Stiffness degradation of natural fine grained soils during cyclic loading

Cyclic behavior of natural fine grained soils under a broad range of strains were investigated considering the effects of plasticity index and changes in confining pressures based on cyclic triaxial tests. A total of 98 stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on normally consolidated and slightly overconsolidated samples. The investigation was divided into two parts. The first part consists of stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests under different stress amplitudes that were conducted to estimate the modulus reduction and the thresholds between nonlinear elastic, elasto-plastic and viscoplastic behavior. The second part involves the investigation of the undrained stress–strain behavior of fine grained soils under irregular cyclic loadings. The results showed that the elastic threshold is approximately equal to 90% of G_max. Another transition point was defined as the flow threshold where the value of tangent of shear modulus ratio changes for the second time. Simple empirical relationships to estimate the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio was formulated and compared with the similar empirical relationships proposed in the literature. The results provide useful guidelines for preliminary estimation of dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio values for fine grained soils based on laboratory tests.     

Cyclic shear response of channel-fill Fraser River Delta silt

The cyclic shear response of a channel-fill, low-plastic silt was investigated using constant-volume direct simple shear testing. Silt specimens, initially consolidated to stress levels at or above the preconsolidation stress, displayed cyclic-mobility-type strain development during cyclic loading without static shear stress bias. Liquefaction in the form of strain softening accompanied by loss of shear strength did not manifest regardless of the applied cyclic stress ratio, or the level of induced excess pore water pressure, suggesting that the silt is unlikely to experience flow failure under cyclic loading. The cyclic shear resistance of the silt increased with increasing overconsolidation ratio (OCR) for OCR>1.3. The silt specimens that experienced high equivalent excess cyclic pore water pressure ratios (r_u>80%) resulted in considerable volumetric strains (2.5%–5%) during post-cyclic reconsolidation implying potentially significant changes to the particle fabric under cyclic loading.     

A modified parallel IWAN model for cyclic hardening behavior of sand

A modified parallel IWAN model, which includes a cyclic hardening function, is proposed and verified. The proposed model consists of elasto-perfect plastic and isotropic hardening elements. The model is able to predict cyclic hardening behavior through the adjustment of the internal slip stresses of its elements beyond the cyclic threshold, and satisfies Bauschinger's effect and the Masing rule with its own behavior characteristics. The cyclic hardening function is developed based on the irrecoverable plastic strain (accumulated shear strain) of dry sand during shearing, which is assumed to be a summation of shear strain beyond the cyclic threshold. Symmetric-limit cyclic loading and irregular loading tests were performed to determine model parameters and to verify the behavior of the proposed model. Finally, a one-dimensional site response analysis program (KODSAP) is developed by using the proposed model. The effects of cyclic hardening behavior on site response are evaluated using KODSAP.     

Stability and accuracy analysis of the central difference method for real‐time substructure testing

The central difference method (CDM) that is explicit for pseudo‐dynamic testing is also believed to be explicit for real‐time substructure testing (RST). However, to obtain the correct velocity dependent restoring force of the physical substructure being tested, the target velocity is required to be calculated as well as the displacement. The standard CDM provides only explicit target displacement but not explicit target velocity. This paper investigates the required modification of the standard central difference method when applied to RST and analyzes the stability and accuracy of the modified CDM for RST. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for nonlinear dynamic response analysis of semi-infinite foundation soil

This paper presents development of a special finite difference method for the nonlinear dynamic response analysis of semi-infinite foundation soil. Semi-infinite domain is mapped into the finite domain using special mapping. For the region of engineering interest, mapping is isometrical, and for far field, shrink mapping which transforms an infinite interval into a finite interval is adopted. Using linear and nonlinear constitutive models, the responses of semi-infinite foundation soil are computed using a proposed method with a small mesh model and an extensive mesh model. Surface loadings or incident earthquake waves are applied to the models in the computations. Good agreements were obtained among the theoretical and computed results of the two models and the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated.     

根据环境应力场方法确定地震危险区的3年实践检验

地震是在剪应力作用下发生的岩石大规模破裂过程。因此，环境剪应力值τ０是控制地震发生的主要因素，我们根据环境应力场确定大震危险区，经过３年的时间检验，结果表明，大约７０％的地震都发生在我们事先确定的危险区内。     

实用多点输入虚拟激励法在通用有限元软件中的实现

虚拟激励法是高效便捷的随机振动分析方法,可用于地震多点输入随机响应分析,但现有通用有限元软件无法直接实现多点输入虚拟激励法。首先将虚拟激励法改进为更实用的形式,使其便于编程实现,然后借助有限元软件ANSYS的二次开发功能实现了多点输入虚拟激励法在ANSYS中的应用,扩展了ANSYS在地震多点输入计算领域的功能,也为地震多点输入研究提供了更为简便有效的计算平台。对一简单模型多点输入的理论解析解和ANSYS计算结果进行比较,验证了该实现方法的准确性和可行性。     

幂函数剪切模量成层土非线性地震反应的半解析算法

运用文献[1]所建议的动态应力一应变关系及其推广的Masing加卸载准则,考虑土料在地震等产生的不规则加载条件下的非线性滞回特征,将增量法与相应场地地震线性反应解析解[2]相结合,提出了该动力非线性方程的半解析时域算法,基于改进的一维剪切梁模型,对剪切模量是其深度的某一幂函数的成层非均质土层,建立了求解土体地震反应的非线性分析技术。针对文献[2]中的土层剖面,做了计算、分析和讨论。     

A two‐step direct method for estimating the seismic response of nonlinear structures equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers

The insertion of fluid viscous dampers in building structures is an innovative technology that can improve significantly the seismic response. These devices could be very useful also in the retrofit of existing buildings. The effect of this typology of damping system is usually identified with an equivalent supplemental damping ratio, which depends on the maximum displacement of the structure, so that iterative procedures are required. In this paper, a simplified direct assessment method for nonlinear structures equipped with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers is proposed. The method proposed in this study is composed by two steps. The first one yields the direct estimate of the supplemental damping ratio provided by nonlinear viscous dampers in presence of a linear elastic structural response. The second step extends the procedure to structures with nonlinear behavior. Both graphical and analytical approaches have been developed. The proposed method has then been verified through several applications and comparisons with nonlinear dynamic analyses. Moreover, an investigation has been performed with regard to the influence of the relations that define the damping reduction factor and the hysteretic damping. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地铁地下结构在轴向传播剪切波作用下反应的简化计算方法

求解地铁地下结构的隧道-土体系统在沿轴向传播的剪切波作用下的反应一般使用常规的拟静力方法,该方法只能简单考虑系统的静力刚度特性而忽略了波的传播对于土体刚度的影响。通过动力有限元分析发现,此方法在某些情况下可能引起很大的误差。在研究了隧道-土体系统的动力相互作用机理的基础上,本文提出了一种对于此类动力反应问题的简化计算方法和相应的经验公式。本方法能够全面考虑隧道-土体系统的运动相互作用和惯性相互作用,通过与动力反应分析结果的对比发现,它具有令人满意的精度;由于采用了与传统拟静力方法相似的简单形式,这种方法容易在设计实践中得到应用。     

A feature weighting and selection method for improving the homogeneity of regions in regionalization of watersheds

The method used for feature selection or feature weighting in regionalization of watersheds may affect the results of regionalization methods considerably. It can play a key role in forming hydrologically homogeneous regions for regional flood frequency analysis. In this study, a method based on exploring the nearest and farthest neighbours of data points is introduced for identifying salient features for regionalization of watersheds. The method includes options to relate watershed features to flood data records in order to increase the homogeneity of the regions. The nearest and farthest neighbours are identified based on the criteria such as the mutual information criterion and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Then, the watershed features more able to explain the relationships between the nearest and farthest neighbours are identified as salient features to form homogeneous features for regional flood frequency analysis. The results show that the optimum option of the proposed method improves the performances of the hard and fuzzy clustering algorithms in more than half of the cases based on the cluster validity indices. Furthermore, the results reveal that the optimum option can increase the number of the homogeneous regions formed by clustering algorithms to a great extent. By using the optimum option with 5 nearest and 5 farthest neighbours, longitude, drainage area, and run‐off coefficient are identified as the salient features to regionalize Sefidrud basin. The results show that the proposed method can be considered as an efficient method to form homogeneous regions for regional flood frequency analysis.     

求解弹性波动方程的频率域近似解析离散化波场模拟方法

为提高频率域弹性波动方程数值求解的计算效率,本文引入近似解析离散化(NAD)方法将其进行数值离散并得到大型线性代数方程组.在详细分析了相应系数矩阵的稀疏分块结构与数学性质之后,本文提出采用不精确旋转分块三角预处理子加速Krylov子空间迭代方法来快速求解该线性方程组,并利用数值试验证实这种方法在弹性波场模拟方面的数值效...