非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

Bishop和Fredlund的非饱和土强度公式参数不易工程应用,文中基于双曲线的非饱和土强度公式,采用简化Bishop法建立非饱和土边坡的稳定方程,分析膨胀土边坡的稳定性,讨论了吸力、分层及其边坡表层裂隙对非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响。通过分析与比较,揭示了膨胀土边坡浅层滑坡的原因。     

Bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soils

It is difficult to determine the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, although this is most important. The bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is related to the drying and wetting environment. Swelling pressure occurs when the soil volume change is constrained as an expansive soil is inundated. The expansive lateral pressure, induced by the swelling pressure is similar to the passive earth pressure. By considering the effect of the expansive lateral pressure in Terzaghi's bearing capacity formula, the bearing capacity of unsaturated expansive soil is derived. Because it is very difficult to measure suction in situ, the bearing capacity is expressed using the expansive lateral pressure offers a feasible approach to calculate the bearing capacity of a foundation in unsaturated expansive soil, when suction is not measured. Plate load tests to measure the bearing capacity in situ were performed for the foundation in natural soil and saturated soil immersed by water. The verification of the bearing capacity formulae presented in this paper is conducted by comparing the predicted results with the results of the plate load tests on unsaturated expansive soils in Handan and Bingxia, China.     

非饱和膨胀土SWCC研究

研究土体吸力与含水量关系,对于非饱和土的变形和强度问题,有重要的应用价值。利用非饱和土三轴仪对膨胀土进行试验研究,比较系统地分析了矿物成分、孔隙结构、土体应力状态、应力历史等因素对土-水特征曲线的影响。尤其土的矿物成分和孔隙结构是主要的影响因素。综合考虑各种因素的影响,通过室内和野外吸力量测,对土-水特征曲线进行拟合、比较,建立了幂函数模型。由土-水特征曲线可知,室内干湿循环土-水特征曲线具有明显的差异性,野外土-水特征曲线的差异性不明显,并与室内浸湿曲线相似。将野外曲线和浸湿曲线结合起来,推算非饱和状态下土的渗透性、抗剪强度等指标,可以较好地解决岩土力学问题。     

非饱和压实膨胀土渗透特性的试验研究

压实膨胀黏土常用于防止填埋场中固体废物产生二次污染,或作为核废料处置库通道隔绝层,这主要取决于压实膨胀黏土衬垫层或隔离层的防渗特性,而这种压实膨胀黏土层通常又呈现出非饱和特性。基于GDS非饱和土三轴试验系统,开发拓展其试验功能,研究直接测量压实膨胀黏土的水渗透系数的试验方法,同时结合电镜扫描试验,从微观角度定量分析压实膨胀黏土渗透过程中产生的微观、宏观变化特征。结果表明,压实膨胀黏土在渗透过程中产生的体积变形主要是由于土孔隙中气体被压缩、孔隙微结构发生变化的结果;压实膨胀黏土水渗透系数受吸力、围压、干密度、饱和度等因素控制。     

非饱和膨胀土/岩持水与渗透特性试验研究

以南水北调中线工程原状强、中膨胀土/岩为研究对象,开展压力板试验与双环注水试验,结合试验结果与土-水特征曲线(SWCC),对比研究不同性质膨胀土和膨胀岩的持水性能及影响因素,计算并分析水体积变化系数的变化规律,在该基础上重点探讨渗透系数的变化特征及其与基质吸力的非线性关系,总结出膨胀土/岩的渗透特性及其规律。结果表明,膨胀土/岩的持水特性受岩土的物理性质、矿物成分与结构特征的影响,膨胀潜势强、细颗粒含量大、孔隙结构小的试样有着较低的脱水速率;渗透系数和水体积变化系数均随含水率的减小而减小,变化特征受到膨胀潜势与干密度的共同影响,并与基质吸力呈幂函数关系。研究成果可为工程建设提供计算参数及理论依据。     

干湿循环对非饱和膨胀土抗剪强度影响的试验研究

膨胀土是一种气候敏感性土体,研究在干湿循环过程中膨胀土剪切强度的变化,对了解在自然界周期性蒸发和降雨作用下原位膨胀土体工程性质的变化以及由此导致的地质灾害发生过程具有重要意义。文中以重塑非饱和膨胀土为研究对象,模拟了3次干湿循环过程,对每次干燥路径中的试样进行了直剪试验,重点分析含水率、正压力及干湿循环次数对膨胀土剪切强度的影响,得到如下主要结果：（1）在干燥过程中,随着含水率的减小,试样的刚度、脆性、抗剪强度值（峰值剪切应力）、抗剪强度指标（黏聚力、内摩擦角）及抗剪强度损失（峰值强度与残余强度之差）均呈增加趋势;（2）正压力越高,试样的剪切强度和残余强度越大,而破坏后的峰值强度损失越小,破坏韧性增加;（3）在3次干燥过程中,试样的剪切强度及黏聚力呈先增加后减小的趋势,在第二次干燥过程中达到峰值,但内摩擦角受干湿循环的影响无明显规律;（4）试样经历多次干湿循环后,其剪切特性越来越类似于超固结土,脆性显著增加;（5）干燥过程和干湿循环对试样残余剪切强度的影响都不明显,残余剪切强度基本都在100 kPa附近变化;（6）非饱和膨胀土在干湿循环及干燥过程中剪切强度的变化除了与吸力有关外,还与其微观结构调整和裂隙发育状态密切相关,需要综合非饱和土力学和土质学理论对试验现象进行分析。     

不同干密度非饱和膨胀土的三轴试验研究

重塑非饱和膨胀土的结构特征是影响其强度和变形等性质的重要因素。在不同初始干密度下击实的试样具有不同的初始结构。吸力和净围压的作用使得试样结构产生变化,从而呈现出不同的剪切特征。进行了一系列的控制吸力的三轴试验,试验结果表明,吸力和净围压的增加使得试样的抗剪强度提高,剪胀性减小;初始干密度大的试样也有更高的强度,且呈现出明显的剪胀现象。     

A general modelling of expansive and non-expansive clays

This paper presents an elastoplastic model for saturated expansive and non-expansive clays. The original feature of this model is that a plastic mechanism is introduced during unloading to take into account the irreversible swelling of the macroporosities. These strains are induced by the repulsive stresses which are unbalanced at the scale of the microporosities. Thus two yield surfaces are activated: a classical contact yield surface (F_C) similar to an associated modified Cam-clay approach and a swelling yield surface (F_R−A) based on the non-associated plasticity. The formulation considers that for the normally consolidated stress states, the strains are mainly produced by an increase of the contact stresses. For the overconsolidated stress states, the repulsive stresses balance the external stresses. The rheological parameters are easily determined from the results of either triaxial or oedometer tests. The model is then used in a finite element program, using the classical concepts of plasticity, especially for the loading–unloading criterion based on the sign of the plasticity multiplier. Simulations of the convergence of a gallery (under an earth retaining structure) sunk at great depth in Boom clay are presented. The results are compared with those obtained with the Cam-clay model. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流及渐进性破坏耦合分析

膨胀土边坡受降雨影响产生膨胀变形,是典型的非饱和土多场耦合问题。为探究降雨入渗对其渐进性破坏的失稳过程,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论、膨胀土弹塑性本构关系和应变软化理论,利用应变软化模型、FLAC3D二次开发平台和内置FISH语言,提出了一种综合考虑非饱和渗流、膨胀变形和应变软化的多场耦合数值分析法。结合工程实例,通过该方法探讨了降雨入渗条件下膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流、位移响应及渐进性破坏的变化规律。结果表明：膨胀变形和应变软化受控于非饱和渗流的时空分布,对边坡位移响应过程影响显著,也易导致饱和-非饱和分界带形成剪应力集中区。膨胀土边坡渐进性破坏由局部破坏转变为整体性失稳,其塑性破坏区首先随悬挂型暂态饱和区的变化向坡内扩展,雨后逐渐形成第二条由坡脚向坡顶扩展的滑动带,呈现出多重滑动性和后退牵引式的破坏特征。     

膨胀土中基桩胀拔力原型试验研究

膨胀土含水率的变化直接影响基桩的工作性状,为研究实际工况条件下膨胀土中基桩的浸水胀拔特性,开展钻孔灌注桩在浸水条件下的胀拔力原型试验。试验结果表明,浸水过程中,土体位移缓慢增长,最后达到稳定,受土体密实度和含水率的影响,表层土体竖向膨胀位移总是大于深部土体位移;伴随着土体的吸水膨胀过程,桩顶胀拔力首先快速增大,之后缓慢增大,最终达到稳定。分析认为,桩顶胀拔力是浸水过程中土的胀切力、桩体自重和桩土界面摩擦力共同作用的结果,为保证建筑物的安全,应合理设置桩长,使中性点以下的桩体锚固力大于桩顶极限胀拔力。     

干密度对非饱和膨胀土水分迁移参数的影响

研究了非饱和膨胀土的两个水分迁移参数--水体积变化系数 和渗透系数kw,得出非饱和膨胀土的水分迁移参数 和kw并非恒值,是基质吸力的函数,而基质吸力与含水率密切相关。因此,其参数大小随含水率变化而变化。此外,还明显受到干密度的影响,随干密度的不同而变化。取得了考虑干密度和含水率的水体积变化系数 、渗透系数kw和基质吸力之间的非线性关系,为进一步研究非饱和膨胀土地基水分场变化提供基础资料。     

A continuum framework for three-phase soils including microstructural effects

Nature as described by classical mechanics is governed by a set of physical laws in the balanced form of various physical entities, including mass, linear and angular momenta, energy, and entropy (entropy inequality). These laws must be obeyed in the development of any theory of applied mechanics. In soil mechanics, one deals with porous material composed of solids and fluids strongly interacting with each other. Within the framework of continuum mechanics, materials are assumed to be infinitesimally continuous, which renders an unavoidable hypothesis for soil. That is, each of the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases can be treated as a ‘smeared’ medium superimposed by and interacting with other constituents at the same infinitesimal point. Such treatment, however, requires the fundamental balance laws be recast into more elaborative forms involving microstructural effects (inter-phase actions).

This paper introduces such a continuum framework based on existing theories of immiscible mixtures. To accommodate the pre-flow response, in the present work, the energy terms attributable to shear deformation and spin, allied with a coupling effect, are included. In the framework, a set of extended effective stresses is defined; indicating that the soil skeleton has an effective stiffness, which may still be positive-definite after failure. The framework is general and may pave a way for solving practical geotechnical problems covering both pre- and post-failure stages.     

裂隙性膨胀土饱和-非饱和渗流分析

降雨入渗条件下的裂隙性膨胀土边坡稳定性与其渗流场分布密切相关,对渗流分析中的积水深度进行了数值模拟,结果显示,不同的积水深度对渗流场的影响很小,因此,在进行裂隙性膨胀土渗流分析时,积水深度为0的假定是可以接受的。基于膨胀土开裂裂隙的规模及渗透性的不同,提出了考虑裂隙系统的膨胀土边坡渗流分析方法,计算结果表明,土体开裂显著改变了膨胀土内部的渗流场分布。该方法可以更好地模拟坡渗流场随时间的变化规律,以及更合理地解释了降雨入渗引起的膨胀土边坡浅层滑动机制。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和膨胀土边坡原位监测

为了对降雨诱发的非饱和膨胀土边坡失稳的机理有较深入的了解,在湖北枣阳选取了一个11 m高的典型的非饱和膨胀土挖方边坡进行人工降雨模拟试验和原位综合监测。监测成果表明：降雨入渗造成2 m深度以内土层中孔隙水压力和含水量大幅度增加,致使膨胀土体的抗剪强度由于有效应力的减少及土体吸水膨胀软化而降低;同时,降雨入渗造成土体中水平应力与竖向应力比显著增加,并接近理论的极限状态应力比,以致软化的土体有可能沿着裂隙面发生局部被动破坏,此破裂面在一定条件下（如持续降雨条件下）可能会逐渐扩展,最后发展成为膨胀土中常见的渐进式滑坡。     

On constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils

The paper presents a review of constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils. After a brief historical perspective, a number of existing constitutive models are classified and discussed according to the type of stress variables adopted in their formulation. Afterwards, attention is given to recent developments in the proposal of coupled hydraulic-mechanical models and the possibility of casting them in a sound thermodynamical framework. Finally, a double structure model for expansive soils is described. The incorporation of microstructural considerations and its use as a platform for incorporating the influence of new variables are highlighted.     

膨胀土路堤处治效果原位试验研究

介绍了对弱膨胀土路堤采用“膨胀土+石灰土+土工网”分层交错填筑的综合处治方法。通过现场试验测定了不同分层组合填筑结构型式土基的承载力和回弹模量,并分析了二者存在差异的原因。结果表明,采用弱膨胀土-石灰土这种结构作为膨胀土路堤的治理方案和采用弱膨胀土-石灰土-土工这种复合结构型式作膨胀土路堤的包边处理是科学合理的。只要各结构层施工质量能够满足设计要求,采取这种结构形式,一方面可以充分利用沿线的弱膨胀土材料,另一方面又可以充分利用弱膨胀土自身的强度优势,保证路堤的稳定。     

膨胀土路基变形的数值模拟

在非饱和土固结理论的基础上,分析了降雨入渗条件下全填筑和全开挖膨胀土路基变形的特征,获取了浸水后膨胀土路基内塑性区的发展过程,得出了膨胀土路基一般发生浅层滑动的结论,这种滑动与通常饱和土的边坡失稳的原因是不同的。     

物元可拓模型的改进及其在膨胀土分类中的应用

指出物元可拓模型的关联函数是一个分段函数,不便于计算,指标间的互不相容性没有得到彻底解决,影响了物元分析法的应用范围。通过构造一种新的关联函数,改进了物元可拓模型,较好地解决了指标间的互不相容性问题,又便于计算,拓宽了物元分析法的应用范围。将改进的物元可拓模型应用于膨胀土的胀缩等级分类,其合理性和有效性得到了验证。     

非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定性分析

为了提高非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定,采用了土工膜覆盖边坡表面的方法.基于非饱和渗流理论,采用有限元程序对用膜覆盖和不覆盖的边坡分别进行了降雨蒸发干湿循环条件下的数值分析.在计算结果基础上,采用极限平衡法分析了边坡的稳定性.结果表明,用膜覆盖后边坡能长期保持非饱和状态,土体吸力较高,其稳定安全系数明显高于无膜保护的边坡,用复合土工膜覆盖边坡有利于提高非饱和膨胀土边坡的稳定.     

广西膨胀土的孔隙结构特征

对冻干法制备的广西膨胀土不扰动样进行了微结构测试研究。通过压汞试验结果对膨胀土的孔隙分布进行分形研究表明其具有多重分维特征。对孔隙分布曲线拐点的物理意义进行了探讨,并用扫描电镜照片加以印证,认为可将膨胀土的孔隙划分为大、小、微3类,其中微孔隙为蒙脱石类晶层之间的宽度可变间隙。说明压汞试验无法提供微孔隙的信息,建议今后应重视膨胀土全孔隙分布的研究。