红树植物次生木质部的结构与进化

研究了红树科Rhizophoraceae的木榄Bruguiera gymnorrhiza、海莲Bruguiera sexangula、角果木Ceriops tagal和秋茄Kandelia candel;马鞭草科Verbenaceae的白骨壤Avicennia marina;紫金牛科Mysinaceae的桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum和海桑和Sonneratiaceae的海桑Sonneratia caeseolaria次生木质部的结构与进化关系,红树科植物的次生木质部结构比马鞭草科、紫金牛科和海桑科的植物原始;红树科中的竹节树属Carallia和山红树属Pellacalyx为陆生的非红树植物,它们次生木质部结构比海生的红树料红树植物木榄属、秋茄属、角果木属更为进化,即导管为单穿孔、管间纹孔式为互利式纹孔.单穿孔的导管存在,是长期的进化过程中,遇到干旱环境而产生的特化现象,而海生红树科植物进入海滩沼译后,木质部仍具有原始性状.     

海南省红树林自然保护区红树林资源现状

于2009年6—7月,采用对卫星影像图的分析和解译与实地样方、样线调查相结合的方法,对海南省红树林自然保护区红树林分布、红树植物种类及红树植物群系进行了调查,红树林保护区共有真红树植物11科24种,有半红树植物10科12种,常见的优势种类主要有白骨壤、桐花树、红海榄、角果木、秋茄、海莲和榄李等。主要群落类型有白骨壤群落、红海榄群落、桐花树群落、木榄群落、角果木群落、正红树群落、海莲群落、榄李群落、杯萼海桑群落。文章简介了海南省保护区红树林引种修复现状,指出红树林具有重要的生态、社会与经济价值,对海南省社会经济可持续发展十分重要,红树林资源受到开发活动的影响而引起各级政府重视,因此红树林得到了更多的保护,退塘还林、植树造林工作有序开展。     

3种红树植物叶片结构及其生态适应

研究了采自福建九龙江口龙海县浮宫镇草埔头村(24°29′N,117°55′E)的3种红树植物——桐花树(Aegicerascorniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicenniamarina)和秋茄(Kandeliacandel)的叶片结构及其生态学意义。这3种红树植物叶片结构中,都具有适应海滩环境的结构——较厚的角质层,表皮之内有内皮层,内皮层是贮水组织的一种。3种红树植物的叶片结构表明,秋茄具等面叶,桐花树和白骨壤是异面叶。从3种红树植物叶片横切面的染色状况可判断,3种红树植物的单宁含量,秋茄最高,桐花树第二,白骨壤最少。     

中国红树林资源状况及其药用调查 Ⅲ.民间药用与药物研究状况

对中国红树植物药用状况和研究现状进行了调查.结果表明,中国共有红树植物20科37种,已发现具有药用价值的有23种,民间药用的红树植物主要有13种.已经有26种红树植物涉及到了化学成分的研究,其中木榄、秋茄、老鼠勒、榄李、海漆、木果楝、桐花树、白骨壤和玉蕊等研究较多.主要化合物结构类型包括二萜、三萜、甾体、黄酮、木脂素和生物碱等,显示抗菌、抗肿瘤、拒食、酶抑制、降压等多种生物活性,具有较高的药物开发应用价值.     

厦门凤林红树林湿地自由生活海洋线虫群落的研究

2004年冬季在集美凤林类似底质类型、盐度和潮位的海湾地段4个断面,就不同红树植物林中的小型底栖动物数量和自由生活海洋线虫群落进行了研究。结果表明:海洋线虫是凤林红树林中小型底栖动物中的绝对优势类群,占到小型底栖动物的76.1%~96.3%;从丰度来看,旧区白骨壤(Avicennia marina)林中小型底栖动物的数量较少,有污水流过的光滩数量较大;4个断面共鉴定出海洋线虫37种(分类实体单元),其中新区秋茄(Kandelia candel)林中的生物多样性指数较低,旧区白骨壤林中群落具有较高的物种多样性;从出现的物种来看,新区秋茄林、旧区白骨壤林和光滩上出现的优势种和摄食功能群的类型各不相同。从4个断面13个站位进行的聚类分析和MDS标序分析结果推断自由生活海洋线虫的群落结构与不同的红树植物形成的沉积物有关。     

白骨壤幼苗开花

栽培240天的白骨壤(Avicennia marina(Forsk)Vierh.)幼苗出现开花的现象。白骨壤是具有拓荒性质的先锋红树植物,能生长在其他红树植物难于生长的滩域,可形成沙生红树     

海莲和木揽次生水质部的生态解剖

对红树科Rhizophoraceae的海莲（Bruguierasexangula）和木榄（Bruguieragymnorrhiza）次生木质部的组织结构和数量特征进行了研究。海莲和木榄的导管分布频率分别为236．80±53．93个／10mm2、230．50±57．75个／10mm2;导管直径分别为75．0±23．5μm、77．6±14．5μm;海莲和木榄的射线分布频率分别为30．5±5．0条／5mm、32．5±5．5条／5mm;海莲和木榄同属于红树科木榄属的植物,它们次生木质部的组织结构较为一致,而且数量特征也差别不大。一般来说,木材结构比较具有保守性,所以同属的不同种之间,木材结构区别较小。     

海南三亚铁炉港红树林资源现状与保护

海南三亚铁炉港红树林资源相对较典型和丰富,有真红树植物8科9属13种、半红树植物6科6属6种以及红树林伴生植物6科6属6种。白骨壤群落、正红树群落、榄李群落和木果楝群落等为该区4个主要类型。随着铁炉港地区的不断开发,红树林面积急剧减少,生境受到极大威胁。目前,该区红树林正处于濒危状态,亟须有关部门采取措施加以保护。     

重金属胁迫下四种红树植物幼苗生理响应特征

研究了四种红树植物红海榄、秋茄、木榄、角果木幼苗在不同浓度重金属水溶液胁迫28天后的生理生化指标变化特征,包括可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）活性和氧化损伤标志物丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）含量。研究结果表明四种植物叶片内的SOD、POD活性均呈现出先升高后下降趋势,10倍重金属水溶液中的红海榄,5倍重金属水溶液中的秋茄和木榄,以及1倍重金属水溶液中的角果木具有较好的抗氧化酶活性,能有效清除活性氧,减小氧化损伤。在同等浓度重金属水溶液处理下,MDA含量结果显示红海榄受损程度最轻,秋茄、木榄受损程度居中,角果木受损程度最重。红海榄抗重金属胁迫能力强于秋茄、木榄,角果木抗重金属能力最弱。上述四种红树植物对重金属的抗性结果说明红树科植物具有较强的抗污染能力,这对于我国红树林生态修复与保护具有重要的指导意义。     

广西沿海不同演替阶段红树群落沉积物粒度分布特征

沉积物粒度分布是影响红树群落演替的重要因素之一。本文对代表广西红树群落演替趋势的白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)3种红树群落沉积物进行了粒度分析。结果表明:3种红树群落沉积物类型均以砂和粉砂为主,随着红树林群落保存状况的逐渐变差,砂的含量逐渐上升,粉砂和黏土含量逐渐下降;沉积物粒径分布趋势均为砂粉砂黏土砾。木榄和秋茄2个群落底床沉积物不同深度沉积物粒径分布规律一致,但与白骨壤群落存在差异;3种红树群落的沉积物粒度频率曲线均呈现为双峰或多峰形态。     

红树植物繁殖体发育过程的能量变化

探讨了桐花树 (Aegicerascorniculatum)、秋茄 (Kandeliacandel)、角果木 (Ceriopstagal)、海莲 (Bruguierasexangula)和木榄 (Bruguieragymnorrhiza)5种红树植物繁殖体的热值及其动态变化。结果表明 :(1)海南东寨港5种红树植物繁殖体的热值大小不同 ,其中花的热值最高是桐花树 ,为20.423kJ/g,花的热值最低是木榄 ,为19.214kJ/g;果的热值最高是角果木 ,为20.255kJ/g,果的热值最低是木榄 ,为18.582kJ/g;成熟胚轴的热值最高是角果木 ,为19.792kJ/g,成熟胚轴的热值最低是桐花树 ,为16.827kJ/g。 (2)随着纬度的增加 ,桐花树各期繁殖体热值略为提高 ,而秋茄则相反略为降低。 (3)随着繁殖体从花、果至胚轴发育过程 ,热值逐渐降低 ,而单个繁殖体的生物量及其能量贮量则随之提高。     

红树植物秋茄次生木质部生态解剖学的比较

本文研究了不同纬度秋茄（Ｋａｎｄｅｌｉａ ｃａｎｄｅｌ）次生木质部的组织结构及数量特征。秋茄的导管多为梯纹导管。随着纬度的升高,温度下降,各分布区导管分子长度和导管直径呈现下降的真挚深圳福田的秋茄导管分子长度、导管直径均是最大是个例外＿;穿孔板横隔的数目也纬度的升高而减少;盐度高（３３）造成福建云霄竹塔的秋茄低导管颁布频率、低单管孔率、低双管孔率;秋茄的射线分布频率随着纬度的升高而减少（海南东寨港     

基于Sentinel-2 MSI影像与面向对象相结合的红树林树种精细化分类方法研究

红树林是最典型的滨海生态系统之一，红树林种间类型的精确识别对于红树林生态系统保护、修复及碳储量评估具有重要意义。遥感是开展红树林种间类型识别的有效手段，但传统的遥感红树林分类方法多是基于像元开展的，分类结果“椒盐”现象严重且精度还有很大提升空间。因此，本研究以东寨港红树林保护区为例，基于Sentinel-2 MSI影像，在传统遥感分类方法的基础上引入图像分割技术，分别构建了面向对象的支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）和随机森林（Random Forest,RF）分类法，并在此基础上对各模型的分类精度和适用性进行了分析。模型对比结果表明：（1）图像分割技术的引入能有效改善分类结果的“椒盐”现象，提升红树林种间类型的识别精度，基于像元使用SVM和RF分类算法总体分类精度分别可达78.82%(Kappa=0.75)和82.94%(Kappa=0.82)，面向对象的SVM和RF模型分类总体精度分别可达81.5%(Kappa=0.78)和92.67%(Kappa=0.88)，相较于以像元为分类对象的模型而言，后者精度分别提高了2.68%和7.43%;(2)从4个模...     

海南常见红树植物叶片脂肪酸组成

脂肪酸的组成分析对认识红树植物脂肪酸资源、红树林生态系统内部的营养关系、食物网的结构,以及红树植物对生境的适应等具有重要参考价值。本研究分析了海南岛铁炉港和清澜港两个港湾的红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)、杯萼海桑(Sonneratia alba)、木果楝(Xylocarpus granatum)、角果木(Ceriops tagal)、榄李(Lumnitzera racemosa)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)和正红树(Rhizophora apiculata)等7种不同红树植物叶片中脂肪酸的组成及含量。在样品中共检测出25种脂肪酸,其中月桂酸、棕榈酸和肉豆蔻酸等8种存在于所有样品中。样品中含量最高的饱和脂肪酸均为棕榈酸(占比44.32%),其次为硬脂酸(占比7.74%),不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的有油酸(占比7.61%)、亚油酸(占比9.81%)和二十碳烯酸(占比12.16%)。植物样品的脂肪酸不饱和指数为0.24～1.13。除木果楝和清澜港采集的木榄样品外,其余样品种的不饱和脂肪酸含量均低于饱和脂肪酸。铁炉港的红海榄、杯萼海桑、角果木和榄李4种植物叶...     

Decomposition of mangrove roots: Effects of location,nutrients, species identity and mix in a Kenyan forest

Mangrove trees may allocate >50% of their biomass to roots. Dead roots often form peat, which can make mangroves significant carbon sinks and allow them to raise the soil surface and thus survive rising sea levels. Understanding mangrove root production and decomposition is hence of theoretical and applied importance. The current work explored the effects of species, site, and root size and root nutrients on decomposition. Decomposition of fine (≤3 mm diameter) and coarse (>3 mm diameter, up to a maximum of ∼9 mm) roots from three mangrove species, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Ceriops tagal was measured over 12 months at 6 sites along a tidal gradient in Gazi Bay, Kenya. C:N and P:N ratios in fresh and decomposed roots were measured, and the effects on decomposition of root size and age, of mixing roots from A. marina and C. tagal, of enriching B. gymnorrhiza roots with N and P and of artefacts caused by bagging roots were recorded. There were significant differences between species, with 76, 47 and 44 % mean dry weight lost after one year for A. marina, B. gymnorrhiza and C. tagal respectively, and between sites, with generally slower decomposition at dryer, high tidal areas. N enriched B. gymnorrhiza roots decomposed significantly faster than un-enriched controls; there was no effect of P enrichment. Mixing A. marina and C. tagal roots caused significantly enhanced decomposition in C. tagal. These results suggest that N availability was an important determinant of decomposition, since differences between species reflected the initial C: N ratios. The relatively slow decomposition rates recorded concur with other studies, and may overestimate natural rates, since larger (10–20 mm diameter), more mature and un-bagged roots all showed significantly slower rates.     

Top hat stiffeners: A study on keel failures

The need to assess the structural capability of curved marine composite structures that support the keel of high performance yachts has increased due to the rise in the number of accidents and human casualties. The top hat stiffener is the basic structural member of the yacht to sustain the tensile and bending load of the keel. This paper characterises the mechanical strength of E-glass/vinylester composite top hat stiffeners subjected to transverse loading. The out-of-plane load transfer was studied and failure modes were identified for the three different composite layups which were tested to failure. Experimental results obtained from mechanical testing were compared with FEA predictions, based on the quadratic interlaminar stress criterion. Secondary reserve strength from the unidirectional fibres was identified and the potential to use this secondary strength was further investigated.     

Wooden Panel Deterioration by Tropical Marine Wood Borers

Wood destruction in test panels ofShorea leprosulawas related to the percentage of fouling, types of wood borers and the number of wood borers. The natural durability ofShorea leprosulapanels was estimated to be 4–5 months in Malaysian marine waters. A higher fouling cover resulted in lower rates of wooden panel deterioration. Larger numbers of wood borers brought about greater panel deterioration. Primary wood destruction was caused by bivalve wood borers, mainlyMartesia striata, Lyrodus pedicellatus, Bankia campanellata, Teredo furciferaandTeredo bartschi. Martesia striatawas the important wood destroying agent in the intertidal zone and, together with the shipworms, was also responsible for panel destruction in the subtidal zone.     

Sunken wood habitat for thiotrophic symbiosis in mangrove swamps

Large organic falls to the benthic environment, such as dead wood or whale bones, harbour organisms relying on sulfide-oxidizing symbionts. Nothing is known however, concerning sulfide enrichment at the wood surface and its relation to wood colonization by sulfide-oxidizing symbiotic organisms.In this study we combined in situ hydrogen sulfide and pH measurements on sunken wood, with associated fauna microscopy analyses in a tropical mangrove swamp. This shallow environment is known to harbour thiotrophic symbioses and is also abundantly supplied with sunken wood. A significant sulfide enrichment at the wood surface was revealed. A 72 h sequence of measurements emphasized the wide fluctuation of sulfide levels (0.1–>100 μM) over time with both a tidal influence and rapid fluctuations. Protozoans observed on the wood surface were similar to Zoothamnium niveum and to vorticellids. Our SEM observations revealed their association with ectosymbiotic bacteria, which are likely to be sulfide-oxidizers. These results support the idea that sunken wood surfaces constitute an environment suitable for sulfide-oxidizing symbioses.     

Effect of wood waste dumping on organic matter in seawater and surficial sediments of Alberni Inlet,British Columbia

Distribution of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in seawater, and chemical composition of surficial sediments were studied in relation to pulpmill effluent and dumping of dredge spoil containing wood debris in Alberni Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. The maximum concentration of POC (377–584µg Cl^–1) was observed at the surface around the dumping area (5–7 km seaward of the inlet's head), and at the location immediately adjacent to the dump site POC was elevated throughout the water column (50 m). While POC tended to decrease in the surface layer for a distance of about 25km down-inlet, measureable effects of POC in the deeper water did not extend beyond 600m from the dump site. The dump site was conspicuous by the large maximum in C:N ratio (46.3). In contrast, DOC was observed to be highest (4.25mg Cl^–1) at the head of the inlet where pulpmill effluent was being discharged and a secondary maximum was found about 10km down-inlet from the dump site. The data suggest that a considerable proportion of the dredge spoil sinks rapidly near the dump site, probably within several hundred metres. Some of the spoil, perhaps low density wood debris may travel considerably further with the surface water where by leaching it may contribute to some extent to the surface DOC before sinking into deeper water.