Failure mechanisms and pore water pressure conditions: analysis of a riverbank along the Arno River (Central Italy)

Mechanisms of failure occurring in two portions of a riverbank along the Arno River (Central Italy), are investigated in detail starting by a series of periodic field observations and bank profile measurements. Two dominant mechanisms involving the silty sand portion of the bank have been observed: (a) alcove-shaped failure in the middle portion of the bank; (b) slab failure involving the middle–upper bank.

A portion of the riverbank was subject to laboratory (grain size analysis; phase relationship analysis; triaxial tests) and in situ tests (borehole shear tests (BSTs)) to characterise the geotechnical properties of the overbank deposits. Two different procedures of bank stability analysis have been performed: (1) a complete analysis, coupling seepage analysis with the limit equilibrium method; (2) two simplified analyses, through the limit equilibrium method with simple assumptions on pore water pressures distribution.

For the complete analysis, saturated/unsaturated flow within the riverbank was modelled by finite element seepage analysis in transient conditions, using as boundary conditions eight hydrographs with increasing water stage. Riverbank stability analyses have been conducted by the Morgenstern–Price rigorous method, dividing each of the eight hydrographs in 21 time steps and calculating the safety factor for each step. The analysis revealed the occurrence of two possible mechanisms of failure (slab-type and alcove-shaped sliding failures), according to the field observations, related to different river stages and pore water pressures within the riverbank: alcove failures are likely to occur with moderate flow events, while slab failures are favoured by flow events with higher peak river stage.

A first type of simplified analysis, representing critical conditions reached during a rapid flow event, was based on the main hypothesis of the occurrence of a zero pore water pressures zone within the portion of the bank between the low-water stage and the peak stage reached. A second type of simplified analysis was applied in order to represent rapid drawdown conditions following a prolonged flow event (worst case), with the main assumption of total saturation of the material up to the same elevation of the peak river stage. The first simplified analysis has given similar results to the complete seepage/stability analysis, confirming slab-type and alcove-shaped failure as the two main mechanisms of instability, while the second type of simplified analysis has conducted to too conservative results compared to the other previous analyses.

Field observations regarding different characteristic bank geometries in adjacent sub-reaches have been summarised in a conceptual cyclic sketch, that include all the possible paths of bank evolution depending on the succession of river stages reached during flow events and related pore pressure conditions.     

水位动态变化下水体驳岸渗流场及稳定性研究

目前水体驳岸设计只注重景观性与生态性,缺乏水位动态变化对驳岸渗流场及稳定性影响的研究。以澧水河2007-2012年水文地质资料为基础,从驳岸水位动态变化速度、岸坡安全系数两个角度,研究不同水位升降速度的驳岸稳定性变化规律。研究表明:水位动态变化对驳岸渗流场有明显影响,水位变化速度快,驳岸自由水面变化滞后越明显;驳岸水位上升时,其安全系数由大变小再到稳定;随着水位逐渐下降,驳岸安全系数先减小,当水位达到一定高度(此时安全系数最小)时,安全系数逐渐回升。研究结论用以指导水体驳岸设计,对水体驳岸在水位动态变化条件下安全运行具有现实意义。     

洪水浸泡和水位骤降情况下黄河下游堤防堤岸稳定性分析

水库库岸边坡稳定在水位骤降工况下的研究目前已比较成熟,但对黄河下游堤防在水位骤降工况下的堤坡稳定状态却研究甚少。通过选取黄河下游标准化堤防某段堤岸边坡为研究对象,建立有限元渗流模型,提出黄河下游堤防的水位骤降速度标准,同时分析了在水位骤降速度为2、4、5 m/d时的坡内浸润线变化、堤岸稳定性变化,以及在水位骤降组合洪水浸泡最不利工况下的堤岸稳定状态。通过分析,给出水位下降情况、水位下降组合浸泡情况下的堤岸稳定状态图,并从图中可以查出在某一水位下降速度、洪水水位降至某一高程处的堤岸稳定状态,为工程人员在堤防建设中运用和推广提供了便利。     

水力和超载条件下锚固岩石边坡动态稳定性拟静力分析

基于极限平衡理论,综合考虑水力条件、坡顶超载、地震荷载效应和锚固效应对岩石边坡进行了全面的稳定性分析。计算给出了多影响因素条件下岩石边坡稳定性安全系数的表达式,并重点分析了几种相关参数组合对岩石边坡稳定性的影响。分析表明,坡顶张拉裂缝积水、地下水渗流作用、滑面出流缝被堵塞、地震影响效应不利于岩石边坡抗滑稳定性,而锚索锚固效应则对提高边坡抗滑稳定性有积极作用;坡顶张拉裂缝积水、滑面出流缝被堵塞、水平向地震影响效应都不利于岩石边坡抗倾覆稳定性,但锚索锚固效应、坡顶超载、与竖直方向地震效应则对提高边坡抗倾覆稳定性有益。最后针对工程实际,提出了相应的工程建议。     

Statistical and geostatistical features of streambed hydraulic conductivities in the Platte River, Nebraska

This paper presents streambed hydraulic conductivities of the Platte River from south-central to eastern Nebraska. The hydraulic conductivities were determined from river channels using permeameter tests. The vertical hydraulic conductivities (K _v ) from seven test sites along this river in south-central Nebraska belong to one statistical population. Its mean value is 40.2 m/d. However, the vertical hydraulic conductivities along four transects of the Ashland test site in eastern Nebraska have lower mean values, are statistically different from the K _v values in south-central Nebraska, and belong to two different populations with mean values of 20.7 and 9.1 m/d, respectively. Finer sediments carried from the Loup River and Elkhorn River watersheds to the eastern reach of the Platte River lowers the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed. Correlation coefficients between water depth and K _v values along a test transect indicates a positive correlation – a larger K _v usually occurs in the part of channel with deeper water. Experimental variograms derived from the vertical hydraulic conductivities for several transects across the channels of the Platte River show periodicity of spatial correlation, which likely result from periodic variation of water depth across the channels. The sandy to gravelly streambed contains very local silt and clay layers; spatially continuous low-permeability streambed was not observed in the river channels. The horizontal hydraulic conductivities were larger than the vertical hydraulic conductivities for the same test locations.     

An analysis of coastal erosion in the tropical rapid accretion delta of the Red River, Vietnam

The largest plain in the North Vietnam has formed by the redundant sediment of the Red River system. Sediment supply is not equally distributed, causing erosion in some places. The paper analyzes the evolvement and physical mechanism of the erosion. The overlay of five recent topographical maps (1930, 1965, 1985, 1995, and 2001) shows that sediment redundantly deposits at some big river mouths (Ba Lat, Lach, and Day), leading to rapid accretion (up to 100 m/y). Typical mechanism of delta propagation is forming and connecting sand bars in front of the mouths. Erosion coasts are distributed either between the river mouths (Hai Hau) or nearby them (Giao Long, Giao Phong, and Nghia Phuc). The evolvement of erosion is caused by wave-induced longshore southwestward sediment transport. Meanwhile sediment from the river mouths is not directed to deposit nearshore. The development of sand bars can intensively reduce the erosion rate nearby river mouths. Erosion in Hai Hau is accelerated by sea level rise and upstream dams. Sea dike stability is seriously threatened by erosion-induced lowering of beach profiles, sea level rise, typhoon, and storm surge.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater from the two main aquifers in the Red River Delta,Vietnam

In the Red River Delta, situated in the northern part of Vietnam, nearly its entire population depends solely on groundwater for daily water consumptions. For this reason, groundwater quality assessments must be carefully carried out using hydrogeochemical properties, to ensure effective groundwater resource planning for the Delta’s present and future groundwater use. In this study, the spatial and seasonal changes in the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in the two main aquifers of the RRD were investigated by analyzing the physicochemical data obtained in 2011 from 31 conjunctive wells in the Delta’s Holocene unconfined aquifer (HUA) and Pleistocene confined aquifer (PCA) using the Piper diagram and the Gibbs diagram. Results of the data analysis show that the groundwater in both aquifers in the upstream area of the delta is dominated by the [Ca²⁺–HCO₃⁻] water-type, while the [Na⁺–Cl⁻] dominates along the middle-stream and downstream areas. Seasonal changes in the hydrogeochemical facies in both aquifers, comparing the results for the dry and the rainy seasons, were detected in about one third of the sampling wells, which were mainly located at the upstream portion of the Delta. The hydrogeochemical facies of HUA were different from that of PCA by about 45% of the sampling wells in both the dry and the rainy seasons, which were found mostly in the upstream and middle-stream areas.     

金沙江某库区东爷庙滑坡成因分析及稳定性评价

文章在对滑坡周界确定和滑坡体特征研究基础之上,从岩性条件、地质构造及地下水等方面详细分析了滑坡成因。该滑坡发生在侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)缓倾角红层中,地层岩性为河湖相紫红色泥质粉砂岩、泥岩和灰绿色粉砂岩互层,软硬相间,该套地层的岩性内在差异构成了滑坡产生的岩性条件。加上边坡呈顺向坡结构,顺坡向节理发育,坡角临空,岩体沿着软弱层发生滑移-拉裂破坏。通过对滑坡进行稳定性计算和分析,结果表明:该滑坡在天然状态、蓄水或地震等不利条件下,整体仍处于稳定状态,只是在相对较陡的滑坡体前缘和库水位附近地形较陡的局部部位,蓄水后可能会产生小规模失稳,但其方量不会太大,加上离坝址较远,所以不会危及工程安全。因此,通过对滑坡成因分析和稳定性评价,为工程建设和移民安置工作提供了重要的保证。     

K-Ar Dating of Fault Gouges from the Red River Fault Zone of Vietnam

Constraining the timing of fault zone formation is fundamentally important in terms of geotectonics to understand structural evolution and brittle fault processes.This paper presents the first authigenic illite K-Ar age data from fault gouge samples collected from the Red River Shear Zone at Lao Cai province,Vietnam.The fault gouge samples were separated into three grain-size fractions(0.1 μm,0.1-0.4 μm and 0.4-1.0 μm).The results show that the K-Ar age values decrease from coarser to finer grain fractions(24.1 to 19.2 Ma),suggesting enrichment in finer fraction of morerecently grown authigenic illites.The timing of the fault movement are the lower intercept ages at 0%detrital illite(19.2 ± 0.92 Ma and 19.4 ± 0.49 Ma).In combination with previous geochronological data,this result indicates that the metamorphism of the Day Nui Con Voi(DNCV) metamorphic complex took place before ca.26.8 Ma.At about 26.8 Ma-25 Ma,the fault strongly acted to cause the rapid exhumation of the rocks along the Red River-Ailoa Shan Fault Zone(RR-ASFZ).During brittle deformation,the DNCV slowly uplifted,implying weak movement of the fault.This brittle deformation might have lasted for ca.5 Ma.     

大渡河三交坪滑坡形成演化机制分析及稳定性评价

三交坪滑坡位于四川首汉源县境内的流沙河左岸，分布面积约1km^3。由于该坡体存在层间错动带和局部变形碎裂体．且地表泉水点较多．造成坡体上游、中部及前缘出现了大量的拉裂缝，目前坡体局部已处于不稳定状态。因此，对该坡体的稳定性评价显得尤为重要。文章根据坡体的结构及形态特征详细分析了滑坡的形成演化机制，判定三交坪滑坡的破坏模式为蠕滑拉裂。同时采用岸坡岩体地质分析及量化评价方法对该滑坡的稳定性进行了分析，得出浅层计算滑面及基岩覆盖界面处的深部计算滑面在天然状态下稳定性良好；但在天然＋暴雨的条件下，浅部滑面的稳定性有少许弱化，处于临界不稳定状态。最后，根据以上分析提出合理的治理建议。     

水位遥测系统在黄河调水调沙工作中的应用与研究

济南黄河水位遥测系统是一套适用于黄河水沙特性的自动测报系统,可监测济南河段纵向水位的变化.本文介绍了在历城区局中心接受站可随时查阅上到王窑下至刘家园约90km的济南河段范围内7处遥测站水位信息,并阐述了采用水位遥测系统的优点.     

玛纳斯河流域地下水水位变化及水量平衡研究

天山北坡玛纳斯河流域地下水长期大规模开采引发了一系列生态环境问题,地下水均衡状态和地下水流动模式明显发生了改变。为研究节水灌溉条件下的地下水系统流动模式及其对地下水均衡要素的改变规律,以平原绿洲区为研究对象,采用三维地下水数值模拟方法,研究玛纳斯河流域地下水水位动态变化及水量平衡规律。结果表明:研究区地下水水位的抬升和回落受农业灌溉的影响显著,具有一定的周期性,存在着明显的时空差异;地下水均衡处于负均衡状态,补排差为-2.81×108m3。模拟期内观测水头与计算水头两者相关系数各月均在0.81以上,模拟效果较好。     

北京西部永定河第四纪冲积扇基坑边坡稳定性分析

北京舞蹈学院综合楼地基开挖工程,揭示了北京西部永定河冲积扇全新世和晚更新世地层的垂向分布特征和工程地质特性。该地区工程地质特性满足一般高层建筑（高度小于100m）所需的承载力,建筑的持力层多位于全新世和晚更新世地层的第五层或第七层,不需要进行地基处理,直接采用天然地基即可。该地区一般高层建筑的主要工程地质问题为开挖深基坑的边坡稳定性问题,采用桩锚支护体系进行基坑支护,并配合必要的监测手段,可使基坑周围建筑物的沉降、边坡位移和边坡稳定性满足规范要求。     

Spatio-temporal analysis of recent groundwater-level trends in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

A groundwater-monitoring network has been in operation in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, since 1995. Trends in groundwater level (1995?C2009) in 57 wells in the Holocene unconfined aquifer and 63 wells in the Pleistocene confined aquifer were determined by applying the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen??s slope estimator. At each well, 17 time series (e.g. annual, seasonal, monthly), computed from the original data, were analyzed. Analysis of the annual groundwater-level means revealed that 35?% of the wells in the unconfined aquifer showed downward trends, while about 21?% showed upward trends. On the other hand, confined-aquifer groundwater levels experienced downward trends in almost all locations. Spatial distributions of trends indicated that the strongly declining trends (>0.3?m/year) were mainly found in urban areas around Hanoi where there is intensive abstraction of groundwater. Although the trend results for most of the 17 time series at a given well were quite similar, different trend patterns were detected in several. The findings reflect unsustainable groundwater development and the importance of maintaining groundwater monitoring and a database in the Delta, particularly in urban areas.     

新疆开都-孔雀河流域绿洲需水量与稳定性分析

水是绿洲存在和发展的核心, 干旱区绿洲稳定性与水密切相关. 根据2000-2009年资料, 采用蒸发系数法和定额法估算开都-孔雀河流域绿洲自然生态系统和社会经济系统综合需水量, 并对水资源约束条件下的绿洲稳定性进行初步探讨. 结果表明: 2000-2009年, 绿洲年均总需水量理论值约为54.80×10⁸ m³, 其中开都河绿洲总需水量约为20.55×10⁸ m³, 孔雀河绿洲总需水量约为21.90×10⁸ m³, 博斯腾湖区耗水量约为12.35×10⁸ m³, 与绿洲10 a平均供水量相比, 供需表现出极大地不平衡性. 水资源可承载绿洲面积(不含博斯腾湖)约为3139.66 km², 其中可承载灌溉地面积约为1395.41 km², 与绿洲10 a平均面积5 248 km²相比, 差别较大, 绿洲处于不稳定状态, 现状绿洲面积应适当收缩. 最后, 对博斯腾湖最低生态水位进行讨论, 初步把大湖最低水位定为海拔1 045 m, 小湖最低生态水位定为海拔1 046.5 m.     

Evaluation of food risk parameters in the Day River Flood Diversion Area,Red River Delta,Vietnam

An interdisciplinary approach is necessary for flood risk assessment. Questions are often raised about which factors should be considered important in assessing the flood risk in an area and how to quantify these factors. This article defines and quantitatively evaluates the flood risk factors that would affect the Day River Flood Diversion Area in the context of integrated flood management in the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Expert analysis, in conjunction with field survey and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), is applied to define and quantify parameters (indicators, subcomponents, and components) that contribute to flood risk. Flood duration is found to be the most prominent indicator in determining flood hazard. Residential buildings, population, and pollution are other fairly significant indicators contributing to flood vulnerability from the economic, social, and environmental perspectives, respectively. The study results will be useful in developing comprehensive flood risk maps for policy-makers and responsible authorities. Besides, local residents will also be able to implement suitable measures for reducing flood risk in the study area.     

梅溪河流域明水中学滑坡形成机理与稳定性评价

明水中学滑坡位于梅溪河左岸,为典型的松散堆积体滑坡。通过分析坡体结构、形态、组成及变形特征等滑坡工程地质条件,认为该滑坡形成大致经历了“崩塌堆积-滑移-趋稳定-复活”4个阶段。运用GEO-SLOPE软件对滑坡变形状态进行定量分析,确定滑坡稳定性。计算结果表明,明水中学滑坡目前整体处于较稳定状态,发生整体滑动的可能性较小,但在天然工况下,滑坡体前缘已接近极限平衡状态,产生滑移的可能性较大。     

On estimating the earthquake-induced changes in hydrogeological properties of the Choshuishi Alluvial Fan, Taiwan

The hydrological response of the Choshuishi alluvial fan to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake shows that the earthquake did impact the aquifer. The possible earthquake-induced changes in hydrogeological properties were investigated in this study. First, contour maps of the hydrologic anomaly, seismic factors, and vertical ground-surface displacement were compared qualitatively. Bulls eye patterns were found on the contour maps of hydraulic conductivity, coseismic groundwater-level change and vertical ground-surface displacement but did not occur with other seismic factors. The more permeable zones of the aquifer were found to coincide with the locations of greater vertical ground-surface displacement and coseismic groundwater-level change in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. This indicates that the change of the hydrogeologic properties of Choshuishi alluvial fan due to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake may have mainly occurred in the highly permeable zones. Fractal, cross semivariogram and cross correlogram analyses were performed to quantitatively measure the persistency, variability and similarity, respectively, of spatial hydrologic response, seismic factors and hydraulic conductivity. The groundwater-level change, earthquake intensity, and vertical ground-surface displacement were found to show antipersistent tendencies while other factors showed the opposite. Higher correlations were found between hydraulic conductivity and groundwater-level change in aquifers 2–1 and 2–2, and between hydraulic conductivity and vertical ground-surface displacement in aquifer 3. Changes in porosities and hydraulic conductivity were evaluated in the main aquifers of the Choshuishi alluvial fan based on the data of hydrologic anomaly and the vertical ground-surface displacement. While both approaches show that the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake has impacted the Choshuishi alluvial fan by reducing its porosity and hydraulic conductivity, these changes were not significant relative to natural variation in hydraulic conductivity.This revised version was published in May 2005 with correction to the rubric.