A study of geogrid-reinforced ballast using laboratory pull-out tests and discrete element modelling

This paper presents an evaluation of the behaviour of geogrid-reinforced railway ballast. Experimental large box pull-out tests were conducted to examine the key parameters influencing the interaction between ballast and the geogrid. The experimental results demonstrated that the triaxial geogrid outperforms the biaxial geogrid and the geogrid aperture size is more influential than rib profile and junction profile. The discrete element method (DEM) has then been used to model the interaction between ballast and geogrid by simulating large box pull-out tests and comparing with experimental results. The DEM simulation results have been shown to provide good predictions of the pull-out resistance and reveal the distribution of contact forces in the geogrid-reinforced ballast system. Therefore, the calibrated geogrid model and the use of clumps to model ballast particles hold much promise for investigating the interaction between geogrids and ballast and therefore optimising performance.     

自嵌式砌块与双向土工格栅的摩擦强度试验研究

在自嵌式砌块加筋挡土墙工程中,加筋与填土及自嵌式砌块的界面作用特性是最关键的技术指标,直接决定该工程的内部稳定性。通过室内拉拔试验可知,当法向应力大于24.8 kPa时,双向土工格栅会在其与上砌块后缘互锁连接接触处被拉断,而不是从混凝土砌块间被拔出,且此时双向土工格栅发挥出的抗拉强度远小于其条带拉伸情况下的抗拉强度;双向土工格栅与混凝土砌块界面间的强度包线由两段直线组成,当法向应力小于24.8 kPa时,摩擦强度随法向应力的增大而增大;当法向应力大于24.8 kPa时,摩擦强度为一常数。     

单、双向塑料土工格栅与不同填料界面作用特性对比试验研究

以上海某植物园加筋土工程为背景,通过一系列室内拉拔和直剪试验,研究了单、双向塑料土工格栅与不同填料（黏性土、砂土）的界面作用特性,对比分析了单、双向格栅的加筋效果和界面剪应力的不同发挥机制,探讨了填料密实度、垂直应力、拉拔速率对界面参数的影响,并就拉拔试验和直剪试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,对于单向格栅加筋工况,拉拔曲线和直剪曲线通常表现为应变软化型。然而对于双向格栅加筋工况,其曲线一般表现为应变硬化型;对于双向格栅加筋工况,填料对格栅的嵌锁咬合力增强,宏观上表现为较高的界面黏聚力,加筋效果优于单向格栅;填料密实度、垂直应力、拉拔速率对筋土界面特性具有影响,但其影响程度和机制与填料性质有关。     

土工格栅筋土拉拔界面的弹性-指数软化模型与性状

土工格栅被广泛应用于路堤、边坡、挡土墙等加筋土工程,而筋土界面分析是研究加筋作用机理的关键。根据土工格栅拉拔荷载下的受力状态,分析了拉拔试验实际剪应力与位移关系,发现界面软化阶段剪应力与位移近似呈指数分布,已有计算模型大多高估了界面剪应力,提出了能够考虑界面渐进破坏及非线性特性的弹性-指数软化模型。通过筋土界面基本控制方程,得到了土工格栅拉拔荷载下不同阶段受力状态的计算模型。对界面剪应力发展历程及分布规律展开了较为细致的研究,同时进行了参数分析,包括剪切刚度、抗拉刚度、加筋长度、软化指数衰减特征系数等。结果表明,土工格栅拉拔过程中,当筋土界面处于弹性阶段时,界面剪应力不均匀性及界面最大剪应力随剪切刚度增大而增加,弹性模量则相反;软化阶段内,加筋长度越长,界面软化现象越明显,加筋长度较短时,可近似认为界面剪应力呈均匀分布;软化指数衰减特征系数越大,界面剪应力波动越大,其峰值往拉拔端移动;进入残余阶段后,界面剪应力由拉拔端向自由端增大且逐渐趋于残余应力。研究成果可为加筋土工程土工格栅选取提供理论指导。     

A constitutive model for coal-fouled ballast capturing the effects of particle degradation

Rail tracks undergo degradation owing to particle breakage and fouling of ballast by various fines including coal and subgrade soil. As the ballast becomes fouled, its strength and drainage capacity are compromised, sometimes resulting in differential settlement and reduced track stability. This paper demonstrates a continuum mechanics based framework to evaluate the detrimental effect of fines on the strength, deformation and degradation of coal-fouled ballast under monotonic loading. An elastoplastic constitutive model that considers the effect of fines content and energy consumption associated with particle breakage during shearing is presented. This multiphase constitutive model is developed within a critical state framework based on a kinematic-type yield locus and a modified stress-dilatancy approach. A general formulation for the rate of ballast breakage and coal particle breakage during triaxial shearing is presented and incorporated into the plastic flow rule to accurately predict the stress–strain response of coal-fouled ballast at various confining pressures. The behaviour of ballast at various levels of fouling is analysed and validated by experimental data.     

土工格栅加筋碎石土大型三轴试验研究

在大型三轴仪上进行了素碎石土和加筋碎石土的三轴排水剪切试验，探讨了加筋碎石土的强度及变形特性；分析了塑料土工格栅的加筋机理，为加筋碎石土的理论计算提供了依据。     

动载下土工格栅加筋桥台挡墙承载性能分析

为研究加筋土桥台结构在顶部条基动载作用下的动力响应问题,通过MTS伺服加载系统施加循环动载,开展室内加筋桥台挡墙动载破坏试验,对比分析3种格栅长度和3类格栅型式的加筋土挡墙沉降及面板水平位移、土压力、筋材应变等参数的分布规律,揭示加筋桥台挡墙的动力承载性能。试验结果表明：在循环动载下不同格栅长度及型式的加筋桥台挡墙破坏模式存在差异,M、A、B型格栅加筋长度 1.0H（H为挡墙高）的挡墙破坏模式均为冲切剪切破坏,A、B型格栅 0.7H和 0.4H的挡墙破坏模式为局部剪切破坏。加筋桥台挡墙面板侧移随筋材长度增加依次减小,A型格栅加筋土挡墙侧移系数总体上相比B型小。桥台挡墙因加筋格栅长度及型式不同导致动土压力衰减规律差异明显,当 1.0H时M型及A型筋材竖向动土压力衰减系数沿墙高呈抛物线函数模型,当 0.7H时,A型和B型筋材竖向动土压力衰减系数沿墙高皆呈指数函数模型。     

土工格栅加筋橡胶砂强度特性试验研究

橡胶砂作为轻质、耗能填料在土木工程中有广泛的应用前景,但其强度往往会随橡胶含量的增大而降低。土工格栅常用于对散体材料的加筋补强,研究土工格栅对橡胶砂强度特性的加筋效应具有重要意义。基于三轴压缩试验,对3种不同格栅布置方式（1、2、3层）下的干燥橡胶砂强度特性展开研究,重点考察加筋层数对不同围压（50、100、200 kPa）下、不同配比（0%、10%、20%、30%、40%）橡胶砂的强度参数,如峰值强度、似黏聚力、内摩擦角的影响规律。结果表明：土工格栅加筋橡胶砂的强度参数,包括峰值强度、似黏聚力、内摩擦角,相对于未加筋橡胶砂均有明显提高,提高幅度随土工格栅加筋层数的增加而增大,随着围压的降低而增大;土工格栅对配比为20%橡胶砂的强度加筋效应最为明显;土工格栅加筋橡胶砂的强度参数恢复系数与加筋密度之间呈良好的线性关系;土工格栅加筋橡胶砂的强度特性可由试验所得的经验恢复函数较好地估计。     

Seismic response analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil segmental retaining walls by finite element method

The paper presents the results of a finite element analysis of the dynamic response of a geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall that is constructed with dry-stacked modular concrete blocks as the facia system. In the finite element model, the cyclic shear behavior of the backfill soil is described by a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship with Masing hysteretic unload-reload behavior. The reinforcement material is modelled using a similar hysteretic model which takes into account the measured response of cyclic load-extension tests performed on unconfined geogrid specimens in the laboratory. Interface shear between wall components is simulated using slip elements. The results of finite element analyses giving the seismic response of a typical geogrid reinforced segmental retaining wall subjected to prescribed acceleration records are presented. The results of analyses highlight the influence of dynamic loading on: (1) wall displacement; (2) cumulative interface shear force and displacement between facing units; (3) tensile forces developed in the reinforcement and; (4) acceleration response over the height of the wall. A number of implications to the design of these structures are identified based on the results of these simulations.     

土工格栅加筋膨胀土拉拔试验研究

土工格栅加筋技术对膨胀土地质灾害的防治具有特殊效果,但目前对土工格栅与膨胀土界面特性的研究不足。采用南水北调中线工程新乡段的膨胀性泥灰岩风化土作填料,塑料单向拉伸土工格栅作为加筋体,在叠环式剪切试验机上通过施加不同的竖向荷载对其界面特性进行了拉拔试验研究。研究结果表明,土工格栅在膨胀土中的拔出过程主要经过3个阶段,分别是界面静摩擦力阶段、渐进剪切阶段和整体运动阶段,各阶段受力特性有明显差异;随着法向应力的增大,静摩擦力在界面抗剪强度比值呈对数级增大,从50 kPa时0.20增大至400 kPa时0.57,极限值可达到0.75;对挡土墙、高边坡等加筋设计中应考虑最大静摩擦力所占比重,在格栅的不同竖向高度处所受垂直应力不同,分段设计更加合理。     

格栅加筋路堤边坡性能的试验研究及有限元分析

基于2种路堤边坡坡比、2种土工格栅和3种加筋层数的不同组合的室内模型试验,比较分析了不同试验工况条件下加筋边坡在顶部载荷作用下的变形规律。结果表明:加筋能较大幅度地提高边坡的稳定性及承载能力;加筋边坡的沉降和侧向位移随着格栅抗拉强度增大、加筋层数增多和边坡变缓而相应的变小。将试验所得结果与有限元数值模拟计算结果进行了对比分析,有限元模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。     

土工格栅加筋路堤边坡结构性能模型试验研究

通过室内小比尺模型试验,模拟了两种边坡坡比、两种格栅以及3种加筋层数共计10种边坡结构在坡顶荷载作用下边坡和土工格栅的变形规律。研究了土工格栅加筋参数对路堤边坡结构性能的影响。试验结果表明,加筋能大幅提高边坡的稳定性和承载能力,并得出了土工格栅埋在土中的力学特征,对工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

基于数字图像分析的土工合成材料加筋砂土拉拔试验研究

由于加筋土界面作用的复杂性,加筋土工程建设中铺设土工格栅时往往采用经验的方法,很大程度上造成了土工格栅的浪费及工程安全隐患,理清不同填料筋土界面作用的影响范围,有助于确定加筋土结构的合理加筋间距。为了揭示不同填料筋土界面作用的影响范围,采用4种不同类型的砂土与格栅在不同法向应力下进行了一系列的拉拔试验,并结合数字图像量测技术,分析了不同类型砂土下界面剪切带厚度、颗粒位移矢量、格栅拉拔阻力峰值及应变等演变规律。研究表明：界面剪切带厚度H随法向应力σ_v与砂土平均粒径d₅₀的增加而增大,通过多变量拟合的方法,得到了H、σ_v与d₅₀三者之间的函数表达式;格栅在拉拔过程中,砂土颗粒位移矢量以土工格栅为界有着显著的差别,格栅上部的颗粒位移矢量明显大于下部颗粒,且在格栅上下一定范围内会形成颗粒位移矢量集中带;拉拔阻力峰值随σ_v及d₅₀的增加而增大;不同类型砂土各区段的格栅应变均表现出由前向后依次递减的趋势。     

土工格栅加筋砂土中水平锚板抗拔特性试验研究

土工格栅加筋能够有效改善锚板的抗拔承载力,然而锚板在上拔过程中的破坏机制及其影响因素尚需进一步研究。针对砂土中水平锚板的抗拔特性,开展了多组锚板上拔试验,分析了砂土密实度、锚板埋深、土工格栅布设层数和位置等因素的影响,结合粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry,简称PIV）技术探究了锚板周边土体的变形破坏机制。研究结果表明：单层接触式格栅加筋对锚板的抗拔承载力有明显的提升,且其对土体性能的改善优于非接触式格栅加筋情况,其原因与土工格栅变形量和上覆土体重力有关;当采用双层土工格栅加筋时,下层格栅可充分发挥限制土体侧向变形和均化应力分布的作用,上层格栅相对而言贡献不大;采用土工格栅加筋后,锚-土界面附近土体的变形模式发生了明显的变化,其破坏面相比未加筋前向内侧收敛,且剪应变分布更为均匀。     

A semi-empirical dilatancy model for ballast fouled with plastic fines

In the era of high speed trains, it is very important to ensure the stability of rail tracks under adverse conditions including the fouling of ballast. Fouling of ballast from unstable and saturated soft subgrade soil is one of the major reasons for track deterioration. The reported results of a number of large-scale laboratory experiments on the shear behaviour of ballast and fouled ballast are analysed, herein. It was observed that fines have a significant influence on the shear behaviour of ballast. Shear strength increases and dilatancy decreases with the addition of fines. In this paper, a semi-empirical mathematical model has been proposed to capture the dilatancy of ballast fouled with fines during shearing. The empirical constants a, b and c proposed in the model are a function of the fines content Void Contamination Index (VCI). The results of the model have been compared with the laboratory experiments and are found to be in good agreement.     

土工格栅加筋路堤有限元分析

通过有限元软件ANSYS对土工格栅加筋路堤进行模拟,阐述了加筋土的加筋作用原理。通过一个工程实例分别对不加筋、仅加砂垫层、加一层土工格栅砂垫层、加两层土工格栅砂垫层四种不同的加筋路堤进行了计算。分析了不同加筋方式下加筋土路基竖向位移、侧向位移、竖向应力、剪应力和筋材拉力的规律。     

土工格栅加筋堆石坝的数值模拟研究

运用复合材料法模拟土工格栅加筋单元,对格栅加筋堆石坝坝顶堆石进行了数值模拟。计算中,土石料采用非线性弹性模型模拟,并用拟静力法模拟地震动荷载。对无地震和有地震两种情况下的加筋效果及加筋层数和格栅模量对加筋效果的影响进行了分析研究,并对格栅加筋机理加以解释。数值模拟结果表明：格栅加筋有利于增加土石坝坝顶堆石的稳定性和抗震性能,随加筋层数和格栅模量的增加,加筋效果愈加显著。     

考虑蠕变性土工格栅加筋挡土墙应力与变形有限元分析

土工格栅加筋挡土墙在岩上加固工程中得到了广泛应用。采用粘弹塑性流变模型考虑地基和填士的流变性，采用作者所建议的绎验型粘弹性本构模型考虑土工格栅的蠕变性，对于土工格栅加筋挡土墒发展了非线性有限元数值分析方法，通过变动参数的对比计算与分析探讨了逐层填筑过程、加筋长度及间距布置方式等因素对土工格栅加筋挡土墙长期变形与应力特性的影响。计算与分析表明：填筑过程对面板侧向变形、格栅拉力与应变及地基中水平位移与竖向沉降具有较大的影响；加筋使墙后填土应力重新分布；面板位移、格栅拉力及应变在经历一段时间后趋于稳定状态。     

土工格栅与碎石土混合料界面作用的大型直剪试验研究

土工合成材料在各类加筋土工程中运用时,面临的问题主要是加筋体结构的稳定性、安全性及长期服役性能,而筋土界面摩擦特性对加筋体结构的稳定性与安全性有着直接的影响。目前对黏土和砂土的研究居多,针对现场常见的碎石土混合料与格栅界面相互作用的研究却鲜有报道。本文以兰州至海口高速公路广西南宁经钦州至防城港段改扩建工程项目为背景,通...     

Transient loading-related settlement of a square foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand

Summary Laboratory model test results are presented that determine the effectiveness of using layers of geogrids as reinforcement in sand to reduce the settlement of square surface foundations subjected to transient loading. The model tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid at one relative density of compaction of sand. The maximum intensity of the transient load applied always exceeded the static ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation when supported by unreinforced sand. The settlement reduction factors for various depths of reinforcement have been determined.