空间分布与海平面相似。整个北太平洋海平面高度平均线性上升速率为2.9 mm/a,比容海平面平均线性上升速率为1.4 mm/a。比容变化对海平面上升趋势的贡献为47.5%。北太平洋海平面的季节变化占绝对优势,主要为1和0.5 a周期,对海平面距平做EOF,其第一和第三模态为季节模态。海平面季节变化的影响因素中,比容变化与海平面有相同的季节变化周期,比容海平面距平EOF的第一和第三模态为季节模态,分别与海平面的第一和第三模态空间分布相似,时间系数相关性好,比容变化在海平面季节特征中起到最主要作用。另一个因素风场主要通过Ekman抽吸和Rossby波的西传影响海平面的分布,其季节特征对海平面的季节特征有影响。北太平洋海平面也具有28个月的年际变化周期,海平面距平EOF第二和第四模态表现出年际变化特征。比容变化也具有28个月的显著周期,其距平场的第二和第四模态为年际变化模态,其中第二模态与海平面第二模态空间分布相似,时间系数相关性很好,海平面年际变化中比容起到重要影响。     

热带太平洋上层洋流异常的复EOF分析

采用复EOF分析方法,对全年热带太平洋海域的上层洋流异常做了统计动力诊断,主要结论有:热带太平洋上层洋流异常复EOF分解第一、二模态的空间场均为赤道所俘获,并在赤道南北方向均呈迅速衰减的态势,其表现为赤道陷波的形式。第一、二模态时间系数为复数,其辐角均集中在两个状态,其模则表示了流场异常的大小。该时间系数均有年际变化和年代际变化,其年际变化的周期均与ENSO相同;在冬季,其年代际变化周期分别与北太平洋主要气候模态PDO和NPGO,以及热带外北太平洋流场异常复EOF分解前两模态的周期相同或相近,这反映了热带与中纬度各大气、海洋系统之间的相互耦合。由各模态流场异常可得相应的垂直运动异常,从而可估计SSTA的动力变化;第一模态在赤道东、西太平洋处呈现东西向的跷跷板变化;第二模态则在西太平洋赤道上以及其北侧的西太平洋暖池处,呈现南北向的跷跷板变化。第一模态的性质为海洋赤道Kelvin波的异常,可称之为ENSO的主要模态;第二模态的性质为海洋混合Rossby-重力惯性波的异常,可称之为ENSO的次要模态。     

印尼贯穿流出流海域海表高度时空变化

采用经验正交分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)分析方法对印尼贯穿流出流海域卫星测高海面高度异常资料进行了分析,分析结果显示研究海域海面高度异常存在多时间尺度变化特征。1993—2013年期间,研究海域海面高度异常场存在明显的升高趋势,其升高速率为0.6 cm/a;研究海域海面高度异常存在显著的年际变化,其与Niño3.4指数的相关系数超前滞后相关最大可达0.65,且厄尔尼诺年偏高,拉尼娜年偏低;海面高度异常年周期变化显著海域主要受印尼贯穿流、印度洋南赤道流和Eastern Gyral Current(EGC)季节变化的影响,半年周期变化则对应于爪哇沿岸流与南赤道流共同作用下形成的涡旋的半年周期变化;另外,研究海域海面高度异常还存在显著的季节内变化特征。     

东亚夏季风环流的动力统计诊断

本文对东亚夏季风环流作了动力统计诊断,其方法是将高、低层的偏差风场看作一个整体进行复EOF分析。诊断结果表明:偏差风场的第一模态直接与东亚夏季风环流有关,可称为季风模态;第二模态则与PJ波列关系密切,可称为PJ模态;季风模态存在两个平衡态,东亚夏季风也有两个平衡态;季风模态存在强弱的年际变化,其与东亚夏季风强弱的年际变化和菲律宾附近对流的年际变化均具有很好的对应关系;东亚夏季风和季风模态还存在明显的年代际变化。     

基于高精度海洋动力模型的珠江口羽状流季节和年际变化规律研究

基于高精度海洋动力模型FVCOM (finite-volume community ocean model), 模拟分析了1999—2010年珠江口羽状流的季节和年际变化规律, 并结合经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function, EOF)分析探讨了影响珠江口羽状流扩展变化的主要动力因子。采用模拟时段内的现场观测数据对多年模拟结果进行验证, 结果表明模型具有较高的精度, 能够较好地模拟珠江口羽状流的扩展变化规律。模拟结果显示, 珠江口羽状流存在显著的季节变化。夏季, 受大径流和西南风的影响, 羽状流的扩展呈现双向特征, 即粤西沿岸扩展和粤东离岸扩展同时存在, 扩展范围最大; 冬季, 径流衰减为最小值, 风场转变为强烈的东北风, 羽状流被紧紧挤压在西岸, 形成狭窄的条带状, 扩展范围最小; 春、秋两季属于过渡季节, 羽状流扩展情况类似, 均表现为沿岸向粤西扩展。年际变化层面, 夏季羽状流的年际变化最为显著, 呈现粤东扩展占优型、近似对称型和粤西扩展占优型三种形态; 春季羽状流的年际变化次之, 羽状流的差异主要体现在珠江口和粤西海域; 秋、冬两季羽状流的年际变化较小, 尤以冬季最小。EOF分析的第一模态可以解释整体变化的91.2%, 反映了径流量对珠江口羽状流的影响; 第二模态可以解释整体变化的4.1%, 反映了盛行风对珠江口羽状流的影响。     

热带太平洋5月份上层洋流的动力统计诊断

利用复EOF分析,将热带太平洋5月份的上层洋流看作一个整体,对其作了动力统计诊断,用以考察热带太平洋5月份上层流场的年际和年代际变化,并揭示其与长江流域梅雨异常的关系.结果表明,热带太平洋5月份上层偏差流的前三模态均为赤道所俘获;其第一、二模态具有明显的年际变化;第一模态与长江流域梅雨异常密切相关;第二模态与ENSO密切相关;第一模态其模的振幅有由小到大的年代际周期变化,且从1994年起模有越变越大的趋势,这表明这段时期长江流域梅雨降水量的异常有所增大.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.