论我国海水鱼类网箱养殖的可持续发展

我国的海水鱼类养殖是８０年代以来迅速发展起来的新兴水产养殖产业 ,被称为我国海水养殖的第４次浪潮 ,发展前景十分诱人。我国目前的海水鱼类养殖方式主要有网箱养殖、池塘养殖和陆上工厂化养殖。本文拟就海水鱼类网箱养殖的可持续性发展问题进行初步探讨。１９０年代海水鱼类网箱养殖的新进展我国海水鱼类网箱养殖始于８０年代初 ,８０年代基本上处于起步和技术积累阶段。进入９０年代以来 ,随着多种鱼类人工繁殖、苗种培育技术以及养成技术的日臻成熟 ,网箱养殖呈快速发展。１９９４年全国的海水鱼养殖网箱约１６００００只 ,至２０００…     

中国河口数学模拟研究的进展

我国采用数学模型研究河口及河口工程的可行性已愈加普遍，从总体而言，７０年代以河口一维潮流模型为主，进入８０年代后，除继续应用推广一维潮流模型外，大多已采用二维潮流数学模型，并按需要配以泥沙、温度、协度和污染物等物质输移模型、推移质量沙数值模型、波流共同作用数学模型、拉格朗日余流数值模型、三维数值模型、复合模型等８个方面较全面地论述了我国近１５年来河口数值模拟研究的进展，认为从８０年代以来，我国将数     

鱼类生长激素的分离、鉴定及其生理功能研究的进展

主要对８０年代末至９０年代中期国际有关鱼类生长激素的分离，鉴定和生理功能研究的进展予以综述，资料表明，蓝鲨，罗非鱼等２１种鱼类的生长激素已被分离，并阐明鱼类ＧＨ一般是在碱性条件下，将脑垂体匀浆，或取其体外培养的分泌液，经凝胶过滤和反相高效液相色谱纯化得到。     

我国海洋地质编图工作新进展

本文简要回顾了８０年代，我国海洋地质编图工作取得的重大成就，论述了９０年代初期，许东禹教授主持的，我国又一项全海域，大型综合编图工程，在内容和技术上取得的若干新进展。     

草鱼出血病病毒的研究进展

根据８０－９０年代中国关于草鱼出血病病毒研究的进展,就草鱼出血病病毒的发现、形态结构特征、理论特性、基因组结构及其所编码的多肽、基因组的转录和翻译过程,病毒的繁殖动态、体外细胞培养特性,病毒对鱼体的致病机理和宿主范围,草鱼出血病的诊断和防治等问题进行综合评述,总结概括了草鱼出血病病毒的研究现状以及研究中需要亟待解决的问题,并提出该领域以后的重点研究方向。     

浅谈“中国海监”在海洋执法监察中的法律地位

国家海洋局承担海洋监察执法管理工作已经有近二十年的历史，从执法体制、执法内容的演变，大致可以分成三个阶段。第一阶段２０世纪８０年代初～８０年代末；第二阶段８０年代末～９０年代末；第三阶段９０年代末至今。无论哪个阶段，国家海洋局作为海洋行政主管部门，在履行法律法规赋予的权力和义务时，始终有“中国海监”相伴。１９８３年３月１日我国第一部“海环法”生效之日也是“中国海监”诞生之时。不过那时的“中国海监”只是海洋执法巡航船舶、飞机乃至车辆的标识而已，并不是一级组织，更不是行政机构。令人兴奋的是１９９８年…     

价值工程浮标的最新进展风速风向漂流浮标

价值工程浮标体现了浮标技术的最新发展，８０年代以来美国先后开发出ＶＥＮＯＭＡＤ浮标和ＶＥ３ｍ圆浮标。本文介绍９０年代以后开发的ＶＥＷＳＤ漂浮流标，以供借鉴。     

关于海洋特别保护区建设与管理的探讨

海洋特别保护区的建设与管理,对于我们还是一个新问题。为了将其引到海洋综合管理中来,作为海洋综合管理的一项基本任务,其理论和实践都必须进行深入研究,以推动国家海洋综合管理的发展。本文将就这一理论和实践中的几个基本问题进行探讨。一、海洋特别保护区的提出如果不考虑概念上的差别,类似“海洋特别保护区”一词的提出还是比较早的。在本世纪30年代,美国出于国家安全的需要,联邦国会于1938年宣布:“保护加利福尼亚沿岸一带     

关于公海“区域”中生物基因资源的勘探和开发问题

随着科学技术的进步，尤其是深海勘探技术的发展，人们发现深海海底蕴藏的具有商业开采价值的资源远不止多金属锰结核一种矿物资源，基因资源就是更具商业开采价值的另一种资源。从２０世纪８０年代起，几个有关工业化国家就开始了对基因资源的研究和勘探工作。近几年，他们加大了研究和勘探的力度，在技术上也取得了一些进展。由于有人预言基因资源的开发利用将先于区域中多金属结核的开采，因此，就在大力进行开发利用这种资源的现场调查和科学研究的同时，勘探和开发这一资源的法律问题也已引起了广泛的争论。一、深海海底生物基因资源海…     

养殖渔业生态系的特点、问题和解决途径

随着养殖渔业的发展，一些生态问题越来越明显地暴露出来。例如，７０年代日本养殖扇贝大量死亡［３］；８０年代末，日本海面养鱼渔场老化，赤潮频繁发生，缺氧水团不断扩大，鱼类生长缓慢，死亡量增加。８０年代以来，我国养殖对虾水域富营养化，虾病越来越严重，养殖扇贝有时也发生大量死亡。这些生态问题，已经成为制约养殖渔业发展的因素。我国水产科技工作者曾采取了一些措施，如虾贝混养、贝藻间养等。这些措施能在多大程度上有助于问题的解决，解决上述问题应遵循什么途径，很有必要从理论上予以探讨。养殖渔业水体是人工生态系统。…     

Secondary flow caused by differential roughness,Langmuir circulations,and their effect on the development of sand ribbons

The process of Differential Roughness Secondary Flow (DRSF), hitherto little recognized, recently was demonstrated in a wind tunnel and in a flume. It is suggested here the DRSF may, in the natural environment, play an important part in the persistence and sharp definition of sand ribbons, previously initiated by other processes. In 1980 Karl described a series of sand ribbons, alternating with exposed substrate, which he attributed to the effect of Langmuir circulations. Although Langmuir Circulation Secondary Flow (LCSF) may indeed, in some cases, initiate sand ribbons, the sharply-defined edges typical of these features are explained better by DRSF.     

Political parties and marine pollution policy: Exploring the case of Germany

Effective marine pollution policy strongly depends on actions coordinated at the international level. As a result, scholars tend to more closely examine the formulation and implementation of international agreements, while paying scant attention to policy making at the domestic level. How important is the protection of seas to domestic key actors? This study gives an overview of German parties' policy agendas with respect to marine pollution. In doing this, it analyzes manifestos for nine federal elections taking place between 1980 and 2009. The findings of the qualitative content analysis show that the combat of marine pollution has persistently formed an integrative part of German parties' policy agendas, although there is notable cross-party variation regarding the scope of attention paid to this issue. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that German parties do not limit themselves to only recognizing sea pollution as a general problem and making some vague statements about the need to enhance protection levels. On the contrary, they present concrete proposals for improving the status of German and international marine ecosystems.     

近、现代黄河三角洲发育演变研究进展

系统综述了1980年以来国内有关近、现代黄河三角洲发育演变的研究进展。总结了三角洲变迁对黄河下游近口河段的反馈影响和三角洲发育模式等研究成果。重点评述了黄河三角洲的形成影响因素和冲淤演变过程,肯定了数值计算方法和遥感与GIS技术已经成为定量计算与半定量分析黄河三角洲冲淤演变的重要研究手段。并指出今后研究的主要问题,包括突发性事件在潮滩冲淤变化中的作用、人类活动影响程度的定量表达、岸滩处于不冲不淤时的最佳剖面形态、现有冲淤数值模型的完善和GIS与数值模型系统的集成研究等。     

An overview of the Oyashio ecosystem

The Oyashio shelf region and the seasonally ice-covered areas north of Hokkaido are highly productive, supporting a wide range of species including marine mammals, seabirds and commercially important species in the western subarctic Pacific. The fishes include gadids, such as walleye pollock and Pacific cod, and subarctic migratory pelagic fishes such as chum salmon and pink salmon. It is also an important summer feeding ground for subtropical migrants such as the Japanese sardine, Japanese anchovy, Pacific saury, mackerels, Japanese common squid, whales and seabirds. In recent decades, some components of the Oyashio ecosystem (i.e., phytoplankton, mesozooplankton, gadid fish, and subtropical migrants) have shown changes in species abundance or distribution that are correlated with environmental changes such as the 1976/1977 and 1988/1989 regime shifts. The First Oyashio Intrusion moved northward from the mid-1960s until the late 1970s, when it moved southward until the 1980s, after which it returned to the north again after the mid-1990s. The sea-surface temperature in spring decreased after the late 1970s, increased after the late 1980s, and remained high during the 1990s. The extent of ice cover in the Sea of Okhostk also decreased during the latest warming in the 1980–1990s but has increased again since the late 1990s. This and other variabilities affect the Oyashio ecosystem and the surrounding region.     

海洋心血管药物及活性物质的研究现状与展望

按照海洋心血管活性成分的化学分类，本文较系统地列举了该领域中的研究成果和动态，对有代表意义的重点药物作较详细的评述，并探讨了有关海洋心血管药物研究工作的特点及发展前景。     

Developments in coastal engineering research

This paper presents a review of recent advances in understanding and modelling of hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes in the coastal zone as well as some challenges for further developments. Different processes are distinguished, and for each of these, essential characteristics of the state-of-the-art are mentioned, with emphasis on recent developments, as well as open questions that are considered important.     

Impacts of unconstrained effort: Lessons from a rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery decline in the northern zone management region of South Australia

The Northern Zone rock lobster fishery of South Australia is expansive, covering an area of ∼207,000 km². From 1970 to 2002 it was managed under input controls that relied heavily on restrictions to days-at-sea and size limits. In 2003, output controls in the form of individual transferable quotas with a total allowable commercial catch were also introduced. Fishery performance from 1980 to 2007 was analysed based on catch data and model outputs. Trends in catch and effort increased through the 1980s and 1990s while nominal catch rate remained relatively stable. However, from 1999 to 2003 catch decreased by 49% from 1001 to 503 ton and has remained at <500 ton since. Importantly, nominal effort did not decline comparatively, decreasing by only 12% from 1999 to 2007. Consequently, nominal catch rate decreased by 47.5% from 1.43 to 0.75 kg/potlift, over the same period. Logbook data revealed strong evidence of spatial expansion through the 1980s and 1990s which is likely to have masked declining lobster abundance and contributed to a “hyperstability” scenario in catch rates. It is suggested that increasing effective effort, driven by advances in fishing technology and vessel design, fuelled this expansion. Model outputs, which account for increases in effective effort, indicate that biomass has decreased by ∼68% since the 1980s. The results highlight the limitations associated with input controls in controlling effort during periods of spatial expansion. Further evidence from puerulus settlement data stresses the importance of conservative quotas for lobster fisheries where annual recruitment is low or highly sporadic.     

大洋环流模式中Boussinesq近似与静压近似问题的讨论

改进环流模式中的Boussinesq近似与静压近似是当前海洋环流模式的主要研究方向之一。虽然目前已提出一些在模式中包含非Boussinesq效应和静压效应的方法,但是仍有很多关键问题亟待解决。系统地回顾了改进这2个基本近似的理论分析和数值模式的研究进展,介绍了不同方法的理论基础及其数值分析结果,并分析了这些方法中所存在的缺陷和问题,指出了开展进一步研究需要首先分析的几个关键问题。     

东海黑潮及琉球群岛以东海流研究进展

东海是西太平洋的一个边缘海,它西部有广阔的大陆架,东面以九州岛、琉球群岛(由奄美诸岛、冲绳诸岛、先岛诸岛组成)和台湾岛连线为界,具有较深的海槽。黑潮是一支高温、高盐、高流速的西边界流,它起源于菲律宾以东海域、流经台湾东岸进入东海,沿东海大陆架外缘向东北向流动，穿越吐噶喇海峡返回太平洋。通常的把自台湾东北端起至吐噶喇海峡一段称为东海黑潮。此外,在琉球群岛以东海域也常年存在一支稳定的西边界流,称为琉球海流。 对于东海黑潮和琉球海流的硏究,主要起步于20世纪80年代,通过进行中日联合调查研究、中日副热带环流调查研究等,取得了许多重要成果,苏纪兰(1994)、袁耀初(2000，Yuan,2006)、管秉贤(2002)等人都做过评述。本文基于以上研究评述,主要叙述200年以来对东海黑潮及琉球海流的硏究新进展。     

海洋经济贝类分子遗传标记及其应用的研究进展

摘 分子遗传标记是随着分子生物学技术的发展而出现的遗传标记技术,它突破了形态和细胞水平上遗传标记的局限性,发挥着独特的优势。本文简要介绍了同工酶、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、mtDNA、SSR等几种常用的分子遗传标记技术方法,并比较了各种技术的优点和局限性;概述了这些遗传标记技术在海洋经济贝类群体遗传结构和变异、遗传分化、遗传育种、种质鉴定、基因定位和构建遗传图谱研究等方面的应用和取得的研究成果。