砂土中筒型基础沉放过程渗流特性和沉贯阻力研究

筒型基础的沉放是一项关键施工过程,沉放时土体在施工负压下产生渗流场,而渗流对基础筒壁的侧摩阻力和端阻力产生影响,导致沉贯阻力难以预测。针对这一问题,首先应用试验和数值模拟的方法,对筒型基础沉贯过程中的渗流特性进行分析,揭示筒壁两侧及筒端土体超孔隙水压力的分布;然后将分析结果应用于沉贯阻力的推导中,并对推导的公式进行验证。研究表明：筒型基础沉贯过程中,筒壁两侧土体的超孔隙水压力沿筒壁深度几乎呈线性变化,在接近筒端时出现非线性变化;不同的沉贯深度下,渗流对沉贯阻力的影响不同,随着沉贯深度的增加,减小的阻力占总沉贯阻力的比值越来越大;通过推导的理论公式计算的试验模型和实际工程的沉贯负压理论计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

软土狭长深基坑抗隆起破坏模式试验研究

针对软土地区基坑底土层为饱和软黏土的情况,设计了狭长深基坑的抗隆起离心模型试验,分析不同开挖深度和水位条件下的基坑围护墙弯矩、土压力分布、水平位移以及基坑隆起稳定破坏机制。基于离心模型试验的基本参数和工况,建立了有限元数值模型,分析试验工况基坑的抗隆起稳定性与破坏状态,并进行对比验证。试验结果表明：随着开挖深度和坑外水位的增加,坑底软土层产生向上的隆起变形,当隆起变形较大时,围护墙由于坑内土体侧向约束的减弱,底部产生较大的向坑内的水平位移,同时导致支撑轴力增大,基坑最终表现出围护墙绕某道支撑点向坑内的转动踢脚破坏。数值计算结果表明：随着坑外水位的升高,基坑抗隆起稳定性安全系数逐渐减小,当发生抗隆起稳定破坏时,基坑底产生较大的隆起位移,破坏机制与离心模型试验结果相同。     

渗流作用下软基心墙坝稳定性分析

基于心墙坝的渗流特性建立了渗流分析模型和坝坡渗透稳定分析模型,并进一步考虑坝下软土地基的压缩特性提出了与当前应力状态有关的软土层渗流分析模型,将所建模型应用于某水利枢纽主土坝典型软基断面不同运行工况的计算,详细分析了心墙的防渗作用和软土层变形对渗透稳定的不良影响。     

软基海堤结构稳定性研究

以软土地基上的海堤为研究对象,根据软土变形的时效特征和自重应力场与渗流场的耦合特性,建立了软土蠕变模型和渗流作用下的耦合应力场分析模型,将堤身、堤基作为整体进行了变形特性分析。并采用强度折减有限元法分析了海堤在自重、波浪力和渗透力耦合作用下的整体稳定性。分析结果表明：软基海堤结构处于多种荷载效应的综合作用之下,不仅对堤基和堤身断面的位移场和应力场影响较大,而且对其整体稳定性也有很大影响。通过计算值与实测值的对比,证明了所建计算模型和所采用的计算方法的正确和适用,所得结果具有理论意义和实用价值。     

静压钢管注浆微型桩抗压与抗拔对比试验研究

通过现场桩基承载力试验,对静压钢管注浆微型桩抗压与抗拔性能进行了对比分析。基于实测Q-s曲线,研究压力注浆工艺及注浆体积比对微型桩抗压极限承载力、抗拔极限承载力以及极限侧阻力的影响,分析注浆微型桩的桩土作用机理,对微型桩抗拔极限状态进行讨论,建议微型桩设计抗拔系数 极限抗拔位移。研究结果表明,软土地基中静压钢管注浆微型桩较未注浆钢管微型桩,桩基极限承载力提高显著,桩基抗拔性能良好。     

深基坑开挖卸荷对下卧既有地铁隧道的影响分析

长沙田汉大剧院地下空间商业项目一期基坑工程位于地铁1号线某区段正上方,坑底距隧道顶的最小距离约为6.2m。基坑坑底位于圆砾层中,地下水较丰富,考虑到降水对周边环境的影响,基坑工程采用封闭式止水帷幕并设置抗浮锚索。基坑开挖、降水引起的土体卸荷、地下水渗流,以及施工的抗浮锚索,共同影响坑底土体回弹,从而对下卧地铁隧道产生影响,如何分析与计算其影响成为该项工程的重点和难点。为此先通过两种常用的回弹变形估算方法计算坑底回弹量和隧道隆起位移;然后利用MIDAS GTS有限元软件建立三维数值分析模型,分别进行3种工况的模拟,包括不考虑地下水渗流影响并不采用抗浮锚索工况,考虑应力渗流耦合但不采用抗浮锚索工况,考虑应力渗流耦合并采用抗浮锚索工况。对比分析表明:帷幕渗透率较低时,考虑应力渗流耦合与不考虑渗流影响的坑底回弹和隧道隆起位移模拟结果基本一致;规范推荐估算方法在合理修正其卸荷应力,并确定合理的卸荷影响深度后,其计算结果与数值模拟结果相近。所得成果可为优化设计和施工提供有益的参考,并为类似工程提供借鉴。     

Numerical Simulation of Soil Squeezing Effects of a Jacked Pipe Pile in Soft Foundation Soil and in Foundation Soil with an Underlying Gravel Layer

A three-dimensional finite-element analysis was carried out using ABAQUS to evaluate the squeezing effects of a prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe pile, including land upheaval, lateral soil displacement, and soil stress field with depth-varying during pile-sinking. Field data used in the analysis were obtained from the settlement building project in Hefei City, Anhui Province, China. In coastal areas of China, PHC pipe piles are normally used for reinforcement of soft foundation. The changes of displacement with the increase of soil depth and radial distance during pile-sinking are simulated for both soft foundation and soft clay with an underlying gravel layer. The numerical simulation results show that there is little difference in land upheaval with soil depth during pile-sinking, and the obvious land upheaval occurs within 0.8 m from the center of the pile. The lateral soil displacement is evident within the area of 1.0 m from the axis of the PHC, decreases with the increase of radial distance during pile-sinking, and becomes negligible beyond 4.0 m. The existence of the gravel layer helps reduce soil squeezing substantially, and the soil squeezing effects during pile-sinking have less influence on the surrounding area of foundation with a gravel layer than that in a soft foundation soil without gravel layer.     

深软场地地铁狭长深基坑变形特征实测与已有统计结果的对比分析

以上海地区某深软场地地铁狭长深基坑为工程背景,对开挖引起的地表和周边建筑物沉降、地下连续墙侧移、墙顶和立柱竖向位移等的监测数据进行了详细地统计和分析,探讨了深软场地狭长深基坑变形的时空分布特征及其主要诱因。对比分析实测墙体最大侧移?hm和最大地表沉降?vm与已有统计结果和经验预测结果,结果表明深软场地狭长深基坑的变形时空效应非常明显。与已有上海地区深基坑工程实测统计得出的地表沉降预测结果相比,狭长基坑周围地表沉降曲线基本符合已有的经验预测结果,但与已有的实测统计结果相比,实测墙体最大侧移?hm和最大地表沉降?vm与开挖深度的比值平均线明显低于已有的统计结果,主要原因是针对地铁狭长深基坑特点采用的地连墙和多层内支撑的围护结构体系明显区别于一般深基坑的围护结构体系所造成的,表明该围护结构体系能够很好地控制狭长深基坑的变形发展。     

渗透压力对重力坝有限元分析的影响研究

针对有限元分析重力坝的应力和抗滑稳定性时,如何正确模拟作用在建基面上的扬压力的问题,通过对有限元法中不同扬压力施加方式对计算结果影响的分析比较,探讨了各自的适用性。采用平面渗流理论,分析了渗透压力对坝体变形、应力分布及抗滑稳定的影响。数值计算结果表明：坝体内渗流场形成后,将扬压力以面力的形式施加在建基面上的方法是不可取的;采用浮重度的方式模拟扬压力的作用,得出结果的可以近似地满足工程精度要求。计算结果还表明,防渗帷幕和排水孔对重力坝的应力、抗滑稳定具有较大的影响。     

软土地区双侧深基坑施工对邻近地铁车站及盾构隧道变形影响的分析

以某软土地区邻近地铁车站及盾构隧道的双侧深基坑工程为背景,运用ABAQUS数值计算软件对邻近地铁车站及盾构隧道的双侧深基坑施工进行数值模拟,研究了双侧深基坑施工过程对基坑坑内土体隆起与坑外土体沉降的影响,分析了双侧深基坑施工过程中地铁车站及盾构隧道变形情况,得出地铁车站及盾构隧道变形规律。计算结果表明:基坑内侧土体隆起最大值为54.3 mm;围护结构X向位移最大值为32.8 mm,Y向位移最大值为26.8 mm;车站竖向位移最大值发生在A1区开挖至坑底工况,最大值为6.8 mm,而车站水平位移最大值为7.6 mm;弯矩累计增量最大值155.9 kN·m/m,经计算,施工过程对车站主体结构影响很小;盾构隧道X向水平位移最大值为4.7 mm;而盾构隧道沉降最大值为3.8 mm,发生在A1区开挖至坑底工况。      

强震区软弱土层差异厚度下单桩动力响应振动台试验

为探明不同类型地震波作用下软弱土层差异厚度对单桩动力响应特性的影响,采用振动台试验,开展了不同软弱土层厚度变化下桩基础的加速度、水平位移、弯矩动力响应变化特性及桩基损伤分析。试验结果表明：地震波作用下,桩周土体的约束作用受软弱土层厚度的影响显著。桩身加速度在软弱土层中的放大效果最为显著,桩顶加速度放大系数与软弱土层厚度呈正相关;桩顶水平位移在软弱土层厚度最大时达到最大;桩身弯矩最大值出现在软弱土层中,随其厚度增大而增大。不同土层厚度下,桩身弯矩最大值均小于抗弯能力设计值,桩基完整性较好。桩基础抗震设计计算时,应重点加强桩基础在软弱土层中的抗震能力,并选择多种地震波进行抗震验算。     

软土地基水闸的基础防渗问题及处理

软基上的水闸基础多采用端承桩,由于地基为相对弱透水的软土层,容易忽略闸基的防渗处理,水闸建成后两侧填土发生沉降,带动地基土层沉降造成基础脱空,形成渗水通道,危及水闸以及大堤安全。本文针对该问题提出前截式防渗墙的加固方案,取得了较好的防渗效果。     

卡拉水电站坝区渗流控制效应精细模拟与评价

卡拉水电站坝址区河谷狭窄,岸坡陡峻,地质条件复杂,渗漏问题突出。为减小卡拉坝区渗漏并改善大坝的渗透稳定性,工程设计采取防渗帷幕、排水孔幕和排水洞等防渗排水措施。采用子结构、变分不等式和自适应罚函数相结合的方法（简称SVA方法）,结合典型溢流坝段与坝区整体渗流场分析成果,评价卡拉大坝及坝基渗流控制方案的合理性,并论证其优化的可能性。研究表明：①防渗帷幕有效雍高了帷幕上游侧岩体内的地下水位、增加了绕坝渗流的渗径长度并降低了坝基的扬压力,排水系统则显著降低了坝体内的孔隙水压力以及坝基扬压力;②排水孔幕间距对坝体内的自由面分布有着显著影响,排水孔幕间距取3.0～4.5 m是合适的。     

Nonlinear analysis of multilayer extensible geosynthetic-reinforced granular bed on soft soil

The paper presents a model for the analysis of granular foundation beds reinforced with several geosynthetic layers. Such reinforced granular beds are often placed on soft soil strata for an efficient and economical transfer of superstructure load. The granular bed is modeled by the Pasternak shear layer and the geosynthetic reinforcement layers by stretched rough elastic membranes. The soft soil is represented by a series of nonlinear springs. The reinforcement has been considered to be extensible and it is assumed that the deformation at the interface of the reinforcements and soil are same. The nonlinear behavior of the granular bed and the soft soil is considered. Plane strain conditions are considered for the loading and reinforced foundation soil system. An iterative finite difference scheme is applied for obtaining the solution and results are presented in nondimensional form. The results from the proposed model are compared to the results obtained for multilayer inextensible geosynthetic reinforcement system. Significant reduction in the settlement has been observed when the number of reinforcement layer is increased. In case of inextensible reinforcements as the number of reinforcement layer is increased the settlement is decreased with a decreasing rate, but in case of extensible reinforcement the reduction rate is almost constant. Nonlinear behavior of the soft soil decreases as number of reinforcement layer is increased. The effect of the stiffness of the geosynthetic layer on the settlement response becomes insignificant for multilayer reinforced system, but the mobilized tension in the reinforcement layers increases as the stiffness of the geosynthetic layers increases.     

软土中吸力式桶形基础倾覆承载性能离心模型试验

输电杆塔和风电机组基础主要承受上部结构倾覆弯矩荷载,倾覆承载性能是该类基础设计中的关键问题。针对饱和软黏土地基中的杆式结构桶形基础,通过开展位移控制循环加载、位移维持加载、力控制循环加载和单调静力加载离心模型试验,研究其倾覆承载能力。试验发现,当桶形基础达到极限承载力时其转动中心位置约在桶盖正下方0.8倍桶裙高度处;当循环倾覆弯矩幅值与极限抗弯承载力比值小于3/5时,桶形基础在循环过程中转角的累积难以持续增长,并逐渐趋于稳定;循环加载作用下土与结构相互作用刚度出现明显弱化,所获得的桶形基础循环弱化因子阈值约为0.15;位移维持加载的峰值荷载-位移曲线与单调静力加载的荷载-位移曲线较为一致,位移维持加载的谷值荷载-位移曲线对应的承载力较峰值荷载-位移曲线对应的承载力明显偏小,减少约30%～40%。     

离心模型试验模拟塑料排水板处理软土地基的方法和应用

采用大型土工离心机对某工程近海软土地基上堤坝施工期及运行期进行了模拟。试验中采用停机加载法模拟分级施工加载过程, 原型中采用塑料排水板固结法处理软土地基, 模型中则根据固结过程相似的原理, 换算成等效圆截面排水体, 在模型制作中采用等效透水滤芯进行模拟。根据激光位移传感器和孔隙水压力传感器数据可以得出相应原型软土地基的沉降特性和孔隙水压力变化情况。根据试验得到的沉降曲线, 采用"经验双曲线法"推算出了地基最终沉降, 然后得出按沉降推算的分层地基平均固结度随时间的变化。对比试验模拟得到的软土地基固结度和理论计算结果, 二者基本接近, 表明塑料排水板模拟方法用于离心模型试验是可行的。      

非均质土坝稳定性的渗流场和应力场耦合分析

綦于多孔介质的渗流特性和土的非线性本构关系，研究了渗流场与应力场的耦合效应，并针对一实际十坝建立了非线性耦合分析模型，探讨了位于软基之上的非均质土坝的渗流与应力耦合规律。分析结果表明，在渗流作用下，坝休和坝基中渗流与应力的相互作用是不应忽视的，其作用结果将会使土坝、特别足防渗心端附近应力水平和渗透坡降均有不同程度的提高，表明考虑渗流场和应力场耦合作用的计算结果对土坝稳定安全性不利。     

Comparative study of the compression and uplift of shallow foundations

This paper compares the compression and uplift capacity of a strip foundation from numerical coupled analyses using the Modified Cam Clay (MCC) soil model. The focus is on the failure mechanism and pore pressure development in the soil. Triaxial compression and tension tests were first modelled to develop a rigorous understanding of the pore pressure responses; then, the compression and uplift of a strip foundation were modelled. The results show that the balance of excess pore pressures due to the changes in mean total stress and deviatoric stress during the compression and uplift of a strip foundation are different, although the ultimate undrained capacities are identical. Furthermore, the resistance and excess pore pressure responses during uplift differ from those in compression under the K₀-consolidated condition because of the elastic unloading. Although the failure mechanisms have identical shape and size between undrained compression and uplift, the pore pressure distribution in the soil is different and affects the load–displacement behaviours under partially drained compression and uplift.     

真空联合堆载预压下软土路基的位移和孔压监测分析

根据某一级公路软土路基的各类监测数据结果,详细地分析了地表沉降、孔隙水压力、土体水平位移等随时间和空间的变化规律,结果表明:淤泥层的沉降量占路基总沉降量的65%,低液限黏土层(15m以下)的水平位移较小,这与其土体强度较大有关; 由于过快的填筑速率可能促使总的超静孔隙水压力大于0,所以在堆载过程中需要对孔压数据进行密切观测,以防止路基失稳; 加固区30m以外基本无地表水平位移,软基处理过程不会对江堤安全性产生影响; 结合孔压和土体分层沉降可知,真空联合堆载预压的有效影响深度可以达到排水板以下2m的范围。     

Numerical study of dewatering in a large deep foundation pit

During foundation pit excavation, groundwater is often the most important factor that affects pit stability. Dewatering is widely used in pit excavation to avoid uplift of excavation floors due to high water pressure. The characteristics of seepage in small-scale deep foundation pits of high-rise buildings or in the long narrow foundation pits of subway stations have been extensively investigated. However, the characteristics of seepage in large-scale deep excavations have not been studied. This paper investigates the large deep excavation of the buildings in Oriental Fisherman’s Wharf. The total area of the construction site is 33,917 m². Single-well and group-well field pumping tests were performed and a numerical simulation by 3D finite difference method (FDM) was carried out. The simulation used results from the field pumping tests. The permeability parameters of the confined aquifer were then revised, based upon comparisons of simulation and observation results. Subsequently, dewatering schemes were simulated by FDM forward analysis. The simulation results show that dewatering schemes can minimize seepage and uplift in large excavation pits, though settlement outside the pit may need treatment measures.