饲料中添加还原型谷胱甘肽对牙鲆生长和抗氧化能力的影响

以酪蛋白、明胶为主要蛋白源配制精制基础饲料,添加不同浓度梯度的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),饲料中GSH的含量分别为0、97.96、189.92、371.84、688.72和1 063.56 mg.kg-1,在流水式养殖系统中分别投喂初始体质量为(9.49±0.22)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼,8周后观测各组牙鲆的生长情况及机体的抗氧化状态。结果表明,饲料中添加外源的GSH对牙鲆成活率没有显著影响(P>0.05);牙鲆增重率(WGR)在饲料GSH含量为371.84 mg.kg-1时达到最大值,显著高于其它各组(P<0.05);饲料GSH添加组牙鲆肝脏中GSH的含量显著高于零添加组(P<0.05);各处理组肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)的含量没有显著差异(P>0.05);肝脏中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活力随饲料中GSH含量的升高呈现先降低后上升的趋势,并在饲料中GSH含量为371.84 mg.kg-1时达到最低值;肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活力没有受到饲料中GSH含量的显著影响(P>0.05);饲料中GSH含量为371.84 mg.kg-1时,肝脏中总抗氧化力(T-AOC)显著高于1 063.56 mg.kg-1组(P<0.05),谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活力显著低于其它各组(P<0.05)。根据WGR的实验数据,利用折线模型得到牙鲆幼鱼饲料中GSH的适宜含量为368.92 mg.kg-1,过高或过低都会对生长造成负面影响,抑制机体抗氧化能力,增加机体氧化压力。     

氨氮胁迫对刺参生理健康指标的影响

研究了氨氮胁迫对刺参(Apostichopus japonicas)免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,氨氮染毒梯度设置为:对照组(自然海水)、0.5、1.25mg/L处理组,取样时间为0、2、6、12、24和48h,分别取刺参体腔液和体壁组织,测定体腔液总体腔细胞数量、凝集活性、溶菌和抗菌活力以及体壁、体腔液总抗氧化活力(TAOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、还原型/氧化型谷胱甘肽含量比值(GSH/GSSG)。结果表明:氨氮胁迫对刺参免疫和抗氧化指标影响显著(P0.05),而对照组无明显变化。各处理组总体腔细胞数量、溶菌活力分别在48、12h内呈峰值变化,分别于12、6h达到最小值和最大值,然后恢复至对照组水平,各处理组抗菌活力、凝集活性随胁迫时间呈下降趋势,1.25mg/L染毒组抗菌活力在12h后明显低于对照组水平。各处理组体壁T-AOC、SOD活力和GSH含量、GSH/GSSG分别在48、12h内呈峰值变化,均于6h时达到最大值,分别于48h时和24h后显著低于或恢复至对照组水平;各处理组体腔液T-AOC、SOD活力和GSH含量实验时间内呈下降趋势,分别在6、12和6h后显著低于对照组水平,然后保持稳定,而GSH/GSSG与对照组无明显差异。由此可见,氨氮对刺参免疫和抗氧化指标具有明显的抑制效应,其中体壁、体腔液T-AOC、SOD活力和体腔液GSH含量表现出显著的时间-剂量效应,可作为刺参在氨氮胁迫下生理健康的评价指标。     

养殖密度对银鲳幼鱼生长、代谢酶活力及其相关基因表达的影响

采用为期40d的饲养试验, 探讨养殖密度(30尾·m^-3、60尾·m^-3和90尾·m^-3)对初始平均体质量为(3.88±0.72)g的银鲳幼鱼生长、肝脏和肾脏中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的酶活力以及相应基因mRNA表达的影响。结果显示: 1) 60尾·m^-3组银鲳幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率分别为(235.19±10.23)%和(4.03±0.10)%, 显著高于30尾·m^-3组(p<0.05), 而与90尾·m^-3组无显著性差异(p>0.05); 2) 90尾·m^-3组银鲳幼鱼的酶活力变化最显著, 30尾·m^-3组的变化幅度最小, 60尾·m^-3组介于两者之间; 3) 肝脏和肾脏中LDH、ALT、AST酶活力均呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中肝脏中LDH、ALT、AST酶活力高峰分别出现在6h、10d和10d, 是初始值的2倍、4.3倍和2倍, 肾脏中3种酶活力峰值则分别出现在1d、3d和5d, 是初始值的2.1倍、2.2倍和3.1倍; 4) AST、ALT、LDH等3种酶基因mRNA表达量变化规律与各自酶活力变化规律一致。综上所述, 养殖密度60尾·m^-3时可促进银鲳幼鱼生长, 90尾·m^-3高密度养殖会导致银鲳幼鱼额外能量的需求增加, 糖异生相关基因mRNA表达量上调使肝脏、肾脏中AST、ALT、LDH酶活力显著升高, 最终出现生长变慢的情况。     

噻唑烷酸对肝组织GSH含量的影响及其作用机制的研究

建立丁胱亚磺酰亚胺(L-Buthionine Sulfoximine,BSO)排空小鼠肝组织谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)模型,研究噻唑烷酸(N-acetyl-glucosamine-thiazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid,GlcNAcCys)提高肝组织GSH含量,保护肝脏免受外源性毒物、药物损伤的可能机制。正常对照组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,BSO组及GlcNAcCys不同剂量组小鼠注射BSO(6mmol/kg体质量,i.p.)。2 h后,正常对照组和BSO组注射生理盐水,GlcNAcCys低、中、高剂量组分别注射不同剂量的GlcNAcCys(200、4009、00 mg/kg体质量)。6 h后,用Ellman’s法测定肝匀浆总巯基(Total Sulfhydryl,T-SH)含量;荧光分光光度法测定GSH含量;用试剂盒检测肝匀浆中谷胱甘肽还原酶(Glutathione Reductase,GR)和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase,GST)活性;RT-PCR法检测谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(Glutamyl-L-cysteine Ligase,GCL)基因表达。GlcNAcCys能够提高肝匀浆中T-SH和GSH含量,增强抗氧化酶GR、GST活性,RT-PCR结果显示,GlcNAcCys能够诱导GCL mRNA的表达。GlcNAcCys能够提高肝组织T-SH、GSH的含量,增强GST、GR酶活力,增强肝脏的解毒功能,保护肝脏免受毒性中间代谢物的损伤。GlcNAcCys提高肝组织T-SH、GSH含量的机制与其诱导GCLmRNA的表达有关。     

盐度变化对黑鲷生长激素及其受体的影响

将海水鱼类黑鲷Sparusmacrocephalus从盐度为26.6的海水直接转入淡水,考察渗透压的急剧降低对黑鲷的生长激素(growthhormone,GH)及其受体(growthhormonereceptor,GHR)等生理指标的影响。研究发现:(1)黑鲷从海水直接转入淡水后48h有33%的鱼死亡,对照组无死亡现象;(2)黑鲷在转入淡水48h内其血清生长激素(GH)含量、肝脏及鳃中GHR及GHRmRNA含量与对照组均无显著差异;(3)黑鲷在转入淡水48h后其肾脏中GHR含量较对照组显著升高(p<0.05),肾脏中GHRmRNA含量在24h及48h显著高于对照组(p<0.05)。结果表明,从GH含量看,黑鲷从海水环境到淡水低渗环境与鲑鳟鱼类从淡水到海水环境的适应性调节机制有差异,而黑鲷肾脏中GHR的含量变化可能参与黑鲷对外界环境渗透压的这种急剧降低的适应性调节。     

摄食鱿鱼对小鼠脂质代谢的影响

研究高胆固醇食物鱿鱼对小鼠脂质代谢的影响.Balb/c小鼠按体重随机分为酪蛋白对照组、鱿鱼添加组6%、9%和12%(以蛋白质含量计)、猪肉添加组12%(以蛋白质含量计),喂食3周.分别检测血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-c)和肝脏TC,TG含量.称量小鼠体重,肝脏、肾脏重量以及精巢脂肪重量;观察小鼠进食量并计算食物功效比(FER).猪肉、鱿鱼添加组体重增加均较酪蛋白组明显,鱿鱼添加组肝脏重量较对照组显著增加,而猪肉添加组则显著降低(P<0.05).不同添加量的鱿鱼对小鼠血清TC水平均有显著降低作用,而猪肉则明显提升小鼠血清TC含量.鱿鱼添加组小鼠血清TG、HDL-c浓度及AI均较对照组有不同程度的降低.另一方面,鱿鱼各浓度添加组对小鼠肝脏TC及TG含量均有明显的增加作用.摄食鱿鱼与猪肉对小鼠血清和肝脏脂肪代谢的影响显著不同,进食鱿鱼有助于降低血清中胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量,摄食鱿鱼并不增加动脉粥样硬化的危险性.     

急性热应激对大菱鲆血液生化指标的影响

为探讨大菱鲆(Scophthalmusmaximus)大规格幼鱼热耐受性和热应激过程中敏感指标的变化,本研究设定18℃、21℃、24℃和27℃4个温度梯度,采用1℃/h的升温速率,对驯化温度为18±1℃的苗种进行96 h急性胁迫实验,统计各温度组96 h成活率和测定血浆部分生化指标的变化情况。结果表明,在pH 7.85、盐度29.5和溶解氧高于6.5 mg/L的环境条件下,平均体质量183.65±15.99 g的大菱鲆幼鱼96h高起始致死温度(UILT50)为28.05℃;温度和胁迫时间对血浆肾上腺素(EPI)、皮质醇(Cortisol)、血糖(GLU)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)含量/活性都存在显著影响,除GSH外,温度和胁迫时间存在显著的交互影响作用;热应激组血浆EPI含量随胁迫时间延长呈逐渐上升趋势,同一胁迫时间以21℃组含量最高;热应激组Cortisol含量的响应时间随温度升高相应提前、随胁迫时间呈先升后降的趋势,均在48 h达最高值; 24℃和27℃组GLU含量随胁迫时间呈先升后降趋势,胁迫3h～6h即达最高值,上升幅度与温度正相关,21℃组则呈逐渐升高的趋势;热应激组GSH含量和SOD活性仅在胁迫初期(0 h～3 h)与对照组存在显著差异;热应激组AKP活性处理12 h显著低于对照组, 48 h后则显著高于对照组,且升高幅度与温度呈正相关。     

菲和Cd2+单一及复合污染对毛蚶氧化胁迫效应的比较

采用半静态染毒实验研究了菲和Cd²⁺单一及复合污染下胁迫9 d和清水释放2 d过程中毛蚶体内活性氧(ROS)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性的变化。结果表明,菲和Cd²⁺单独胁迫能诱导毛蚶体内ROS含量的增加及GSH含量、GST活性的降低,且随染毒浓度的增加,对各指标影响愈明显,存在剂量-效应关系。毛蚶体内GSH和GST的变化趋势具有一致性。菲和Cd²⁺复合污染对毛蚶体内的氧化胁迫效应整体大于二者单独污染。在清水释放阶段,单一及复合污染胁迫组各指标均能恢复至对照组水平。表明毛蚶体内抗氧化系统适合作为监测海洋多环芳烃和重金属复合污染的生物标志物。     

乌贼墨黑色素对铅中毒小鼠的排铅作用及其对体内钙、锌和铜含量的影响

本文研究了乌贼墨黑色素对铅中毒小鼠的排铅作用及对小鼠体内钙、锌和铜含量的影响。采用48只小鼠为实验对象,按体质量随机分为阴性对照组,醋酸铅模型对照组,乌贼墨黑色素低(50mg/kg)、中(100mg/kg)、高(200mg/kg)剂量组以及阳性对照组(1.5g/60 kg),除阴性对照组外其余各组均每天腹腔注射醋酸铅溶液(7mg/kg)10天。第11天起各剂量组用乌贼墨黑色素灌胃,阴性对照组及醋酸铅模型对照组灌胃去离子水,阳性对照组灌胃二巯基丁二酸(DMSA),连续进行28d。采用原子吸收分光光度法测定小鼠的血液、肝、肾及脑组织中的铅、钙、锌和铜的含量。研究发现乌贼墨黑色素高剂量组(200mg/kg)显著降低了血铅含量,下降28.15%;乌贼墨黑色素中剂量组(100mg/kg)显著降低了肝铅含量,下降15.89%。同时,乌贼墨黑色素高剂量组对铅中毒小鼠肝铜、肾锌以及脑锌的含量高于醋酸铅模型对照组(P0.05),而与阴性对照组相比无统计学差异(P0.05)。以上结果表明高剂量、中剂量乌贼墨黑色素对血铅与肝铅有一定的排铅作用,同时高剂量的乌贼墨黑色素对小鼠肝脏中的铜、肾脏中的锌以及脑中的锌有保护作用。     

急性温度应激对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生化指标和肝脏HSP70 mRNA 表达的影响

采用温度应激的方法,将尼罗罗非鱼在26℃下驯养3周后,直接放入16℃、21℃、26℃(对照)、31℃和35℃水环境中,在不同温度应激后(0—24h)对鱼体血液和肝脏生化指标及其肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量变化进行了研究。结果表明,各实验组(除对照组外)血清皮质醇水平显著上升(P<0.05)。16℃组血清葡萄糖水平在24h时显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。血清总蛋白水平与谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶活力和肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量在0—24h内基本呈先上升后下降的变化。24h后,16℃组血清甘油三酯含量显著上升,而胆固醇含量显著下降(P<0.05)。16℃和35℃组肝脏丙二醛含量随着应激时间的延长而上升,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力均呈先上升后下降的变化。温度应激可显著改变罗非鱼的非特异性免疫力、抗氧化能力以及肝脏HSP70mRNA的表达水平。在实际养殖生产中,应密切关注温度的变化,降低温度胁迫对鱼体免疫机能的影响。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.