Influence of a cyclic and dynamic loading history on dynamic properties of dry sand, part II: cyclic axial preloading

Initial fabric of a soil induced by its cyclic strain history is an important parameter among others like void ratio, state of stress and amplitude concerning the further accumulation of deformations under cyclic loading. It is of high importance to determine methods in order to estimate the initial fabric of the grain skeleton or the cyclic loading history of the soil. An attempt is made in this paper to correlate small strain stiffness of non-cohesive soil with its cyclic loading history. For this purpose several cyclic triaxial tests with specimens subjected to cyclic axial loading were performed and changes of small strain soil properties due to this cyclic loading were studied. All these tests showed only moderate changes of small strain stiffnesses independently of the different boundary conditions. Thus, a correlation between fabric or strain history and small strain stiffnesses seems not to be possible.     

Estimation on dynamic release of phosphorus from wind-induced suspended particulate matter in Lake Taihu

The internal source, especially resuspension process of the sediments in lakes and its environ- mental effect has been paid shining attention in the West as well as in China[1—6] although the influence of external source is important to water environment[7]. S鴑dergaard et al. compared the releases of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the surface sediments of Lake Arres before and after disturbance and they found that disturbing can increase the release by 20—30 times[3]. Robarts and ot…     

白洋淀湿地表层土壤主要环境元素分布特征及来源

白洋淀是雄安新区生态共同体的重要组成部分,在"白洋淀生态环境治理和保护规划"中,淀区内纯水村和耕地将被淹没,而上述陆地的土壤环境元素分布特征及来源仍缺乏系统调查和分析.本文以淀区内现有0～ 20 cm土壤为研究对象,以环境元素As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、N、P和土壤类型、质地为研究要素,以统计描述、方差分析、相关分析和因子分析为研究手段对淀区内土壤主要环境元素分布特征和来源进行刻画和分析.结果 表明:淀区主要环境元素在不同土地类型的差异性分布是大气沉降和人类工农业活动综合作用的结果.除元素P外,其余环境元素的淀区背景值均高于区域背景值,呈富集趋势.大部分元素趋向于在农用地富集,在水田的富集最为突出,Hg元素则更易在村镇用地富集.淀区内土壤主要环境元素来源分3种类型:大气沉降型,代表元素为Ni、Cr、As、Pb、Cu和Cd,主要来自区域燃煤烟气的沉降输入;农业输入型,代表元素为P、N、Hg、Cd、Pb,主要来自本地农业施肥和人类生活垃圾输入;工业叠加型,代表元素为Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb,主要来自大气沉降和淀区临近的小冶炼的排放叠加,其中Pb、Cd、Cu为综合输入方式.     

Constraints on the age of Lake Nyos, Cameroon

The upper 40 m of Lake Nyos are retained by a weak natural dam which, if it were to fail, would not only devastate the area hit by the 1986 gas disaster but would also cause a serious flood to surge down the Katsina Ala into Nigeria. The age of the pyroclastic cone, of which the dam is the last remnant, is therefore of great practical importance to the people of the area. If the pyroclastic cone is only a few hundred years old, as some have suggested, then it is eroding away quickly and the dam must surely fail in the very near future. If, on the other hand, it is many thousands of years old, then there is less immediate cause for concern.The age of the pyroclastic cone can be constrained in three ways:(1) Two samples of basalt, one from the dam itself and one from a lava flow which post-dates the pyroclastic cone, have both yielded K–Ar ages in excess of 100,000 years.(2) Photographic evidence indicates that there has been no detectable change (>2 m) to the width of the dam since 1958. This constrains the average erosion rate and suggests that the pyroclastic cone is at least 4000 years old.(3) Cores from sediment deposited after the level of a small lake to the northeast of Lake Nyos was raised by a debris slide from the pyroclastic cone, contain no volcanic ash. A sample from the base of this sequence has yielded a radiocarbon age of 2700 years.The Lake Nyos dam must therefore be, at the very least, a few thousand years old and although its general stability must give serious cause for concern there is no reason to suspect that the rate at which it is currently eroding away is of itself sufficient to pose an immediate threat.     

南北构造带南段上地幔各向异性特征

对布设在南北构造带南段的中国地震科学探测台阵项目一期350个宽频带流动台站和中国地震台网90个宽频带固定台站记录的远震XKS(SKS、SKKS和PKS)波形资料作偏振分析,采用最小切向能量的网格搜索法和"叠加"分析方法求得每一个台站的XKS波的快波偏振方向和快、慢波的时间延迟,获得了南北构造带南段上地幔各向异性图像.结果显示研究区的各向异性具有明显的南北分区特征,北部的快波方向为近N-S方向,而南部主要表现为近E-W方向,且北部的平均时间延迟小于南部.分析表明,具有厚岩石圈的北部的各向异性主要由岩石圈变形引起,是一种垂直连贯变形模式;具有薄岩石圈的南部的各向异性主要由软流圈地幔流引起,缅甸和巽达板片的后撤/回转作用产生了指向西南的软流圈地幔流,在岩石圈底部和软流圈之间产生了一个水平差异运动,产生了一个与简单剪切一致的软流圈变形结构,从而产生了南部观测的各向异性.     

Field and large scale laboratory studies on dynamic properties of emplaced municipal solid waste from two dump sites at Delhi,India

Dynamic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) from two dump sites located at Delhi, India are evaluated from field and large scale laboratory tests. Shear wave velocity (V_s) profiles of MSW, measured at these two sites using surface wave techniques, are in range of V_s data reported for MSW landfills worldwide. Representative bulk MSW samples were collected from large test pits excavated at the two dump sites to determine the near surface unit weight. Large scale undrained cyclic triaxial (CTX) tests were conducted on reconstituted MSW specimens to investigate the effect of various parameters such as composition, confining pressure, number of loading cycles, loading frequency and saturation on the dynamic properties. Undrained CTX tests, conducted on the specimens with and without fibrous materials demonstrated the effect of fibrous waste constituents on the stiffness and damping behavior of MSW. Specimens consisting of fibrous waste constituents such as plastics and textiles exhibited significantly less modulus reduction compared to specimens with negligible amount of fibrous content. The modulus reduction (G/G_max) and material damping ratio curves derived from the present study are in the range reported for MSW in the literature. The G/G_max curves from present study are in good agreement with curves recommended for MSW at Tri-Cities landfill in USA and Tianziling landfill in China. Dynamic properties evaluated from the present study add to the growing database of the worldwide dataset and can be useful for evaluating the seismic stability and associated permanent deformations of the existing dumps in and around Delhi.     

四川长宁页岩气开采区上地壳各向异性及其变化特征

四川长宁页岩气开采区2018年12月16日和2019年1月3日相继发生了M_L5.7和M_L5.3地震, 两次中强地震给附近建筑物带来了严重的破坏.本文收集了长宁地区2018年11月至2019年2月的地震波形数据资料, 利用剪切波分裂方法获得了研究区内14个台站的剪切波分裂参数快波偏振方向和慢波延迟时间, 分析了长宁地区地壳各向异性特征, 以及地壳应力场的变化, 初步探讨了两次M_L5.0地震孕育的应力环境.结果显示, 多数台站快波偏振方向有两个优势方向, 北东向和北西向.研究区位于四川盆地南缘盆山结合地带, 构造环境复杂, 剪切波分裂参数较为离散.北西向的快波偏振方向与区域主压应力方向、震源机制解结果一致, 北东向快波偏振方向与之正交.整个研究区域内慢波延迟时间普遍较高, 均值为6.16 ms·km^-1.慢波延迟时间最大值来源于位于两次M_L5.0地震震中之间的XIC台站.离散的剪切波分裂参数以及较高的各向异性强度, 可能与页岩气开采压裂作业有关.水力压裂施工, 页岩地层中注入高压流体, 从而改变了岩体和断层的应力状态, 引起应力环境的改变.慢波延迟时间在M_L5.3地震发生之前表现出明显增加的趋势, 表明地震发生之前地壳应力的积累.M_L5.3地震发生之后观测到慢波延迟时间的降低, 反映了震后地壳应力的突然释放.

     

近200 a来云南阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性及稳定性变化

云南省拥有丰富的生物多样性,其生态系统稳定性对于发挥生态系统服务功能十分重要,但近几十年以来的人类活动以及气候变化带来的干扰削弱了该区域的生态系统功能.本文以阳宗海为研究对象,探讨了1820s—2006年间人类活动背景下摇蚊群落多样性和稳定性的变化过程,并进一步探讨阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性与稳定性之间的关系.利用沉积物中的营养指标(总有机碳(TOC)含量、总氮(TN)含量和TOC/TN摩尔比)及摇蚊分别重建了湖泊营养变化及摇蚊群落物种丰富度、均匀度、相似度和稳定性(ar1),利用PCA第1轴代表摇蚊群落以检测突变点.研究发现摇蚊群落组成与湖泊营养变化有较好的一致性,二者在1990年左右发生突变,物种丰富度、均匀度和相似度指数分别在1950s、1990s初以及1970s初升高,说明摇蚊群落组成逐渐多样化,种属分布更加均匀.通过检测发现摇蚊群落稳定性在1960s初开始降低,比湖泊系统突变提前30 a左右.摇蚊群落的物种丰富度、均匀度以及稳定性指标伴随着湖泊外源营养物质输入比例增加而升高,群落多样性与稳定性之间的相关性分析表明群落稳定性随物种丰富度的升高而降低.     

Seismic microzonation of Dehradun City using geophysical and geotechnical characteristics in the upper 30 m of soil column

The understanding of geotechnical characteristics of near-surface material is of fundamental interest in seismic microzonation. Shear wave velocity (Vs), one of the most important soil properties for soil response modeling, has been evaluated through seismic profiling using the multichannel analysis of surface waves in the city of Dehradun situated along the foothills of northwest Himalaya. Fifty sites in the city have been investigated with survey lines between 72 and 96 m in length. Multiple 1-D and interpolated 2-D profiles have been generated up to a depth of 30–40 m. The Vs were used in the SHAKE2000 software in combination with seismic input motion of the recent Chamoli earthquake to obtain site response and amplification spectra. The estimated Vs are higher in the northern part of the study area (i.e., 200–700 m/s from the surface to a depth of about 30 m) as compared to the south and southwestern parts of the city (i.e., 180–400 m/s for the same depth range). The response spectra suggest that spectral acceleration values for two-story structures are three to eight times higher than peak ground acceleration at bedrock. The analysis also suggests peak amplification at 3–4, 2–2.5, and 1–1.5 Hz in the northern, central, and south-southwestern parts of the city, respectively. The spatial distributions of Vs and spectral accelerations provide valuable information for the seismic microzonation in different parts of the urban area of Dehradun.     

Paleomagnetic record from Academician Ridge, Lake Baikal: a reversal excursion at the base of marine oxygen isotope stage 6

Paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic studies on a hydraulic piston core (Ver98-1, St.6) from Academician Ridge, Lake Baikal showed the occurrence of a reversal excursion at 670-696 cm depth, which is at the base of marine oxygen isotope stage 6. A correlation of X-ray CT values, as a proxy of relative density, to the marine oxygen isotope record provides an age of 177-183 ka for this reversal excursion. It can be correlated with other excursion records from Lake Baikal, found in Core 287-K2 from Academician Ridge [King et al., Russ. Geol. Geophys. 34 (1993) 148-162] and in core BDP93-1 drilled on the Buguldeika saddle [BDP-93, Quat. Int. 37 (1997) 3-17]. We correlate the Lake Baikal reversal excursion with a well documented excursion in the Brunhes Chron, the Iceland Basin event (186-189 ka) from ODP Sites 983 and 984 in the North Atlantic [Channell, J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 22937-22951]. Also the relative paleointensity record agrees well with that from ODP Site 983 [Channell, J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 22937-22951]. The Lake Baikal excursion and the Iceland Basin event correspond to the minimum of relative intensity at 188 ka in Sint-800 [Guyodo and Valet, Nature 399 (1999) 249-252]. We argue that it is distinct from the Jamaica/Pringle Falls excursion, estimated at 205-215 ka [Langereis et al., Geophys. J. Int. 129 (1997) 75-94]. This is supported by the recalibration of the age of another excursion found in Core St.16 in Lake Baikal [Sakai et al., Bull. Nagoya Univ. Furukawa Mus. 13 (1997) 11-22] with an age of ∼223 ka, which is close to the age of the Jamaica/Pringle Falls excursion, as suggested earlier [King et al., Russ. Geol. Geophys. 34 (1993) 148-162]. The VGP path of the reversal excursion (177-183 ka) consists of a southward swing through the North Atlantic, followed by a loop through Africa and the Indian Ocean. The path morphology is similar to that of the Iceland Basin event from the North Atlantic [Channell, J. Geophys. Res. 104 (1999) 22937-22951].     

The extent and historical trend of metal pollution recorded in core sediments from the artificial Lake Shihwa, Korea

The vertical distribution of trace metals in sediment cores was investigated to evaluate the extent and the historical record of metal pollution over 30 years in the artificial Lake Shihwa in Korea. A marked increase of trace metals after 1980 was observed due to the operation of two large industrial complexes and dike construction for a reclamation project. There was a decreasing trend of metal concentrations with the distance from the pollution source. The enrichment factor and pollution load index of the metals indicated that the metal pollution was mainly derived from Cu, Zn and Cd loads due to anthropogenic activities. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in the upper part of all core sediments exceeded the ERL criteria of NOAA. Our results indicate that inadequate planning and management of industrialization and a large reclamation project accomplished by dike construction have continued to strongly accelerate metal pollution in Lake Shihwa.     

苏北溱湖芦苇和芦苇+香蒲群落中植物对湿地土壤N、P的固持效果

湿地土壤是湿地生态系统固持氮(N)、磷(P)的重要库,水生高等植物在湿地土壤固持N、P过程中起到了非常重要的作用.本研究采用室外取样与室内实验结合的方法,对溱湖湿地两种主要湿地类型(芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落和芦苇+香蒲(Typha latifolia)群落)影响湿地土壤N、P固持过程的规律展开研究.分析了芦苇、香蒲各器官生物量和总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量及储量对于土壤各土层TN和TP含量的影响.结果显示:(1)溱湖湿地对于水体TN和TP有一定的削减作用,且对TN的削减作用更大;(2)芦苇可以增强湿地土壤(30 cm以下的土层)富集N的效率,并且芦苇+香蒲群落中土壤固N效率更高,芦苇植株内TN和TP储量都是根茎叶穗,而香蒲则是根穗茎叶;(3)芦苇和香蒲茎、叶器官的TN和TP含量在夏季均显著高于其他几个季节,尤其是芦苇茎的TN含量在夏季高出其他几个季节70%~84%,而TP含量甚至高出其他几个季节81%~92%;(4)芦苇、香蒲对于P贫瘠的响应机制不同,导致芦苇会消耗土壤P,而香蒲的介入可以抵消这一消耗过程.因此,芦苇+香蒲的植物配置模式可以提高湿地土壤固持N、P的综合效率.     

呼伦湖主要入湖河流克鲁伦河丰水期污染物通量(2010-2014)

为控制呼伦湖的水体恶化趋势,利用2010-2014年的水质监测数据首次对呼伦湖的主要入湖河流——克鲁伦河丰水期(6-8月)氨氮、总氮、总磷和化学需氧量等污染物的入湖通量进行详细研究.采用单因子指数法对水质进行评价,通过等标污染负荷确定入湖口的首要污染物,利用相关性分析研究水质、水量、污染物通量三者之间的相互关系.结果表明:克鲁伦河入湖口水体受总氮与化学需氧量污染较为严重,均处于V类或劣V类水平,总磷浓度整体处于Ⅲ~Ⅳ类水平.污染物入湖通量有逐年递增之势,2014年稍有下降,总氮的等标污染负荷最高,为入湖口的主要污染物.入湖口水质与水量呈现出一定的正相关关系,水量是影响污染物入湖通量的关键因子,而入湖水质则是影响入湖通量的主要影响因子.控制总氮及化学需氧量的入湖通量是当前的首要任务,合理控制放牧、将村镇的污废水处理后达标排放是减轻河湖水体污染的当务之急.     

太湖西北部典型疏浚/对照湖区内源性营养盐释放潜力对比

通过采集太湖西北部闾江口、八房港、月亮湾和竺山湾疏浚区与未疏浚对照区8个样点共32根沉积物柱状样于室内进行内源负荷模拟研究和沉积物基本性质分析发现,除闾江口疏浚区沉积物总磷和可交换态磷含量高于未疏浚区外,其余指标如烧失量、总氮、可交换态氮等均表现为未疏浚区沉积物高于疏浚区沉积物的特征,说明疏浚区沉积物营养盐的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照组.八房港、月亮湾以及竺山湾疏浚区沉积物铵态氮、正磷酸盐的潜在释放速率均比相应未疏浚对照区沉积物低,疏浚区沉积物铵态氮的潜在释放速率分别是未疏浚区的65.3%、88.8%和21.9%,正磷酸盐的潜在释放速率分别是未疏浚区的-26.6%、11.3%和50.2%.而闾江口疏浚区沉积物铵态氮和正磷酸盐的潜在释放速率却远高于未疏浚区(疏浚区分别为未疏浚区的2.6倍和6.4倍),这可能与闾江口水体呈现弱还原环境及沉积物中有机质含量高有关,另外也可能与闾江口沉积物污染物的赋存深度和疏浚工程的疏浚深度有关.     

Time-scales of assembly and thermal history of a composite felsic pluton: constraints from the Emerald Lake area, northern Canadian Cordillera, Yukon

Knowledge of the time-scales of emplacement and thermal history during assembly of composite felsic plutons in the shallow crust are critical to deciphering the processes of crustal growth and magma chamber development. Detailed petrological and chemical study of the mid-Cretaceous, composite Emerald Lake pluton, from the northern Canadian Cordillera, Yukon Territory, coupled with U–Pb and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology, indicates that this pluton was intruded as a series of magmatic pulses. Intrusion of these pulses produced a strong petrological zonation from augite syenite, hornblende quartz syenite and monzonite, to biotite granite. Our data further indicate that multiple phases were emplaced and cooled to below the mineral closure temperatures over a time-scale on the order of the resolution of the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar technique (1 Myr), and that emplacement occurred at 94.3 Ma. Simple thermal modelling and heat conduction calculations were used to further constrain the temporal relationships within the intrusion. These calculations are consistent with the geochronology and show that emplacement and cooling were complete in less than 100 kyr and probably 70±5 kyr. These results demonstrate that production, transport and emplacement of the different phases of the Emerald Lake pluton occurred essentially simultaneously, and that these processes must also have been closely related in time and space. By analogy, these results provide insights into the assembly and petrogenesis of other complex intrusions and ultimately lead to an understanding of the processes involved in crustal development.     

“引江济淮”工程对安徽菜子湖水龄分布的影响

菜子湖是"引江济淮"工程的重要输水通道,其水体输运和物质交换将因输水工程发生改变.本文基于环境流体水动力学模型（EFDC）建立了菜子湖水龄模型,在将模型与实测水文数据验证满足精度的前提下,设计14种方案计算菜子湖在季风影响下的水龄,工程实施期间菜子湖在丰、平、枯季的水龄与流场,以及枯水季调水情景下同风速8种风向和强风向3种风速时的水龄.数值试验的模拟结果表明：菜子湖湖体水龄分布具有时空差异性,无风条件下,春、夏、秋、冬季的湖体的平均水龄分别为120.93、33.19、92.92、101.48 d,而在季风影响下,春、夏、秋、冬季平均水龄分别为75.23、32.45、81.80、66.16 d;西部L2湖水龄较长,东部L1湖和南部L3湖水龄较短;输水工程将改变L1和L3湖的流场,对L2湖流场几乎无影响;输水工程实施后,菜子湖水龄分布主要受风场及输水影响,不同风向对菜子湖各湖区影响不同,西南风有助于L1湖水体交换,北风有助于L2湖水体交换,东风有助于L3湖水体交换,而当风向为东北风时,3个湖区水龄均较小;枯水季调水有利于L1湖和L3湖水体交换,但对L2湖水体交换作用不明显.