钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日有限元方法研究

依据模拟钻井船在黏土层中插桩对邻近桩影响的离心模型试验结果,研究了通过耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）有限元计算并结合非线性地基梁有限元计算,分析钻井船插桩对邻近桩影响问题的可行性。CEL有限元方法将产生大变形的土体设为欧拉体,采用欧拉有限元方法计算该区域的变形响应,计算过程中,欧拉体的空间网格形状、大小位置保持不变,物质可在网格之间运动;其他土体设为拉格朗日体,采用拉格朗日有限元方法计算变形响应,计算过程中,物质的运动和网格的变形保持一致。运用罚函数方法实现欧拉体与拉格朗日体的耦合。通过CEL有限元计算,可以确定钻井船插桩导致的邻近桩桩身水平位移。进一步通过非线性地基梁有限元模型计算确定桩身弯矩。计算结果表明,利用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法计算出的桩身位移和弯矩沿桩长的变化与离心模型试验结果基本一致。说明采用CEL有限元方法并结合非线性地基梁有限元方法分析黏土层中插桩对邻近桩的影响问题是可行的。CEL有限元模型中欧拉土体范围的设置对计算结果有明显影响。研究表明,若插桩深度小于0.75倍桩靴直径,可将欧拉土体范围设置成1.00～1.25倍桩靴直径;若插桩深度大于0.75倍桩靴直径,将欧拉土体范围取为插桩深度以下0.5倍桩靴直径是恰当的。     

桩坑附近桩靴二次就位过程中滑移载荷研究

自升式平台在遗留桩坑附近就位时,桩靴的滑移风险对于平台结构安全具有重大威胁。基于耦合欧拉?拉格朗日方法,建立了遗留桩坑附近插桩过程的有限元模型,对加载速率和网格密度等进行参数分析,确定了合理的模型参数,并进一步研究了相关参数的影响规律。结果表明,滑移载荷产生的主要原因在于桩靴贯入过程中土体破坏面的不对称;峰值滑移载荷随桩坑坡度、深度和直径的增大而增大;减小桩靴底面坡度可以有效减小桩靴上的滑移载荷。研究揭示了桩坑和桩靴几何参数对滑移载荷的影响机制及其规律,对于深刻认识“踩脚印”问题和有效指导桩坑附近二次就位作业具有科学意义。     

Eulerian finite element analysis of excess pore pressure generated by spudcan installation into soft clay

This paper reports an analytical exploration into excess pore pressures generated during offshore spudcan installations. The analysis was conducted using ABAQUS/Explicit for three effective-stress constitutive models coded using the user-defined material subroutine VUMAT. The results demonstrate the feasibility of conducting effective-stress finite element analysis of undrained spudcan penetration using Eulerian approach. They also show that the computed penetration resistance and pore pressure response depend significantly on the undrained shear strength computed by the different models.     

插拔桩靴对临近桩靴承载力的影响研究

自升式钻井船桩靴的插拔过程将会对临近井口平台的桩靴基础产生不利影响。开展了室内模型试验研究,将试验结果与理论分析结果相结合,得到了桩靴插拔的影响范围及影响范围内土体强度的变化规律,并推导了桩靴插拔影响区内临近桩靴承载力的计算方法,与模型试验结果进行了对比验证。研究表明,桩靴插拔后砂土相对密实度降低,其降低程度随距桩靴距离的增加而逐渐减小,影响范围约为1倍桩靴直径。受桩靴插拔影响,临近桩靴的承载力下降,降低比例随两桩靴相对间距的增大而减小,随桩靴相对插深的增加而增加。当两桩靴相对间距大于2倍插拔桩靴直径时,可认为桩靴插拔对临近桩靴基础承载力无影响。     

The effect of strength anisotropy on the bearing capacity of spudcan foundations

The vertical bearing capacity of spudcan foundations in strength anisotropic soils is investigated numerically using the MIT-S1 model implemented in the AFENA finite element package. The model in AFENA is validated against existing laboratory test data of normally consolidated soil. The bearing capacities of spudcans in soils with isotropic and anisotropic strengths are compared. Soil with isotropic strength is simulated using an elasto-plastic model. It is found that the bearing capacity of a spudcan in an anisotropic soil is reduced by about 9% for a rough spudcan and 3% for a smooth spudcan on average. There is a combined effect of soil anisotropy and spudcan roughness on the spudcan bearing capacity. Moreover, the effect of the pressuremeter strength of an anisotropic soil on foundation capacity can’t be ignored.     

考虑桩靴贯入对邻近群桩效应影响的分析方法

为考虑钻井船插桩对邻近平台群桩相互作用的影响,以海洋平台群桩设计中使用的修正Poulos法为基础,提出了一种考虑桩靴贯入影响的群桩分析方法。该法基于非线性地基梁模型确定桩靴贯入土层时单桩桩头位移;依据桩同时承受桩头荷载与土体位移时对应的地基反力系数确定土层的弹性模量,进而在Poulos群桩相互作用分析理论框架内,分析桩靴贯入对群桩相互作用的影响,确定桩靴贯入过程中由于群桩相互作用导致的附加桩头位移及相应的群桩桩头位移;依据群桩桩头位移,确定考虑桩靴贯入影响的群桩p-y曲线Y因子及相应的p-y关系。为了说明分析方法的可行性,进行了桩靴贯入砂土时对邻近单桩和群桩相互作用影响的离心模型试验,方法预测与试验结果基本一致,从而验证了方法的合理性。对于文中的工况,桩靴贯入没有导致群桩p-y关系进一步弱化,此时采用桩靴贯入前的群桩p-y关系确定考虑桩靴贯入影响的群桩响应,得到的结果偏安全。     

钻井船插桩CEL数值模拟中的若干问题分析

依据模拟钻井船在不同场地条件下贯入阻力的离心模型试验结果及具体工程实例,对利用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）有限元方法模拟钻井船在黏土、砂土、黏土下覆砂土、砂土下覆黏土及成层土场地插桩过程时,影响贯入阻力计算结果的几个因素进行了研究。结果表明,对于不同土层场地条件,有限元模型中欧拉区域范围对贯入阻力几乎没有影响。为确保CEL数值结果的精度,有限元建模时靠近桩靴部分设置为细网格区域,以外区域设置为粗网格区域;对于不同土层场地条件,减小细网格尺寸及增大细网格范围可以减小贯入阻力的振荡情况;经比较总结,细网格尺寸建议取0.05倍桩靴直径,细网格范围建议取2倍桩靴直径。采用位移控制模拟钻井船插桩时,桩靴贯入速率对黏土场地的贯入阻力影响较小,对砂土下覆黏土场地的贯入阻力影响很大,对一般成层土场地的贯入阻力有一定影响。经比较总结,建议在研究钻井船在不同土层场地的计算贯入阻力时,有限元模型的桩靴贯入速率取0.2 m/s。     

黏土中自升式钻井船插桩对邻近桩基影响的分析方法

自升式钻井船是广泛用于浅、中水域油气资源开发的重要设施,经常紧邻固定式导管架平台进行作业。钻井船插桩就位过程中大量土体被排开,挤土效应会导致邻近导管架平台桩基承受很大的附加荷载,影响平台的正常设计性能,该效应在黏土中尤为显著。针对黏土中钻井船插桩对邻近桩基的影响这一实际问题,现有规范和分析方法存在明显不足。为此,建立了一套数值分析方法,把这一复杂问题分解成相对独立、简单的两个方面进行分析：一是采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）数值方法,计算自由场地插桩周围土体产生的位移场;二是利用桩基水平力与位移关系曲线,即P-Y曲线,采用杆系-土弹簧的传统方法计算土体位移产生的桩体加载。通过与已有离心试验数据的比较,验证了该方法的可靠性和适用性。研究揭示了自由场地土体的变形模式和流动机制,阐明了由于插桩邻近桩基产生的附加荷载变化规律,特别是发现了黏土变形参数 对插桩引起的自由场地土体位移场有显著影响,但对插桩引起的桩基加载影响较小。最后,针对导管架对桩基的桩头约束条件和插桩及导管架自身对桩基的线性叠加加载适用性问题给出了详细说明。     

考虑沉桩效应的群桩非线性荷载-沉降解析

考虑沉桩效应对桩周土体力学特性的影响,采用指数函数型荷载传递曲线分别建立了静压桩的桩侧和桩端荷载传递模型。在此基础上,根据群桩加载过程中桩周土体的变形模式,基于荷载传递法描述桩-土界面的非线性行为,采用剪切位移法考虑群桩之间的相互作用,提出了考虑沉桩效应的群桩非线性荷载-沉降混合计算方法。通过开展离心模型试验对该计算方法解答进行了验证,研究了沉桩效应和桩-土界面非线性特征对群桩承载特性的影响。研究结果表明,沉桩效应对桩周土体起到挤密作用,使得桩周土体的强度和刚度增大,从而提高了群桩的承载特性。群桩加载过程中桩-土界面刚度随沉降变形而逐渐减小,使得群桩荷载-沉降曲线呈现出明显的非线性特征。     

Large deformation dynamic analysis of saturated porous media with applications to penetration problems

This paper outlines the development as well as implementation of a numerical procedure for coupled finite element analysis of dynamic problems in geomechanics, particularly those involving large deformations and soil-structure interaction. The procedure is based on Biot’s theory for the dynamic behaviour of saturated porous media. The nonlinear behaviour of the solid phase of the soil is represented by either the Mohr Coulomb or Modified Cam Clay material model. The interface between soil and structure is modelled by the so-called node-to-segment contact method. The contact algorithm uses a penalty approach to enforce constraints and to prevent rigid body interpenetration. Moreover, the contact algorithm utilises a smooth discretisation of the contact surfaces to decrease numerical oscillations. An Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) scheme preserves the quality and topology of the finite element mesh throughout the numerical simulation. The generalised-α method is used to integrate the governing equations of motion in the time domain. Some aspects of the numerical procedure are validated by solving two benchmark problems. Subsequently, dynamic soil behaviour including the development of excess pore-water pressure due to the fast installation of a single pile and the penetration of a free falling torpedo anchor are studied. The numerical results indicate the robustness and applicability of the proposed method. Typical distributions of the predicted excess pore-water pressures generated due to the dynamic penetration of an object into a saturated soil are presented, revealing higher magnitudes of pore pressure at the face of the penetrometer and lower values along the shaft. A smooth discretisation of the contact interface between soil and structure is found to be a crucial factor to avoid severe oscillations in the predicted dynamic response of the soil.     

Coupled analysis of dynamically penetrating anchors

The development of a numerical procedure for the finite element analysis of anchors dynamically penetrating into saturated soils is outlined, highlighting its unique features and capabilities. The mechanical behaviour of saturated porous media is predicted using mixture theory. An algorithm is developed for frictional contact in terms of effective normal stress. The contact formulation is based on a mortar segment-to-segment scheme, which considers the interpolation functions of the contact elements to be of order N, thus overcoming a numerical deficiency of the so-called node-to-segment (NTS) contact algorithm. The nonlinear behaviour of the solid constituent is captured by the Modified Cam Clay soil model. The soil constitutive model is also adapted so as to incorporate the dependence of clay strength on strain rate. An appropriate energy-absorbing boundary is used to eliminate possible wave reflections from the artificial mesh boundaries. To illustrate the use of the proposed computational scheme, simulations of dynamically penetrating anchors are conducted. Results are presented and discussed for the installation phase followed by ‘setup’, i.e., pore pressure dissipation and soil consolidation. The results, in particular, reveal the effects of strain rate on the generation of excess pore pressure, bearing resistance and frictional forces. The setup analyses also illustrate the pattern in which pore pressures are dissipated within the soil domain after installation. Hole closure behind a dynamic projectile is also illustrated by an example.     

An operator‐split ALE model for large deformation analysis of geomaterials

Analysis of large deformation of geomaterials subjected to time‐varying load poses a very difficult problem for the geotechnical profession. Conventional finite element schemes using the updated Lagrangian formulation may suffer from serious numerical difficulties when the deformation of geomaterials is significantly large such that the discretized elements are severely distorted. In this paper, an operator‐split arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) finite element model is proposed for large deformation analysis of a soil mass subjected to either static or dynamic loading, where the soil is modelled as a saturated porous material with solid–fluid coupling and strong material non‐linearity. Each time step of the operator‐split ALE algorithm consists of a Lagrangian step and an Eulerian step. In the Lagrangian step, the equilibrium equation and continuity equation of the saturated soil are solved by the updated Lagrangian method. In the Eulerian step, mesh smoothing is performed for the deformed body and the state variables obtained in the updated Lagrangian step are then transferred to the new mesh system. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed ALE method are verified by comparison of its results with the results produced by an analytical solution for one‐dimensional finite elastic consolidation of a soil column and with the results from the small strain finite element analysis and the updated Lagrangian analysis. Its performance is further illustrated by simulation of a complex problem involving the transient response of an embankment subjected to earthquake loading. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian based finite element analysis of cone penetration in soft clay

This paper presents a numerical model for the analysis of cone penetration in soft clay based on the finite element method. The constitutive behaviour of the soil is modelled by modifying an elastic, perfectly-plastic soil model obeying Von-Mises yield criterion to take into account the strain-softening, rate dependent behaviour of soft clay. Since this is a problem involving large soil deformations, the analysis is carried out using an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian method where the quality of the mesh is preserved during penetration. The variation of cone resistance is examined with various parameters such as rigidity index of the soil, in situ stress anisotropy and roughness at the cone–soil interface, which influence the penetration resistance of the cone. A theoretical correlation has been developed incorporating these parameters and the results have been compared with previous correlations based on the cavity expansion theory, finite element method and strain path method. With the increase in strain-softening, relative brittleness of the soil increases and the penetration resistance is significantly reduced. With the rising strain-rate dependency, penetration resistance increases but this increase is independent of the degree of brittleness of the soil.     

Numerical simulation of the installation process of full displacement piles

Numerical simulations of the installation process of full displacement piles are presented. A Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach is used to simulate the installation process. The influence of different ratios between the rotational and the penetration velocity are analyzed. A hypoplastic constitutive model is used to match the soils behavior realistically. The reaction forces of the drilling tool are determined. Furthermore, the influence of the surrounding soil is investigated. The displacements nearby the drilling tool are analyzed as well as changes of the stress state and the bulk density. The numerical results are used to explain the effects in the soil, that were observed during in situ measurements.     

Formulation of the axisymmetric CPDI with application to pile driving in sand

In foundation engineering practice, pile driving is often used as an efficient method to install piles. While large distortions take place along the pile shaft during the installation, the zone around the pile toe experiences compression. In an attempt to fully understand the build up of resistance when driving piles, it is desirable to model the driving process and the corresponding soil behaviour. The non-linear dynamic analysis of this problem is challenging, given the large deformation that develops together with the associated changes in soil properties. Some numerical methods offer the possibility of handling large material movements by utilising Lagrangian and Eulerian frames of references. However, few of these methods are capable of tracing the material displacement, such as the Material Point Method (MPM). Early implementation of MPM assumes that the mass is concentrated at the material points, which causes noise in the solution. Later implementations assign a spatial domain to the material points to mitigate the grid crossing error. The Convected Particle Domain Interpolation (CPDI) is one such implementation.This paper extends the two-dimensional CPDI formulation for an axisymmetric problem where a pile is driven into sand that is modelled as a hypoplastic model. The extended formulation is tested, validated and compared to that for the case of the two-dimensional plane-strain within the framework of the method of manufactured solution. The hammer blows on the pile are represented by a periodic forcing function. In contrast to earlier studies on pile installation using advanced models, deep penetration is achieved in the present analysis. A non-regular distribution for the particle domains is suggested to avoid unnecessary computation. A frictional contact algorithm is introduced to describe the pile–soil interaction.     

Dynamic Analysis of Tunnel in Soil Subjected to Internal Blast Loading

The present work deals with the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) analyses of the tunnel in soil subjected to internal blast loading. The analyses are performed using the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian analysis tool in FE software Abaqus/Explicit. The soil and reinforced concrete lining are modeled using the Lagrangian elements. The explosive Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is modeled using the Eulerian elements. The stress–strain response of soil, concrete, and reinforcement are simulated using strain rate dependent Drucker–Prager plasticity, concrete damaged plasticity and Johnson–Cook (J–C) plasticity models, respectively. The pressure–volume relationship of the TNT explosive is simulated using the Jones-Wilkins-Lee equation of state. Parametric sensitivity studies have been performed for different (1) tunnel lining thicknesses, (2) explosive charge weights and (3) angles of internal friction of soil. It is observed from the results that blast induced pressure on the tunnel lining increases with the increase in charge weight. Both the lining and the surrounding soil undergo significant deformation. The deformation of the tunnel lining increases with increasing charge weight and decreases with increasing lining thickness and increasing the angle of internal friction of soil. Blast-induced velocity in soil attenuates with increasing distance from the source of the blast.     

Time‐dependent modelling for soils and its application in tunnelling

Monitoring of the progressive convergence of a tunnel shows that deformations occurring in the soil surrounding a tunnel exhibit a strong evolution with time. This time‐dependent behaviour can be linked to three essential factors: the distance from the point of interest to the working face over time, the distance of unsupported tunnel to the working face and the viscous properties of the soil. The objective of this paper is to propose a constitutive model of the time‐dependent behaviour of soil which has been developed within the framework of elastoplasticity–viscoplasticity and critical state soil mechanics. The consideration of viscoplastic characteristic sets the current model apart from the CJS (Cambou, Jafari and Sidoroff) model as the basic elastoplastic model, and introduces an additional viscous mechanism. The evolution of the viscous yield surface is governed by a particular hardening called ‘viscous hardening’ with a bounding surface. The proposed constitutive model has been applied in the analysis of tunnelling. Two kinds of numerical calculations have been used in the analysis, axisymmetric analysis and plane strain analysis. Monitoring of the progressive convergence of a tunnel conducted in the railway tunnel of Tartaiguille (France), has been used to describe the calculation procedure proposed and the capability of the model. The finite difference software, fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC), has been used for the numerical simulation of the problems. The comparison of results shows that the observed deformations could have been reasonably predicted by using the constitutive model and calculation strategy proposed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical analysis of the installation effects on the behaviour of soft clay improved by stone columns

This paper addresses the installation effects of stone columns in soft soils. Focus is made on the lateral expansion of stone material using the vibro displacement and substitution techniques by means of numerical simulations. The behaviour of reinforced soil after stone column installation is investigated to show how the properties of soft soils can be improved prior to final loading. The effect of such an improvement on the prediction of reinforced soil settlement is evaluated. The axisymmetric unit cell model (UCM) served for the comparison between numerical predictions made by the Mohr-Coulomb and hardening soil constitutive laws adopted for the soft soil. An equivalent group of end bearing columns model was investigated in the axisymmetric condition to predict the settlement of reinforced soil by adopting the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model for soft clay. The reduction of settlements predicted by the unit cell and group of columns models, due the improvement of the Young’s modulus of soft clay, were compared. It is concluded that a significant reduction of settlement is expected when the group of columns model is considered.     

Finite deformation analysis of liquefaction-induced flow failure in soil embankments

Summary A finite element formulation is proposed for finite deformation dynamic analysis of saturated soil systems. The formulation is based on an updated Lagrangian approach and specifically considers the finite deformation effects on the flow of water through a soil element which undergoes a large deformation or rotation. A two-surface plasticity model is used to model the stress-strain behaviour of the soil skeleton. The proposed formulation has been implemented and is applied to simulate the response of a centrifuge model embankment. The calculated response is in good agreement with the observed behaviour of the soil embankment in the centrifuge test.     

Field measurements regarding the influence of the installation method on soil plugging in tubular piles

Soil plugging in open-ended piles leads to an increase in compressive bearing capacity but also influences pile driving resistance. Many different factors affect the tendency for soil plugging, for example, pile diameter, penetration depth and installation method. In this paper, the influence of the installation method on soil plugging is investigated. In situ measurements during the installation of two instrumented tubular piles are carried out to investigate the internal and external stresses acting on the pile during the installation process. Furthermore, the cone penetration resistance inside one pile is measured during the installation, and the accelerations and strains at the pile head are monitored to predict the bearing capacity. The installation method is varied between vibratory and impact pile driving. The results show that a significant increase in horizontal stresses inside the pile occurs during impact driving which leads to the conclusion that a soil plug is formed. During vibratory pile driving, no stress increase was observed.