Elastoplastic multiphase model for simulating the response of piled raft foundations subject to combined loadings

A multiphase model and corresponding computational time‐saving finite element code is proposed in this paper for predicting the settlements experienced by a piled raft foundation when subject to the combined action of vertical and lateral loadings. This model, which is formulated in the framework of an elastoplastic behaviour for the soil and the reinforcing piles as well, explicitly accounts for the shear and flexural behaviour of the latter. Starting from a simple analytical example where all the concepts attached to this model are clearly illustrated, the main stages leading to its finite element implementation are then presented. The numerical tool thus elaborated, is applied to the simulation of a pile‐reinforced strip foundation submitted to a horizontally applied seismic load in addition to a permanent vertical load. One of the key results of such a simulation in terms of design recommendation, lies in the conclusion that, while the shear and flexural contributions of the reinforcement play quite a negligible role in the case of a vertical load (as compared with their axial resistance), they remain absolutely essential for withstanding the seismic lateral loading. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

控制差异沉降的桩筏基础桩径优化分析方法

桩径优化是桩筏基础以差异沉降最小化为目标的基础优化分析的重要组成部分。基于桩筏基础通用分析方法,结合遗传算法提出了包含非线性约束条件的以差异沉降控制为目标的桩筏基础桩径优化分析模型,并给出了优化分析的实施步骤。通过示例说明了桩径优化的实施情况,对比给出了优化前后基础沉降、桩基荷载分布与筏板分担比、筏板弯矩和剪力结果。最后通过参量分析研究了筏板厚度、桩基参量和土体参量对最优桩径确定的影响程度,桩长和土体特性对桩径优化结果影响显著,而桩体材料特性和筏板厚度对桩径优化结果影响不大。     

Development of partial factor design method on bearing capacity of pile foundations for Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges

ABSTRACT

This paper shows the development of a partial factor design method on the bearing capacity of pile foundations for Japanese Specifications for Highway Bridges. Firstly, estimation design equations on the bearing capacities of pile foundations are improved by analysis of pile load test results and uncertainties in the bearing capacities are evaluated. Secondly, the reliabilities of pile foundations designed by the former specifications are evaluated based on reliability analysis considering the uncertainties in the bearing capacities and coefficients of subgrade reaction. Finally, a partial factor design method is developed based on the target reliability index obtained based on the conventional pile installation method by the pile installation methods. The factors are different for each pile installation method.     

Calibration of resistance factor for design of pile foundations considering feasibility robustness

The resistance factor for pile foundations in load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is traditionally calibrated considering target reliability index (β_T) and statistics of load and resistance bias factors. However, the resistance bias factor is hard to quantify statistically. Consequently, the design obtained using the calibrated resistance factor can still miss β_T if the variation in resistance bias factor has been underestimated. In this paper, we propose a new resistance factor calibration approach to address this dilemma by considering “feasibility robustness” of design in the calibration process. Herein, the feasibility robustness is defined as a probability that the β_T requirement can still be satisfied even in the presence of uncertainty or variation in the computed bearing capacity. For illustration, LRFD approach for pile foundations commonly used in Shanghai, China is examined. Emphasis is placed on re-calibration of resistance factors at various feasibility robustness levels, with due consideration of the variation in the resistance bias factor. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of the re-calibrated resistance factors. The results show that the feasibility robustness is gained at the expense of cost efficiency; in other words, the two objectives are conflicting. To aid in the design decision-making, an optimal feasibility robustness level and corresponding resistance factors are suggested in the absence of a designer’s preference.     

超高层建筑桩筏基础的桩顶反力计算研究

根据上海高88层、筏板厚度为4 m的金茂大厦和高101层、筏板厚度为4.5 m的上海环球金融中心桩筏基础的实测沉降资料,论证超高层建筑的桩筏基础为弹性体。对以上两幢超高层建筑和正在建造中的高121层、筏板厚度为6 m的上海中心大厦的桩筏基础,采用偏心受压公式和高层建筑与地基基础共同作用理论方法(混合法)进行详细对比计算,论证按弹性体计算桩顶反力的合理性,阐明《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ 94–2008)的3.1.8条的正确性和合理性。期望能够改变过去按偏心受压公式计算桩顶反力的传统观念,提高设计水平。     

基于改进遗传算法的长短桩复合地基优化设计

当前复合地基实践中出现了许多以优化为目的的新的生长点,长短桩复合地基作为一种新型的复合地基处理形式,其优化设计即在满足地基承载力和沉降变形的基础上实现最佳经济性的优化目标。本文采用改进的遗传算法,以长短桩桩体总费用为目标函数,全部约束条件均按相应规范要求给出,建立长短桩复合地基的优化设计数学模型,并编制了相应的计算程序。同时给出长短桩复合地基优化设计算例,计算结果表明,此算法能优化设计,降低工程造价,对工程设计有较强的参考价值。     

桩承式围堤对邻近桥梁桩基的影响分析

桩承式围堤是将上部围堤或堆载荷重通过桩筏基础传递到深层较硬的土层,以减少由于围堤或堆载对邻近桩基产生负摩阻力和侧向推力的一种围堤式构筑物。采用基于Mindlin应力解的桩伐基础简化分析方法、弹性和弹塑性三维数值模拟了嘉兴港海盐港区围堤对杭州湾跨海大桥产生的负摩阻力和侧向推力。通过上述3种方法的分析比较,结果表明,采用的简化分析方法与弹性和弹塑性三维数值模拟结果吻合较好,可作为桩承式围堤结构基础的分析和设计方法。     

Relations between load and settlement of circular foundations on or in a dense sand expressed by a function of diameter and depth

When load acts on a circular foundation on or in a dense sand, average contact pressure on the lower surface of the foundation is q and settlement of the foundation is s. Diameter and depth of the foundation are B and D_f. When the sand, B and D_f are given, we can know the relation between q and s/B by, e.g. a loading test, i.e. the relation is determined by B and D_f for the sand. Using the results of numerical analyses, we express a relation between q and s/B up to s=0.1B by functions of a single variable which is a linear combination of B and D_f. Consequently when two foundations have different B's and different D_f's but have the same value of the variable, the relations are the same. Then we examine whether the functions can express the results of eleven tests of model foundations of wide range of B and/or D_f. In all the tests, the relations are expressed with sufficient accuracy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An experimental study on static and dynamic bending behaviour of piles in soft clay

Static and dynamic lateral load tests were carried out on model aluminium single piles embedded in soft clay to study its bending behaviour. Model aluminium piles with length to diameter ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40 were used. Static lateral load tests were conducted on piles by rope and pulley arrangement upto failure and load–deflection curves were obtained. Dynamic lateral load tests were carried out for different magnitudes of load ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a Data Acquisition System. Safe static lateral load capacity for all piles is interpreted from load–deflection curves. Dynamic characteristics of the soil–pile system were arrived from the acquired experimental data. The soil–pile system behaves predominantly in nonlinear fashion even at low frequency under dynamic load. The displacement amplitude under dynamic load is magnified by 4.5–6.5 times the static deflection for all piles embedded in soft clay. But, the peak magnification factor reduces with an increase in the magnitude of lateral load mainly because of increase of hysteretic damping at very soft consistency. The maximum BM occurs at the fundamental frequency of the soil–pile system. Even the lower part of the pile affects the pile head response to the inertial load applied at the pile head. The maximum dynamic BM is magnified by about 1.5 times the maximum static BM for model piles in tested consistency of clay. The maximum dynamic BM occurs at a depth of about 1.5 times the depth of maximum static BM for model piles, which indicates an increase of active pile length under dynamic load.     

The bearing capacity of surface strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand and clay — a comparative study

Summary Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and saturated clay are presented. One type of geogrid only was used for all the tests. On the basis of the model test results, the optimum depth and width of reinforcing layers and the optimum depth of the location of the first layer of the geogrid in sand and saturated clay were determined and compared.     

地基沉降大变形计算方法的关键问题研究

针对大、小变形法地基沉降量结果的差异问题,从大变形应力和应变度量、本构关系以及本构参数等概念的角度进行探讨。在连续介质力学有关原理基础上,先后研究了基于Green应变、Almansi应变和自然应变的地基大变形沉降量计算式。基于欧拉应力--Almansi应变对、欧拉应力--自然应变对的大变形法压缩本构关系整理方法,以及大、小变形法切线体积压缩系数之间的转换方法等。理论分析和算例分析结果表明,遵循该转换关系的条件下,同一问题所得的大、小变形法最终沉降量结果是相同的,忽略该转换关系将导致大变形法沉降量计算结果偏大或偏小于小变形法的结果,这也为合理确定大变形法本构参数提供新的参考。     

粘性土-砂井地基单井固结模型的改进

单井固结模型的计算中通常将砂井周围土体简单划分为涂抹区和非涂抹区,不符合实际砂井周围土体的渗透系数分布复杂的事实。本文在Terzaghi固结理论的基础上提出了改进的单井固结模型,以一个待定参数流量系数Cq取代涂抹区和非涂抹区渗透系数来刻画砂井周围土体的横向渗透性特征,使单井固结问题得到高度简化又不失严密性。本文将改进模型用于非完整砂井单井固结的最终沉降量的数值计算,并将计算结果与谢康和改进法以及Hart法的解析解进行了比较,证明了改进模型数值解的可靠性。     

Modeling uncertainty in stability analysis for design of embankment dams on difficult foundations

A probabilistic 3-D slope stability analysis model (PTDSSAM) is developed to evaluate the stability of embankment dams and their foundations under conditions of staged construction taking into consideration uncertainty, spatial variabilities and correlations of shear strength parameters, as well as the uncertainties in pore water pressure. The model has the following capabilities: (1) conducting undrained shear strength analysis (USA) and effective stress analysis (ESA) slope stability analysis of staged construction, (2) incorporation of field monitored data of pore water pressure, and (3) incorporation of increase of undrained shear strength with depth, effective stress, and pore water pressure dissipation. The PTDSSAM model is incorporated in a computer program that can analyze slopes located in multilayered deposits, considering the total slope width.

The main outputs of the program are the geometric parameters of the most critical sliding surface (i.e., center of rotation/radius of rotation and critical width of failure), mean 2-D safety factor, mean 3-D safety factor, squared coefficient of variation of resisting moment, and the probability of slope failure. The program is applied to a case study, Karameh dam in Jordan. Monitored data of induced pore water pressure in the dam embankment and soft foundation were gathered during dam construction.

The stability of Karameh dam embankment and foundation was evaluated during staged construction using deterministic and probabilistic analysis. Foundation stability was evaluated based on the monitored data of pore water pressure.

The study showed that the mean values of the corrective factors which account for the discrepancies between the in situ and laboratory-measured values of soil properties and for the modeling errors have significant influence on the 2-D safety factor, 3-D safety factor, slope probability of failure, and on the expected failure width.

The degree of spatial correlation associated with shear strength parameters within a soil deposit also influences the probability of slope failure and the expected failure width. This correlation is quantified by scale of fluctuation. It is found that a larger scale of fluctuation gives an increase in the probability of slope failure and a reduction in the critical failure width.     

多层支撑深基坑变形数值模拟正交试验设计研究

分析了多层支撑深基坑设计中的多个参数,对诸如挡墙和支撑的刚度指标等参数选取进行了分析。对深开挖进行了多因素多水平的有限元数值模拟,在此基础上进行了支撑刚度、位移柔度数、土体变性及强度参数等5因素的4水平正交试验设计,得出了深开挖中的各个参数对多层支撑深开挖变形的影响程度和各个参数的灵敏度。分析结果表明,墙体的位移柔度数是控制基坑开挖变形的主要参数,其他的参数诸如土体的弹性模量等对基坑变形的影响较小。     

An experimental,analytical and numerical study on the thermal efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated soils

Energy piles are bi-functional foundation elements used as structural support as well as ground heat exchangers for shallow geothermal energy systems. Because they are relatively short, energy piles may be partially embedded in unsaturated soils. Saturation conditions influence the thermal properties of the ground and therefore the heat exchange rate, which in turn affects the efficiency of energy piles. This paper combines analytical, experimental and numerical investigations to evaluate the heat exchange rate of energy piles partially or fully embedded in unsaturated soils. The proposed analytical solution is based on the cylindrical heat source theory that treats the soil as a semi-infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic medium. The solution from this theory is multiplied by a function developed analytically in this paper and the outcome is the heat exchange rate for energy piles in unsaturated soils. The proposed function depends on soil saturation, soil and pile thermal properties, and pile geometry. The analytical solution was compared against a finite element solution; which was in turn validated against results from laboratory experiments. Very satisfactory agreements between the analytical, numerical and experimental outputs were observed. The proposed method can be used for a quick and simple evaluation of the efficiency of energy piles in unsaturated conditions. The proposed analytical solution can also be a useful tool for the verification of numerical codes developed for the design of energy piles in unsaturated soils.     

基于颗粒组构特性的散体材料本构模型研究

通过散体介质材料单元颗粒排列组构表达的细观结构力学关系,建立了用颗粒密集度、颗粒排列组构关系和颗粒间摩擦特性等非连续介质材料特性参数描述的散体介质材料本构模型,从而实现散体介质材料宏观连续介质描述的等效应力表达.通过该模型可采用数值方法进行散体介质材料准静态情况下的力学特性分析.文中最后基于有限元软件ABAQUS,进行了该本构模型的二次开发.数值算例结果验证了所建立散体介质材料本构模型的适用性.     

基于现场测试的大跨扁平连拱隧道最佳支护时机研究

大跨扁平连拱隧道由于其开挖跨度大和断面扁平等特点,施工过程中围岩与结构的受力、变形同四车道连拱隧道或分离式隧道存在较大的差异,相应地影响到二次衬砌的最佳支护时机。以某六车道连拱隧道为依托工程,探讨了以隧道位移释放比为基本指标的支护时机确定方法,并通过对围岩位移与不同支护时机条件下二次衬砌内力的现场测试与综合分析,依据“支护抗力最小”的原则,提出了大跨扁平连拱隧道二次衬砌最佳施作时机。     

输电杆塔开挖类基础基于极限状态设计的作用组合选择研究

合理选用由杆塔结构传递而来的作用效应是地基基础设计的重要前提,为了确定输电杆塔开挖类基础基于极限状态设计的作用组合值,分析了输电杆塔对基础的作用特点,并针对上部杆塔对基础作用的3种主要工况,利用静载荷试验结果研究了开挖类基础与地基结构体系的承载特性、破坏特征及其易超越的主要极限状态,并给出了地基基础体系设计时所采用的作用组合,研究表明,上拔和倾覆工况下常规条件开挖类基础承载过大时表现为脆性破坏,按承载能力极限状态设计,采用由可变荷载控制的基本组合;下压工况下开挖类基础的荷载与位移关系曲线一般为非陡降型,按正常使用极限状态设计,主要采用标准组合和准永久组合。     

大型复杂地质体三维数值模型构建方法比较研究

真实地质体三维数值模型构建是进行岩体工程数值分析面临的难题,开展大型复杂地质体三维数值模型构建方法比较研究具有重要意义。以3DMine数字化模型为基础,提出了3DMine-FLAC3D耦合建模方法和3DMine-Surfer-Rhino- ANSYS-FLAC3D多软件耦合建模方法,详细阐述了各建模方法具体步骤,深入分析了各建模方法优缺点及适用性,通过对比各建模方法的优势与短板,取长补短,改进了3DMine-FLAC3D耦合建模方法存在的缺陷,解决了复杂地质体三维数值模型构建难题。以广西铜坑矿锌多金属矿体开采为背景,利用大型复杂地质体三维数值建模方法,构建了锌多金属矿三维数值模型,分析了矿体上行开采地表沉陷规律。研究成果对准确构建大型复杂地质体三维数值模型具有重要指导作用。     

基于分频构形反演方法的河道砂精准预测——以华北冀中探区赵皇庄地区为例

河道砂体具有单层厚度薄、规模小、分布散、非均质强的特点,常规模型反演预测中存在模型化严重、横向分辨率低及容易破坏沉积体构造形态的问题,导致预测精度不高。本次研究利用分频构形反演方法进行河道砂的精准预测,充分考虑测井和地震的优势频带和波形变化特征,由低、中、高不同频带模型融合而成初始模型,然后在贝叶斯框架下,通过地震合成记录的约束,修正全频带的反演结果。在赵皇庄地区河道砂薄、小储层预测实践中,反演结果具有较高的纵、横向分辨率,砂体横向叠置关系和尖灭点合理、清晰,砂体平面分布规律符合曲流河沉积相砂体展布特征,预测分辨4 m以上厚度储层的符合率达到80%以上,较好支撑了该区的井位部署。所形成的基于分频构形反演的薄、小砂体精准预测方法,对类似地区或区带的地震储层预测具有一定指导意义。