Experimental Research on the Erosion Pattern and Protection Using the Extended Modelling Method

-In the paper the extended modelling method with serial sands is used in an experimental re-search on the erosion patterns at the discharge outlet of a beach Hua-Neng power plant.The theoretical ba-sis for the extended modelling method with serial sands is systematically presented in the paper and themethod has been successfully employed in the sediment experiment of coastal works.According to theFroude Law,the model is designed to be a normal one with movable bed,the geometric scaleλ_L=λ_H=15,and three scales of sediment grain size are chosen,i.e.,λ_(d1)=0.207;λ_(d2)=0.393;andλ_(d3)=0.656.The median particle diameter of sea beach prototype sand d_(50p)=0.059mm and the dis-changed water flow of the power plant is 21.7m~3/s.Three types of natural sea sands have been chosen asthe serial modelling sands to extend the simulation of the prototype,thus replacing the conventional test inwhich artificial lightweight sands are used.As a result,this method can not only reduce the costsignificantly,but also it     

Radiation Energetics of the Ocean–Atmosphere System and the Earth Derived from Satellite Data

Within the framework of a correct model, by using long-term satellite information, we study the relations radiation–cloudiness, which are the most important characteristics of energy redistribution between the ocean and the atmosphere. They determine the spatial, seasonal, and interannual oscillations of solar and long-wave radiation in these media and stimulate circulation processes. The annual radiation regime of land and polar oceanic areas shows the present tendency towards global warming. On the average for a year, the radiation budget of the ocean–atmosphere system for the latitudinal zone between 63°N–63°S is stable towards significant variations of the conditions of cloudiness. In this region, the World Ocean acts as a factor stabilizing the global climate. The Earth represents a self-regulating system at the present stage of its evolution, and its climate varies slightly according to certain cycles.     

Satellite altimeter observations of nonlinear Rossby eddy–Kuroshio interaction at the Luzon Strait

Satellite altimeter sea level data from 1993 to 2008 are used to analyze the interaction of nonlinear Rossby eddies with the Kuroshio at the Luzon Strait (LS). The sea level anomaly data show that the west Pacific (WP) is a source of nonlinear Rossby eddies, and the South China Sea (SCS) is a sink. The LS serves as a gateway between the two. The scale analysis indicates that eddies with a radius larger than 150 km are strong enough to significantly alter the Kuroshio and are able to modify the local circulation pattern. Statistical analysis indicates that the probability for eddies to penetrate through the Kuroshio may reach at least 60%. A case study of an anticyclonic mesoscale eddy passing through the LS in June–July 2004 indicates that the Kuroshio behaves as an unsteady flow with its stream path frequently modified, in a way of cutting off, meandering and branching during its interaction with the eddy. We therefore suggest that nonlinear Rossby eddies may play a significant role in modification of the local circulation system near the LS and in exchanges of the mass, momentum and energy between the WP and the SCS.     

Comparison of Field and Satellite Data on the Total Cloudiness for the Atlantic Ocean in the Period 2004–2014

Oceanology - The aim of this study is to compare satellite measurements of the total cloudiness with visual observations of clouds. This makes it possible to compare “different...     

Monitoring the State of the Landslide Zone on the Bureya River in 2018–2019 with Radar and Optical Satellite Images

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Results are presented from monitoring the current state of the area of the landslide on the Bureya River in 2018–2019 using images from synthetic...     

Study the Mechanism of Surface Chlorophyll–a Variability in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean Using an OGCM

Eleven years (1997–2007) of SeaWiFS observations and Ocean General Circulation Model sensitivity experiments are used to understand chlorophyll–a variability in the southern tropical Indian Ocean. The strong offshore Ekman transport forced by anomalous southeasterly winds are responsible for inducing higher chlorophyll-a in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. In the case of the southwest tropical Indian Ocean, Rossby waves and local upwelling are responsible for lifting the phytoplankton from deep chlorophyll maxima to the surface. Both intraseasonal dynamical response and interannual forcing are responsible for the phytoplankton blooming in the western basin, whereas the interannual forcing is mainly responsible in the east.     

Cyclical Variations in the Surface Temperature in the Sea of Okhotsk and Adjacent Waters,According to 1998–2018 Satellite Data

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - A series of monthly mean values of the surface temperature in August are created for the Sea of Okhotsk and adjacent waters using 21 years’ worth...     

Climate-Related Changes in the Vegetation Cover of the Taiga and Tundra of West Siberia over the Period of 1982–2015 Based on Satellite Data

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - This paper presents the results of a trend and correlation analysis of the air temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)...     

Tendencies in Coccolithophorid Blooms in Some Marine Environments of the Northern Hemisphere according to the Data of Satellite Observations in 1998–2013

Based on the method developed for the delineation of E. huxleyi blooms, a new technique is achieved for (1) the automated detection of E. huxleyi blooms among coexisting massive blooms of microalgae species of other phytoplankton groups and (2) quantifying the boom surface of this type of coccolithophores. As a result, according to the data of the Climate Change Initiative Ocean Colour (OC CCI) for 1998–2013, we have obtained multiyear time series of variability in both the incidence of E. huxleyi bloom and its area in the North, Norwegian, Greenland, Barents, and Bering seas. It is found that E. huxleyi blooms propagate within the intra-annual cycle from the studied middle-latitude marine areas towards the northern areas of the Northern Atlantic Ocean (NAO) and the Arctic Ocean (AO) following the pathways of the main Gulfstream and its branches. It is also found that E. huxleyi blooms are formed annually, initially in the vicinity of the British Islands; then they successively emerge in the northward direction following the western coast of the Great Britain, turn over its northern extremity to reach, firstly, the North Sea (in May), the Norwegian Sea, and finally the Greenland Sea (in June). Then they burst out in the Barents Sea, where the typical period of blooming lasts until late August and, in some years, even to mid-September. We determine the patterns of maximal rates and duration of blooms for each of the seas studied in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. As for the Bering Sea, the temporal and spatial variability in the growth of E. huxleyi has an irregular pattern: after a period of remarkably high expression of this phenomenon in 1998–2001, there was an abrupt decrease in both the number and, especially, extent of bloom areas.     

2015–2016 Seasonal Variations of Backscattering from Natural Coverage in the Moscow Region Based on Radar Data from the Sentinel 1A Satellite

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - In this paper, we discuss the time series of the coefficient of backscattering from forest cover and unused land in the Moscow region based on 29 C-band...     

Development of the Mesoscale Cyclone of September 1–3, 2015, according to Satellite and Numerical Simulation Data

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - A mesoscale cyclone, which developed in early September 2015 over the ice-free Laptev Sea and then, gradually intensifying, moved towards the East...     

Numerical Modeling of Tropical Cyclone-Induced Storm Surge in the Gulf of Oman Using a Storm Surge–Wave–Tide Coupled Model

Ocean Science Journal - A storm surge is a complex phenomenon in which current, tide, and waves interact with each other. Even if the wind is the main force of driving the surge, waves and tide are...     

Using conservation as a tool to resolve conflict: Establishing the Piran–Savudrija international Marine Peace Park

Border disputes between neighbouring States are a regular occurrence and have the potential to undermine relations at national, regional, local and even individual level. In this instance the conflict over Piran Bay in the Northern Adriatic Sea has led to conflict between the neighbouring States of Croatia and Slovenia. The lack of resolution of this conflict resulted in Croatia being delayed in its accession into the European Union (EU). The border dispute remains unresolved and will go to international arbitration in 2013. Yet it is unlikely that arbitration will provide a solution agreeable to all stakeholders. It is likely that residual feelings of injustice will remain, especially at local level. Analysis of the political context of the dispute and recognition of the biological importance of the region has led to opportunity to combine politics and biological conservation to establish an International Marine Peace Park (IMPP) as a potential mitigation measure to help resolve the conflict. This initiative aims to develop regional ownership over a shared marine space linking the local communities of Slovenia and Croatia that co-habit the adjacent Istrian peninsula. The area of the proposed Piran–Savudrija IMPP hosts numerous habitat types and species which are representative of the region and are of international and national conservation importance. The policies and opportunities associated with EU accession provide the potential political, economic and environmental frameworks to develop a regional agency or a bi-national steering committee for the management of the area. This could allow local communities to develop equitable management and restore good relations while preserving an important regionally representative marine area.     

Study of Ozone Layer Variability near St. Petersburg on the Basis of SBUV Satellite Measurements and Numerical Simulation (2000–2014)

A comparison between the numerical simulation results of ozone fields with different experimental data makes it possible to estimate the quality of models for their further use in reliable forecasts of ozone layer evolution. We analyze time series of satellite (SBUV) measurements of the total ozone column (TOC) and the ozone partial columns in two atmospheric layers (0–25 and 25–60 km) and compare them with the results of numerical simulation in the chemistry transport model (CTM) for the low and middle atmosphere and the chemistry climate model EMAC. The daily and monthly average ozone values, short-term periods of ozone depletion, and long-term trends of ozone columns are considered; all data sets relate to St. Petersburg and the period between 2000 and 2014. The statistical parameters (means, standard deviations, variations, medians, asymmetry parameter, etc.) of the ozone time series are quite similar for all datasets. However, the EMAC model systematically underestimates the ozone columns in all layers considered. The corresponding differences between satellite measurements and EMAC numerical simulations are (5 ± 5)% and (7 ± 7)% and (1 ± 4)% for the ozone column in the 0–25 and 25–60 km layers, respectively. The correspondent differences between SBUV measurements and CTM results amount to (0 ± 7)%, (1 ± 9)%, and (–2 ± 8)%. Both models describe the sudden episodes of the ozone minimum well, but the EMAC accuracy is much higher than that of the CTM, which often underestimates the ozone minima. Assessments of the long-term linear trends show that they are close to zero for all datasets for the period under study.     

Application of Models of the Earth’s Crust-Depth Structure Based on GOCE Satellite Gravitational Data for Forecasting and Prospecting Pb–Zn Deposits in the Arctic Zone of Russia

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The results of a comparative metallogenic spatial analysis based on GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) data, which allows...     

Analysis of Methane Concentration Anomalies over Burned Areas of the Boreal and Arctic Zone of Eastern Siberia in 2018–2019 Using TROPOMI Data

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Results are presented from a spatiotemporal analysis of dynamics of the methane concentrations over Yakutia in May–September 2018–2019,...     

Using input–output methods to assess the effects of fishing and aquaculture on a regional economy: The case of Galicia,Spain

This paper uses an input–output model to quantify the socioeconomic impact of fishing and aquaculture on Galicia, one of Spain's most important maritime regions. Results indicate that the carryover effects of these production activities are important for Galicia's economy because they contribute not only to job creation but also to possibilities for obtaining income in other economic sectors. These sectors’ combined production in 2013 was almost a million euros, and that production was estimated to account for nearly 2% of the regional economy's value added and for more than 17,000 full-time jobs. Together these contributions amounted to some €1.7 billion in production and €975 million in value added to other Galician economic activities. At the same time, fishing and aquaculture were responsible for creating the equivalent of more than 14,000 full-time jobs in other economic activities.     

Determining the Post-Fire State of Vegetation on the Territory of Ivano–Arakhley Nature Park (Zabaikal’sky Krai) Using Radar Sentinel 1 and Optical Sentinel 2 Data

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Results are presented from an analysis of multitemporal data obtained via satellite monitoring of the state of vegetation on the territory of...