Cepstrum analysis of seismic source characteristics

This paper introduces the concept of cepstrum.By investigating the difference in source characteristics between earthquakes and explosions the paper infers the manifestation of source difference in various variable domains,and seeks for effective means to express such source difference.Extending the approach of source discrimination from time and frequency domain to the cepstrum domain,the paper proposes a method of cepstrum analysis for recognizing the characteristics of seismic sources and establishes criteria for identifying the type of seismic sources.Cepstrum analysis on some recent earthquakes and explosions has been made,and the result shows that the method is quite effective in practice.     

Are ARM and TRM analogs? Thellier analysis of ARM and pseudo-Thellier analysis of TRM

We test the possibility of using the pseudo-Thellier method as a means of determining absolute paleointensity. Thellier analysis of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and pseudo-Thellier analysis of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) have been carried out on a large collection of sized synthetic magnetites and natural rocks. In all samples, the intensity of TRM is larger than that of ARM and the ratio R (=TRM/ARM) is strongly grain size dependent. The best-fit slope (b_TA) from pseudo-Thellier analysis of TRM shows a linear correlation with R. The ratio b_TA/R yielded approximately correct paleointensities, although uncertainties are larger than in typical Thellier-type determinations. For single-domain and multidomain magnetites, alternating field and thermal stabilities of ARM and TRM are fairly similar. However, for ∼0.24 μm magnetite, ARM is both much less intense and less resistant to thermal demagnetization than TRM, reflecting different domain states for the two remanences and resulting in severely non-linear Arai plots for Thellier analysis of ARM.     

Detrended fluctuation analysis and entropy-complexity causality analysis of temperatures in an urbanized mountain stream

We present the results of applying detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to study correlations in mountain stream temperatures over a 9-year period for impacted and unimpacted conditions. Permutation entropy and complexity are also computed for stream temperature time series at various locations characterized by varying degrees of human impact, and a graphical representation of the “complexity-entropy causality plane” is used to examine the degree of disturbance caused by human activities. Urban development such as canopy removal and urban infrastructure can lead to a higher degree of anti-persistent correlations indicated by lower values of DFA exponents. This effect is more pronounced downstream due to cumulative urbanization effects with downstream distance. Seasonal variations also influence stream temperature dynamics: less anti-persistent behavior is observed in winter months, and stronger anti-persistent correlations during summer. The position in the complexity-entropy plane, reflecting distribution of short term temperature patterns, is also affected, where most sites experience a shift towards higher entropy values after restoration, and only for one site entropy is reduced. Our results indicate the important role urbanization plays on stream evolution greatly influenced by human activities. This information may provide valuable insights for watershed management and water resources management.     

Binomial model on seismic risk analysis

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Weakly nonlinear analysis of the α effect

We address mathematical issues raised by the so-called α?effect of dynamo theory, which is a dynamo mechanism arising in conducting flows with small scale fluctuations. Analytical results on the α?effect concern the linear induction equation, and are usually claimed to hold for the whole magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system, as long as the amplitude of the perturbations is small. We discuss the justification of that claim, in the case of periodic fluctuations of the fields. We show a nonlinear instability result on the MHD system, that predicts dynamo action for a large class of high frequency periodic flows, up to the fully nonlinear regime.     

Microearthquake analysis for hydraulic frac－turing proces

Ｍｉｃｒｏｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｆｏｒｈｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃｆｒａｃ┐ｔｕｒｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓＹＩＮＧ－ＰＩＮＧＬＩ（李应平）ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥａｒｔｈ，ＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃａｎｄＰｌａｎｅｔａｒｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｍａｓａｃｈ...     

Lattice Boltzmann method with two relaxation times for advection–diffusion equation: Third order analysis and stability analysis

The objectives of this study are to investigate the third order accuracy and linear stability of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with the two-relaxation-time collision operator (LTRT) for the advection–diffusion equation (ADE) and compare the LTRT model with the single-relaxation-time (LBGK) model. While the LBGK has been used extensively, the LTRT appears to be a more flexible model because it uses two relaxation times. The extra relaxation time can be used to improve solution accuracy and/or stability. This study conducts a third order Chapman–Enskog expansion on the LTRT to recover the macroscopic differential equations up to the third order. The dependency of third order terms on the relaxation times is obtained for different types of equilibrium distribution functions (EDFs) and lattices. By selecting proper relaxation times, the numerical dispersion can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, to improve solution accuracy, this study introduces pseudo-velocities to develop new EDFs to reduce the second order numerical diffusion. This study also derives stability domains based on the lattice Peclet number and Courant number for different types of lattices, EDFs and different values of relaxation times, while conducting linear stability analysis on the LTRT. Numerical examples demonstrate the improvement of the LTRT solution accuracy and stability by selecting proper relaxation times, lattice Peclet number and Courant number.     

Seismic risk analysis of coastal area of Pakistan

Estimation of seismic hazard for the fast developing coastal area of Pakistan is carried out using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. On the basis of seismotectonics and geology, eleven faults are recognized in five seismic provinces as potential hazard sources. Maximum magnitude potential for each of these sources is calculated. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) values at the seven coastal cities due to the maximum credible earthquake on the relevant source are also obtained. Cities of Gwadar and Ormara with acceleration values of 0.21g and 0.25g respec-tively fall in the high seismic risk area. Cities of Turbat and Karachi lie in low seismic risk area with acceleration values of less than 0.1g. The Probabilistic PGA maps with contour interval of 0.05g for 50 and 100 years return period with 90% probability of non-exceedance are also compiled.     

The 4-D integrated geodesy and strain analysis

Ｔｈｅ４－ＤｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｇｅｏｄｅｓｙａｎｄｓｔｒａｉｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓＴｉｎｇ－ＸｕａｎＳＵＮ１）（孙廷萱），Ｊｉｎ－ＲｕｉＺｈａｏ１）（赵金瑞）Ｙｕａｎ－ＸｉＹＡＮＧ２）（相元喜），Ｑｉｎｇ－ＺｈｅｎＺＨＯＵ２）（周庆珍），Ｚｈａｎ－Ｌｉ...     

Multi-scale analysis of earthquake activity in Chinese mainland

IdentifyingtheactiveandinactiveperiodofearthquakesinChinesemainlandisofgreatimportanceforguid-ingmid-shortterm,especiallyshortterm,earthquakeforecast.Thisisanindispensablestepforstudyingearth-quakepredictioninourcountry.Nowanintegratedsetofconceptsandmethodsforgeneraltrendpredictionofearthquakeactivityhasbeendeveloped.BasedontheChineseearthquakedatasincethebeginningofthe20thcentury,somestatisticalmethodshavebeendevelopedtoanalyzeoccurrencefrequencyandenergyreleaseofearthquakes,distinguishacti…     

Stability and permanent displacements analysis of wasteland during earthquakes

IntroductionStability of municipal solid waste (MSW) was not a major concern early because waste instability was considered as an operational problem that can be remedied by replacing the waste in its original position. However, with the introduction of liners and leachate collection and removal systems (LCRS), the integrity of the liner and LCRS may be concerned. Instability or displacement of a wasteland may result in failure of above system and contamination of groundwater or surface wa…     

Application of wavelet analysis to crustal deformation data processing

Introduction The study mainly focused on tidal information, i.e. earth tide in the continuous deformationdata processing and analysis before. And the analysis methods used were specially for earth tideonly. As to the medium-long period and non-tidal information, fitting and filtering are not the bestmethods. Because they are not able to reflect the variation process of frequency information withtime and to distinguish and extract more earthquake information, although they can eliminateyea…     

Hiibert-Huang transform and wavelet analysis of time history signal

The brief theories of wavelet analysis and Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) are introduced firstly in the present paper. Then several signal data were analyzed by using wavelet and HHT methods, respectively. The comparison shows that HHT is not only an effective method for analyzing non-stationary data, but also is a useful tool for examining detailed characters of time history signal.     

Quantitative analysis on tectonic deformation of active rupture zones

Introduction The Global Position System (GPS) may provide information about the crust movement of high precision in a large area, which significantly improve the capability of monitoring crustal movement over the area. In the last decade, studies on the global plate movement, the large scale block motions, the high-resolution crust movement of related monitored regions and tectonic de-formation fields have become the hotspot of spatial geodesy (ZHU et al, 2003; Wang et al, 2001; HUANG et…     

Quadrant characteristics of earthquake precursors and its theoretical analysis

IntroductionMigration and inhomogeneity are important two of the characteristics in the temporal-spatial distribution of earthquake precursors, which have been dealt with by MEI, et al (1993) comprehensively with their proposed explanation. The obvious quadrant feature in spatial distribution of earthquake precursors has been drawn with the explanation for its mechanism developed in some case studies in recent years. This paper deals mainly with the quadrant features derived from the analysis…     

Characteristics analysis on high density spatial sampling seismic data

China＇s continental deposition basins are characterized by complex geological structures and various reservoir lithologies. Therefore, high precision exploration methods are needed. High density spatial sampling is a new technology to increase the accuracy of seismic exploration. We briefly discuss point source and receiver technology, analyze the high density spatial sampling in situ method, introduce the symmetric sampling principles presented by Gijs J. O. Vermeer, and discuss high density spatial sampling technology from the point of view of wave field continuity. We emphasize the analysis of the high density spatial sampling characteristics, including the high density first break advantages for investigation of near surface structure, improving static correction precision, the use of dense receiver spacing at short offsets to increase the effective coverage at shallow depth, and the accuracy of reflection imaging. Coherent noise is not aliased and the noise analysis precision and suppression increases as a result. High density spatial sampling enhances wave field continuity and the accuracy of various mathematical transforms, which benefits wave field separation. Finally, we point out that the difficult part of high density spatial sampling technology is the data processing. More research needs to be done on the methods of analyzing and processing huge amounts of seismic data.     

An input–output analysis of Australian water usage

Australia's annual water use of 22,000 Gl is dissected using input–output techniques, showing that 30% of Australia's water requirement was devoted to domestic food production and a further 30% to exports, compared with 7% required for direct consumption by households. There is a net annual trade deficit in embodied water of approximately 4000 Gl. A strong relationship exists between water requirement and expenditure. If by 2050 Australia's population grows to 25 million people and per-capita expenditure doubles, the annual water requirement may more than double to 50,000 Gl, equivalent to half the nation's water flows. While this increase may be improbable it gives the challenge that the water required to deliver a unit of output across the whole economy may have to reduce by a factor of two, if population growth and economic growth are to meet policy expectations.