Fisheries co-management as empowerment

Empowerment is both a condition and a goal of fisheries co-management. In this paper I attempt to explain what empowerment means, what it requires, and what can be expected from it. The concept emphasizes psychological as well as sociological factors. It works at an individual and a collective level. For fisheries co-management to become sustainable, empowerment must occur at both levels. Thus, co-management entails more than institutional design and participatory democracy. It also requires capacity enhancement. The good news is that these processes are mutually dependent and reinforcing. They should therefore proceed hand in hand, and it does not matter very much which of them is undertaken first.     

The evolution of coastal management in South Africa: Why blood is thicker than water

This is the first of two articles exploring coastal management in South Africa. Decades of coastal management effort culminated in a Cabinet-approved coastal policy in December 1999. Based on a Government–civil society partnership, the policy aims to promote sustainable coastal development through integrated coastal management. It represents a marked shift from an earlier approach that virtually ignored justice, democracy and poverty. In recent years, attention has focused on empowering poor coastal communities to build sustainable livelihoods. This paper traces the evolution of coastal management in South Africa, and reflects on the challenges of fostering coastal sustainability. The following article explores the sustainable coastal livelihoods approach in more detail.     

Educating for the governance of coastal ecosystems: the dimensions of the challenge

There is a fundamental shift in how the problems confronting a practicing coastal manager are being defined. Coastal zone management began as an expression of an environmental protection strategy and has evolved into a promising vehicle for progressing towards more sustainable forms of development. The contemporary practice of coastal management requires integrating within a curriculum a diverse mix of knowledge and skills that emphasize the two defining features of adaptive management. These are a governance process rooted in the principles of participatory democracy and the application of the scientific principles that can produce reliable knowledge.     

基于波高和周期双指标的福建海域海浪危险性分析

现行的海浪危险性评估方法仅以波高作为指标,没有考虑波浪周期对海上建筑物和船舶航行安全的影响。基于1979-2016年福建外海海浪数值后报结果,建立了基于周期的海浪强度和危险性等级划分标准,提出了基于波高和周期双指标的福建海域海浪危险性分析方法。结果表明,双指标下海浪危险等级分布结合了波高单指标下环状分布和周期单指标下带状分布的特点,以台湾海峡中南部海域海浪危险等级最高,闽南近岸海域海浪危险等级高于闽东和闽中海域,总体危险等级分布呈现南高北低的特征;双指标下的福建外海海浪危险等级分布比单指标考虑更为全面,不仅包含波高对结构物的影响还考虑了周期对浮式结构物和防波堤的作用,更加贴近真实情况下的海浪危险性特征。     

台风期间南海北部岛礁及下坡海底对水下噪声的影响研究

The correlation of ambient noise with wind speed, and the depth dependence of ambient noise are both investigated, where the ocean noise data were recorded by a vertical line array in the northern South China Sea. It is shown that the correlation coefficients increase with increasing hydrophone depth during typhoon periods when the frequency ≥ 250 Hz, which opposes the generally accepted knowledge that the correlation coefficients of noise level and wind speed decrease with increasing depth during non-typhoon periods. Particularly at frequencies of 250 Hz, 315 Hz and 400 Hz, the correlation coefficients increase by more than 0.05 at depths ranging from 155 m to 875 m. At the three frequencies, the average noise levels also increase with increasing depth during typhoon periods. It is suggested that these differences are attributed to the wind-generated noise in shallow waters and the effect of "downslope enhancement" to sound propagation. During typhoon periods, the surf breaking and surf beat upon the shores and reefs are strengthened, and the source levels are increased. The wind-generated noise in shallow waters interacts with the downslope sea floor, with the noise-depth distribution changed by a "downslope enhancement" effect promoting noise propagation.     

Effect of Sea Level Variation on Calculation of Design Water Level

The long-term variation and seasonal variation of sea level have a notable effect on the calculation of engineering water level. Such an effect is first analyzed in this paper. The maximal amplitude of inter-annual anomaly of monthly mean sea level along the China coast is larger than 60 cm. Both the storm surge disaster and cold wave disaster are seasonal disasters in various regions, so the water level corresponding to the 1% of the cumulative frequency in the cumulative frequency curve of hourly water level data for different seasons in various sea areas is different from design water level, for example, the difference between them reaches maximum in June, July and August for northern sea area, and maximum in September, October and November for Southern China Sea. The hourly water level data of 19 gauge stations along the China coast are analyzed. Firstly, the annual mean sea level for every station is obtained; secondly, linear chan ging rates of annual mean sea level are obtained with the stochasti     

基于余水位精化潮高模型的水位生成研究

研究了基于余水位精化潮高模型的水位生成方法。所提方法首先构建网格潮汐场模型,其次采用余水位提高内插模型精度。通过网格搜索策略实现了水深点所属网格的快速定位及水位生成,探索了该模型在水位改正及预报中的应用。实验表明：所提方法既可应用于水位改正又可用于水位预报,且较现有方法在精度上有所提高。     

Organizational responsiveness: The case of unfolding crises and problem detection within HELCOM

How and to what extent do international organizations detect, process and react to different types of change within their policy domains? This study addresses this question by combining a unique data set consisting of policy documents from the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) with data measuring ecosystem change in the Baltic Sea during the period 1980–2013. Here HELCOM's responses to two types of ecosystem changes are investigated: fast and visible (summer algae blooms) and slow and opaque (anoxic areas). Finally, this study assesses if the organizational reform of 2007, which introduced the ecosystem approach, has had any effects on HELCOM responsiveness. It is found that HELCOM, contrary to expectations, is only responding systematically to slow-moving and opaque processes but that this response confirms the anticipated organizational bottom-up pattern. The ecosystem approach reform seems to have had a negative effect on the responsiveness of HELCOM; however, a general trend is that HELCOM over time has become more responsive in the lower levels of the organization. The lack of an immediate effect regarding the ecosystem approach reform can serve as a reminder of the absence of panaceas in policy making in general, and in environmental governance in particular.     

Contaminant exposure and effects in Baltic ringed and grey seals as assessed by biomarkers

The Baltic Sea ecosystem has suffered from a heavy pollutant load for more than three decades. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals have been of most concern due to their persistence and toxic properties. Ringed seals (Phoca hispida baltica) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) living in the Baltic Sea have been suffering from pathological impairments, including reproductive disturbances, which have resulted in a depressed reproductive capacity. We investigated several biochemical parameters as potential biomarkers for exposure to and effects of the contaminant load in the Baltic seals. Seals from less polluted areas were used as reference material in terms of the pollution load. In both Baltic seal populations, the levels of some biochemical parameters diverged from those in the reference seals, and some of these showed a clear correlation with the individual contaminant load. Of the potential bioindicators, we propose cytochrome P4501A activity and vitamin E levels, in blubber or plasma, as exposure biomarkers for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in both species. The arylhydrocarbon receptor-mediated chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) response reflects the whole PCB and DDT burden in ringed seals. Retinyl palmitate (vitamin A) levels showed a negative correlation with the individual POP load, and is proposed as potential effect biomarkers for the depletion of the vitamin A stores. As the nutritional levels of both vitamin A and E have an impact on the vitamin levels in the seals, more information on the dietary vitamin levels is needed before any conclusions can be drawn. As the relationship between biochemical parameters and contaminants varied between the two species, species-specific characteristics has to be considered when monitoring the health status and possible toxic effects of the contaminant load in ringed and grey seals.     

Lateral cyclic response of an aluminum model pile in sand

Lateral cyclic load tests were performed on an aluminum model pile in dry sand. Two levels of loading were adopted to represent different service load conditions. The maximum number of loading cycles was 1,000. From the test results, it was found that the even though in the service load condition, the pile response was still affected by cyclic effects and a larger load level would produce more significant influence. In a global point of view, the lateral displacement and maximum moment increased with loading cycles, while the secant stiffness within a cycle decreased with cycles. The cyclic effect was more significant on the lateral displacement than on the moment. In a local point of view, cyclic loading would degrade the equivalent subgrade stiffness for the soil shallower than about seven times diameter. In addition, the secant subgrade stiffness within a cycle increased with loading cycles. Some experimental relationships of lateral pile response and loading cycles were built and compared with those in the literature.     

Efficient higher-order finite-difference schemes for parabolic models

Implicit finite-difference schemes for use in parabolic equation models are developed. Like the familiar Crank-Nicolson scheme, which has hitherto been used almost exclusively for the solution of these equations, these schemes are unconditionally stable and use a computational molecule of only six points on two “time” levels. However, they are accurate to a higher order than the Crank-Nicolson scheme, thus allowing the solution grid to be coarser and the solution time to be (approximately) halved. Examples of computations on constant depth are shown, in which significant reductions in time and grid-point density are achieved, for two different parabolic models. The schemes are then extended to refraction and diffraction, and are shown to have a similar effect in this more general case too. It is recommended that finite-difference schemes based on these higher-order (or Hermitian) methods replace the more commonly used Crank-Nicolson scheme in all physical domain parabolic equation models, but especially in minimax (wide-angle) equation models.     

Effects of varying sulphate and nitrogen supply on DMSP and glycine betaine levels in Spartina anglica

The relationship between sulphate, dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), and glycine betaine concentrations as well as the interaction with nitrogen supply in Spartina anglica Hubbard was investigated. Several studies have already shown that nitrogen affects levels of DMSP and glycine betaine in Spartina. It has further been suggested that sulphate is important to the growth of the salt marsh grass Spartina. We hypothesised that DMSP might be involved in a high sulphur requirement. It was further hypothesised that the effect of sulphate would depend on nitrogen supply. S. anglica shoots were treated with a range of nutrient solutions containing four different sulphate treatments, 0, 80, 800 or 1600 μM and two different nitrogen levels, 0 or 2 mM ammonium nitrate. Plant parts were analysed for DMSP and glycine betaine, as well as total nitrogen and total sulphur. Plants were analysed for proline as well but levels were very low or non-detectable and patterns were not consistent. Total sulphur was affected by both the nitrogen and sulphate treatments while total nitrogen was affected by the nitrogen treatments only. Sulphate had no effect on growth (leaf length or biomass), but nitrogen increased growth of S. anglica shoots. Levels of DMSP and glycine betaine were unaffected by increased sulphate supply. Nitrogen significantly decreased concentrations of DMSP and glycine betaine. However, due to increased biomass production, total amounts of DMSP and glycine betaine per plant were significantly higher in the 2 mM nitrogen treatments. The data suggest that pools of DMSP in roots and stems are more important than previously thought.     

Three dimensional diagnostic modeling study of the South China Sea circulation before onset of summer monsoon in 1998

The wind data from NCEP and hydrographic data obtained from April 22–May 24, 1998 have been used to compute the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) using three dimensional diagnostic models. The main numerical results with SSHA derived from T/P altimeter are as follows: most of intruded Kuroshio bypasses. However, a part of Kuroshio intrudes westward above 300 m levels. This intruded westward flow is narrowly confined to the continental slope south of China, in agreement with the findings of Qu et al. (2000). The basin-scale cyclonic gyre dominates in the northern SCS and consists of two cyclonic eddies, C2 and C3, above 300 m levels. However, it is separated into two parts by an anti-cyclonic eddy, W4, below 300 m. The basin-scale anti-cyclonic gyre dominates in the central SCS and consists of three anti-cyclonic eddies, W1, W2 and W3, above 300 m levels. However, below 300 m it consists of the anti-cyclonic eddies W1, W2 and W4 and extends northward to near 20°N. A northward coastal jet is present near the coast of Vietnam at depths above 300 m, and develops northward further to about a distance of 3°15′ N than that in cruise 2. The most important dynamical mechanism is due to the joint effect of the baroclinity and relief. The second dynamical mechanism is due to the interaction between the wind stress and relief. The topography effect is more important than the β effect. The Sverdrup relation cannot be satisfied in the SCS.     

Environmental,legal and social implications of ocean urea fertilization: Sulu sea example

Ocean urea fertilization is one geoengineering proposal aimed at not only reducing the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide but also increasing fish populations in nutrient poor areas of the ocean. Theoretically ocean fertilization promises great benefits but there is also the possibility of serious environmental damage to consider. The nature of ocean urea fertilization means it is more likely to be carried out in coastal waters, providing States with different powers to enforce their laws compared to ocean iron fertilization which is more suitable to waters beyond national jurisdiction. This paper considers the process and effect urea, when used for the purpose of ocean fertilization, may have on the marine environment as well as the social implications, particularly for coastal and island people in developing nations.     

饲料中钙、磷和水体盐度对南美白对虾幼虾生长的影响

用不同钙、磷含量的配合饲料在不同的盐度水体中对南美白对虾幼虾 (Penaeus vannamei)进行饲养试验.试验采取 L9(3 4),磷添加量设 3个水平 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%;钙添加量设 3个水平 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%;水体盐度设 3个水平 4, 17, 30.结果显示,各因素对南美白对虾体质量日增率、饲料系数、成活率的影响大小为盐度 >磷 >钙,对蛋白质效率的影响大小为盐度 >钙 >磷.盐度 4时,不添加钙的组体质量日增率、饲料系数、成活率和蛋白质效率最差;盐度 17时,饲料中磷的添加非常重要.南美白对虾幼虾最适的生长因素是盐度为 17,钙添加量为 1.5%,磷添加量为 1.5%     

The potential of wetlands in reducing storm surge

A critical component of flood protection in some coastal areas is expected to be the potential contribution of wetlands to the lowering of surges as they propagate inland from the coast. Consequently, an accurate method to quantify the effect of wetlands on coastal surge levels is required. The degree to which wetlands attenuate surge is the subject of debate and difficult to assess. The potential of wetlands to reduce storm surge has typically been expressed as a constant attenuation rate, but the relationship is much more complex. A numerical storm surge model was applied to assess the sensitivity of surge response to specified wetland loss. Results suggest that wetlands do have the potential to reduce surges but the magnitude of attenuation is dependent on the surrounding coastal landscape and the strength and duration of the storm forcing. Numerical models that simulate the relevant physical processes can provide valuable information on how to best integrate wetlands into coastal protection plans. However, while the model applied for this study has displayed skill in estimating surges over wetlands, the formulations are missing key processes and model advancements are necessary.     

东方1-1海管悬跨分布特征及治理效果分析

海底管道对海上油气田安全生产有着非常重要的作用,对东方1-1海管进行了连续6年的无人有缆遥控水下机器人(remote operatedvehicle,ROV)调查,根据调查数据,分析了海管悬跨的分布特征以及变化情况,按海管悬跨严重程度进行了风险等级分区。结果表明在受水动力影响最大的深水平坦区海管悬跨分布密集,并有逐年加剧趋势,安全风险较大。并对悬跨形成机理和极限悬跨长度进行了分析和阐述。介绍了沙袋支撑和局部抛石填埋悬跨治理方法的原理和优缺点,对比分析了治理效果情况,认为局部抛石治理方法效果优于沙袋治理。     

Expression of branchial flavin-containing monooxygenase is directly correlated with salinity-induced aldicarb toxicity in the euryhaline fish (Oryzias latipes)

Earlier studies in our laboratory have demonstrated a reduction of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) activity when salt-water adapted euryhaline fish were transferred to water of less salinity. Since FMOs have been shown to be responsible for the bioactivation of the carbamate insecticide, aldicarb, to a more potent cholinesterase inhibitor, it would be predicted that euryhaline fish exposed to aldicarb at higher salinity should have greater levels of FMO and, hence, be more susceptible to aldicarb toxicity. It was not surprising, therefore, that mature female Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were significantly more susceptible to aldicarb toxicity at higher salinity. A direct correlation was observed between salinity and FMO expression, but salinity had no significant effect on the uptake of aldicarb. These data suggest that FMOs are upregulated by salinity and may be responsible for the enhanced toxicity of aldicarb at higher salinities.     

Public ocean literacy in the United States

The 2004 Pew Ocean Commission report suggests a need to improve public literacy about oceans. The authors of the report assume that enhancing public awareness and knowledge of oceans will lead to increased public support for ocean restoration efforts. Following this line of reasoning, our study investigates current levels of public knowledge and informedness concerning oceans, and also explores the correlates of knowledge holding. Using data gathered from a national random sample of 1233 citizens in Summer/Fall 2003, two hypotheses—trans-situational and situation-specific—are examined as explanations of public knowledge levels concerning ocean policy issues. The trans-situational hypothesis evaluates socioeconomic status (SES) as an explanation for levels of knowledge. The situation-specific hypothesis evaluates personal experiences and contexts that might overcome SES characteristics. We also examine the effect of information source use on knowledge holding. Findings suggest that both trans-situational and situation-specific hypotheses are useful in explaining knowledge levels. We also find that information sources, such as newspapers and the internet, are likely to improve citizen knowledge on ocean issues, while television and radio have a negative effect.     

海平面长期变化对推算多年一遇极值水位的影响

利用乳山口24a的年极值高、低水位和年平均海平面,分析讨论了平均海平面长期变化对推算多年一遇极值水位的影响.同时讨论了消除平均海平面中长期变化的途径.比较了消除平均海平面长期变化和保留这种变化情况下推算出的两种多年一遇极值水位,可以发现,对多年一遇高水位来说,保留平均海平面长期变化所得结果高于消除了的,而对多年一遇低水位而言,情况正好相反.