A dynamic large deformation finite element method based on mesh regeneration

In this paper, a large deformation finite element (LDFE) approach termed ‘remeshing and interpolation technique with small strain (RITSS)’ is extended from static to dynamic soil-structure interaction applications. In addition, a technique termed ‘element addition’ is developed to improve the computational efficiency of both static and dynamic LDFE analyses that involve moving boundaries. The RITSS approach is based on frequent mesh generation to avoid element distortion. In dynamic RITSS, the field variables mapped from the old to the new mesh involve not only the stresses and material properties, but also the nodal velocities and accelerations. Using the element addition technique, new soil elements are attached to the domain boundaries periodically when the soil near the boundaries becomes affected by large displacements of the structure. The procedures of this Abaqus-based dynamic LDFE analysis and element addition technique are detailed, and the robustness of the techniques is validated and assessed through three example analyses: penetration of a flat footing into a half-space and movement of rigid and deformable landslides down slopes.     

Three-dimensional RITSS large displacement finite element method for penetration of foundations into soil

The Remeshing and Interpolation Technique with Small Strain (RITSS) approach has been developed to deal with 3-D geotechnical problems in this paper. Unstructured 20-node hexahedral element is found to work well for predicting collapse loads accurately for 3-D undrained geotechnical problems involving material incompressibility. Remeshing is automatically accomplished by ANSYS program. With remeshing and interpolation, small fluctuations appear in the load–deformation results. In order to minimize these fluctuations, different increment sizes and remeshing frequencies are explored. Meanwhile, various 3-D interpolation methods are compared, and the unique element division method is found to work best. The results of two numerical applications are presented for a 3-D strip footing penetrating deeply into uniform clay and a square foundation into normally consolidated clay. The computed bearing capacity responses are compared with other numerical or conventional results. The results show that the present method is accurate and efficient for 3-D large displacement foundation penetration problems.     

Large deformation FEMLIP drained analysis of a vertical cut

Understanding and modelling the whole instability mechanisms of a slope are fundamental issues from a scientific and technical viewpoint. To date, small strain Lagrangian approaches have mostly been used in solid mechanics for modelling the failure stage, whereas Eulerian approaches are common in fluid mechanics for propagation analysis. A combination of both approaches allows the stability, failure and propagation stages of a slope to be analysed in a unique mathematical framework. To this end, this paper adopts a finite element method with Lagrangian integration points (FEMLIP), which is currently implemented in the ELLIPSIS code and has been used in geophysics and civil engineering applications. The method combines the robustness of an Eulerian mesh with the flexibility of a set of Lagrangian particles, which allows the history of the material to be taken into account. FEMLIP is first validated with reference to benchmarks with analytical solutions, and is then tested in a large deformation drained analysis of a vertical cut in coarse-grained soils. The results are compared with those provided by the standard engineering methods (1) the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and (2) standard stress–strain elasto-plastic FEM analysis. The comparison shows that FEMLIP is a reliable method for the analysis of both the stability and the instability of a vertical cut, and can be confidently used to analyse more complex problems related to natural slopes.     

基于ABAQUS建立土体本构模型库的研究

ABAQUS作为一种强大的通用有限元分析程序,具有很强的非线性计算功能和前、后处理能力。但标准ABAQUS程序中的土体本构模型,没能反映土体的剪胀、软化与硬化、应力路径对变形的影响等,因此,有必要在ABAQUS中开发出更适合于土体特性的本构模型库。为拓展ABAQUS在岩土工程领域的计算能力,利用二次开发工具UMAT数据接口,开发出更适合于工程应用的土体本构模型库,如邓肯模型、南水模型及状态相关的砂土模型,不仅可以充分利用ABAQUS程序方便、快捷的前后处理和强大的非线性求解平台,而且还可以完成更有针对性、更切合实际土体应力-应变有限元的数值计算,为工程实践提供技术支持。从计算过程、模拟结果与试验结果比较来看,二次开发模型库子程序运行稳定,模拟结果正确、可靠。     

弹塑性土质边坡的ALE方法有限元分析

有限元法被广泛用于解决几何和材料非线性的问题,但标准的有限元方法难以有效解决某些材料的大变形问题和计算中的网格扭曲问题。任意拉格朗日-欧拉法（ALE法）吸取了拉格朗日和欧拉法的优点,并克服了两者的缺点,可用于解决仅用拉格朗日或欧拉有限元法所难以解决的问题。基于ALE有限元方法和弹塑性大变形基本原理,研究了岩土工程中土质边坡在自重作用下的稳定问题;计算结果不仅能直观地显示失稳时的大变形状态,并能确定较符合实际的临界滑移面形状;同时分析了含软弱夹层复杂土质边坡的稳定性。结果表明,ALE方法能有效分析土质边坡的稳定性问题,适用于岩土工程的弹塑性分析。     

Ramberg-Osgood土动力非线性模型在 ABAQUS软件上的开发及应用

基于ABAQUS有限元软件开发平台,对Ramberg-Osgood土动力非线性本构模型进行了修正。通过合理的假设得出了模型修正参数?、R的取值方法和算法。滞回曲线加卸载规律符合修正后的Masing准则。并进行了三维场地地震动非线性分析,分析了不同输入峰值的地震波对土体应力-应变关系的影响,并与一维场地动力分析Shaking程序的计算结果进行了比较。分析结果表明,非线性分析时的水平位移和相对位移要大于等效线性情况下的相应位移,这表明采用何种本构关系将影响到得到的场地的地震动反应结果,因此,在工程应用时需加以合理的选择,并对最终结果做出合理的判断     

双排桩-锚杆支护的有限元模拟

基坑支护模型往往在计算假定的基础上建立,而依据计算假定建立的模型往往不能得到和实际相符的结果。但有限元软件可以较为真实的模拟基坑开挖的过程中应力和位移的变化情况,是土工数值分析的重要手段。本文运用大型有限元软件ABAQUS建立双排桩-锚杆结构有限元模型,全面的考虑土体的特性、桩土的共同作用及桩间土对支护结构的影响等因素,分析支护结构在土体开挖荷载作用下的内力和变形,为设计和施工提供了参考。     

弹塑性无厚度接触面单元的本构积分算法及验证

对基于理想弹塑性理论框架、屈服准则为Mohr-Coulomb准则、采用非关联流动法则的无厚度接触面单元的本构积分算法进行了探讨,引入非关联的伪屈服函数和伪势函数,提出了将超出屈服面、处于角点应力区的试应力双向返回到屈服面的本构积分算法。据此编制了ABAQUS用户单元子程序,进行了算例验证。结果表明,提出的算法可以较好地实现土与结构物共同作用的有限元数值模拟。     

考虑大变形的静力压桩数值模拟

静力压桩过程是一种稳态贯入过程。该过程使得桩周附近区域的土体产生较大挤压作用,并出现了较大变形,因而基于传统小变形的有限元分析与真实的贯入过程有着较大的误差。基于更新的拉格朗日列式法,分析压桩时产生的大变形,引入桩-土界面间的接触作用,桩周土体采用Mohr-Coulomb模型,并运用有限元方法进行数值分析,较好地实现了静力压桩过程的数值模拟。     

An operator‐split ALE model for large deformation analysis of geomaterials

Analysis of large deformation of geomaterials subjected to time‐varying load poses a very difficult problem for the geotechnical profession. Conventional finite element schemes using the updated Lagrangian formulation may suffer from serious numerical difficulties when the deformation of geomaterials is significantly large such that the discretized elements are severely distorted. In this paper, an operator‐split arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) finite element model is proposed for large deformation analysis of a soil mass subjected to either static or dynamic loading, where the soil is modelled as a saturated porous material with solid–fluid coupling and strong material non‐linearity. Each time step of the operator‐split ALE algorithm consists of a Lagrangian step and an Eulerian step. In the Lagrangian step, the equilibrium equation and continuity equation of the saturated soil are solved by the updated Lagrangian method. In the Eulerian step, mesh smoothing is performed for the deformed body and the state variables obtained in the updated Lagrangian step are then transferred to the new mesh system. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed ALE method are verified by comparison of its results with the results produced by an analytical solution for one‐dimensional finite elastic consolidation of a soil column and with the results from the small strain finite element analysis and the updated Lagrangian analysis. Its performance is further illustrated by simulation of a complex problem involving the transient response of an embankment subjected to earthquake loading. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical manifold method for dynamic nonlinear analysis of saturated porous media

It is well known that the Babuska–Brezzi stability criterion or the Zienkiewicz–Taylor patch test precludes the use of the finite elements with the same low order of interpolation for displacement and pore pressure in the nearly incompressible and undrained cases, unless some stabilization techniques are introduced for dynamic analysis of saturated porous medium where coupling occurs between the displacement of solid skeleton and pore pressure. The numerical manifold method (NMM), where the interpolation of displacement and pressure can be determined independently in an element for the solution of u–p formulation, is derived based on triangular mesh for the requirement of high accurate calculations from practical applications in the dynamic analysis of saturated porous materials. The matrices of equilibrium equations for the second‐order displacement and the first‐order pressure manifold method are given in detail for program coding. By close comparison with widely used finite element method, the NMM presents good stability for the coupling problems, particularly in the nearly incompressible and undrained cases. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the validity and stability of the manifold element developed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fully coupled hydraulic fracture simulation using the improved element partition method

The improved element partition method (IEPM) is a newly developed fracture simulation approach. IEPM allows a fracture to run across an element without introducing extra degrees of freedom. It can also simulate any number of fractures in a prescribed mesh without remeshing. In this study, the IEPM is extended to hydraulic fracture simulation. First, the seepage and volumetric storage matrix of a cracked element are derived using virtual nodes (the intersection points of a crack with element edges). Subsequently, the fully coupled hydromechanical equation is derived for this cracked element. To eliminate the extra degrees of freedom (virtual nodal quantities), the water pressure and displacement of the virtual nodes are associated with their adjacent nodes through least squares interpolation. Finally, the fully coupled equation in terms of nodal quantities is obtained. The verification cases validate the method. By using this method, the field-scale hydraulic fracturing process is well simulated. The proposed approach is simple and efficient for field-scale hydraulic fracture simulation.     

Inverse Analysis of Deep Excavation Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

This paper presents the applications of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm in back analysis of soil parameters for deep excavation problems. A computer code, named Python‐based DE, is developed and incorporated into the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, with a parallel computing technique to run an FE analysis for all trail vectors of one generation in DE in multiple cores of a cluster, which dramatically reduces the computational time. A synthetic case and a well‐instrumented real case, that is, the Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) project, are used to demonstrate the capability of the proposed back‐analysis procedure. Results show that multiple soil parameters are well identified by back analysis using a DE optimization algorithm for highly nonlinear problems. For the synthetic excavation case, the back‐analyzed parameters are basically identical to the input parameters that are used to generate synthetic response of wall deflection. For the TNEC case with a total of nine parameters to be back analyzed, the relative errors of wall deflection for the last three stages are 2.2, 1.1, and 1.0%, respectively. Robustness of the back‐estimated parameters is further illustrated by a forward prediction. The wall deflection in the subsequent stages can be satisfactorily predicted using the back‐analyzed soil parameters at early stages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粒子群算法改进及内变量本构模型参数反演

为了研究深埋煤矿巷道通常存在长时间、大变形问题,拓展岩土工程反分析的手段,改善岩土工程反分析的效率和精度,首先基于自然选择、自适应变惯性权重、异步变化学习因子的策略改进了粒子群算法并完成了程序实现,通过Sphere和Rastrigrin两函数测试了改进算法的优越性;其次以Matlab软件为平台,联合大型有限元软件ABAQUS,编制了岩土反分析程序GeoPSOInverse.m;最后应用所编程序反演了以不可恢复应变为变量的、不显含时间的泥岩蠕变模型参数。结果证实:改进的粒子群算法在岩土工程参数反演计算中体现出了可靠的反演能力和很快的收敛速度,可进行复杂采矿工程的实践应用。      

考虑强度各向异性的边坡稳定有限元分析

天然沉积的土层总是表现出一定程度的强度各向异性,但现有的边坡稳定有限元分析极少考虑各向异性的影响。对大型有限元软件ABAQUS进行二次开发,使其能够考虑土体黏聚力随大主应力方向的变化,动态更新增量迭代求解过程中边坡不同位置处的抗剪强度,进而提出具备安全系数自动搜索功能的各向异性边坡稳定分析方法。计算结果表明,均匀边坡的有限元解与极限分析上限解相差很小。如果采用土体固结方向的黏聚力并按各向同性评价缓坡的稳定性,可能严重高估安全系数,尤其是在黏聚力较高的情况下。与极限分析不同,建立的强度更新有限元模型能够分析成层边坡的稳定性。     

PHC管桩水平承载力试验研究

在统计福州地区56根预应力高强混凝土（PHC）管桩单桩水平静载荷试验资料基础上,结合《建筑桩基技术规范》规范推荐的m法计算,讨论了福州地区PHC管桩的水平承载力取值问题。对不同桩型的单桩水平静载试验进行m值反算,与规范推荐的m值相比较,探讨了福州地区不同桩周土层的m值取值范围。用规范推荐的两种力学模型分别计算了某试桩的弯矩曲线,与ABAQUS有限元软件模拟得到的弯矩曲线对比,验证了规范推荐的两种模型的适用性。结果表明,本地区采用m法确定PHC管桩的单桩水平承载力是适用的;上覆填土层的物理力学性状对淤泥层中PHC管桩水平承载力影响较大,宜采取规范附录中的“桩端支撑在非岩石类土中或基岩面”的模型计算本地区PHC管桩的水平承载力。     

三维有限元位移场插值问题的研究和应用

对三维有限元位移场的插值问题进行了研究,提出基于Delaunay三角剖分的二次细分网格法。该法首先建立2个模型--整体模型和局部二次细分模型,对整体模型进行有限元计算和反分析得到初始地应力场和位移场;然后,基于Delaunay三角剖分,对整体模型的三维有限元位移场进行插值,插值结果作为局部模型的边界位移,局部二次细分模型再在此基础上进行有限元分析。最后,将该方法应用于工程实践,证明能提高计算效率,是切实可行的。     

锚板在正常固结黏土中的承载力

在岩土工程中,锚板通常被用来提供竖直或水平抗拔力,比如发射塔的基础、板桩墙结构和悬浮式海洋平台的基础。采用弹-塑性有限元方法对正常固结不排水黏土中的条形锚板进行数值分析,以图表形式给出了不同埋深率、不同上拔倾角、不同锚-土黏结形式下条形锚板的承载力系数和周围土体的流动机构,分析了土体自重对锚板承载力的影响,并给出了不同情况下锚板的极限承载力系数。采用基于重新划分网格并插值状态变量的大变形分析方法（RITSS）,分析了正常固结黏土中锚板在连续拔出过程中的承载力变化以及土重对锚-土分离模式的影响。     

Evaluation of material point method for use in geotechnics

The first part of the paper presents a material point method solution for the bearing capacity of a deep foundation in purely cohesive soil, which is a widely known engineering problem. The results computed with the generalised interpolation material point method are compared to the results obtained previously with an advanced limit analysis code. The second part of the paper shows material point method simulations of collapsing piles of granular material and compares the results with experimental observations from the literature. The problems considered are problematic to solve using the displacement finite element method as they generally include very large deformations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

离岸深水全直桩码头动力简化计算方法研究

离岸深水全直桩码头结构长期承受波浪力、撞击力等动荷载作用,仅从静力角度分析不能满足工程设计要求。为研究离岸深水全直桩码头结构动力简化计算方法,利用ABAQUS软件建立了全直桩码头的嵌固点模型和结构-地基相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元模型。基于所建立的有限元模型,采用模态分析法研究了上述码头结构的自振特性。分析表明,结构基本周期较长,与波浪力、撞击力荷载周期接近,结构动力响应突出。进一步计算发现,全直桩码头结构在波浪力、撞击力荷载作用下的动力响应有限元计算结果与采用单自由度系统位移动力放大系数理论公式计算结果吻合较好,由此提出全直桩码头结构动力响应可按单自由度系统位移动力放大系数理论公式进行简化计算。在此基础上,结合规范中的m法、p-y曲线法、NL法提出了上述码头结构动力简化计算方法,通过与动力有限元计算结果对比,验证了所建立简化计算方法的正确性。