Antiplane response of a dike with flexible soil-structure interface to incident SH waves

Studies of the effects of differential ground motions on structural response generally do not consider the effects of the soil-structure interaction. On the other end, studies of soil-structure interaction commonly assume that the foundation of the structure (surface or embedded) is rigid. The former ignore the scattering of waves from the foundation and radiation of energy from the structure back to the soil, while the latter ignore quasi-static forces in the foundations and lower part of the structure deforming due to the wave passage. This paper studies a simple model of a dike but considers both the soil-structure interaction and the flexibility of the foundation. The structure is represented by a wedge resting on a half-space and excited by incident plane SH-waves. The structural ‘foundation’ is a flexible surface that can deform during the passage of seismic waves. The wave function expansion method is used to solve for the motions in the half-pace and in the structure. The displacements and stresses in the structure are compared with those for a fixed-base model shaken by the free-field motion. The results show large displacements near the base of the structure due to the differential motion of the base caused by the wave passage.     

A seismic free field input model for FE-SBFE coupling in time domain

A seismic free field input formulation of the coupling procedure of the finite element (FE) and the scaled boundary finite-element (SBFE) is proposed to perform the unbounded soil-structure interaction analysis in time domain. Based on the substructure technique, seismic excitation of the soil-structure system is represented by the free-field motion of an elastic half-space. To reduce the computational effort, the acceleration unit-impulse response function of the unbounded soil is decomposed into two functions; linear and residual. The latter converges to zero and can be truncated as required. With the prescribed tolerance parameter, the balance between accuracy and efficiency of the procedure can be controlled. The validity of the model is verified by the scattering analysis of a hemi-spherical canyon subjected to plane harmonic P, SV and SH wave incidence. Numerical results show that the new procedure is very efficient for seismic problems within a normal range of frequency. The coupling procedure presented herein can be applied to linear and nonlinear earthquake response analysis of practical structures which are built on unbounded soil. Supproted by: the National Key Basic Research and Development Program under Grant No. 2002CB412709     

Scattering of vertically-incident P-waves by an embedded pile

An exact theoretical formulation is presented for the analysis of a thin-walled pile embedded in an elastic half-space under vertically-incident P-wave excitation. In the framework of three-dimensional elastodynamics and a shell theory, the axisymmetrical wave-scattering problem is shown to be reducible to a set of Fredholm boundary integral equations. With the incorporation of the singular characteristics of the wave-induced contact load distributions into the solution scheme, a computational boundary element method is developed for a rigorous treatment of the seismic soil-structure interaction problem. Typical results for the dynamic contact load distributions, displacements, complex-valued foundation input motion functions, and resonant pile foundation response are included for direct engineering applications.     

A simple boundary element formulation and its application to wavefield excited soil-structure interaction

A simple boundary element formulation which is based directly on the point load solutions for an elastic full-space is presented. It is integrated in a finite element program to calculate dynamic soil-structure interaction problems. The combined boundary and finite element method is applied to structures which are excited by horizontally propagating waves in the soil. For three different types of flexible structure-elastic beams, low and high (square) shear walls-and the corresponding rigid structures the vibration modes and the soil-structure transfer functions have been investigated. The flexible foundations display the same wave pattern as the exciting free-field of the soil, but the amplitudes are reduced with increasing frequency, depending on the stiffness or wave resistance of the structure. Rigid structures show, in part, quite different behaviour, giving free-field reductions caused by kinematic and inertial soil-structure interaction.     

Implementation of effective seismic input for soil-structure interaction systems

A previously introduced method for transmitting effective seismic excitation to a discretized soil-structure system implemented. The method permits free-field excitation of a linear soil system to be specified within the regie of computation, arbitrarily close to a zone that includes the (possibly non-linear) structure and local subgrade and bae, thus eliminating the need to transmit the seismic excitation through artificial boundaries. This approach is demonse through a numerical example comprising a linear, two-dimensional system. Some comments also are made on the rere efficiencies of various local absorbing boundaries.     

Response of L-shaped rigid foundations embedded in a uniform half-space to traveling seismic waves

A simplified indirect boundary element method is applied to compute the impedance functions for L-shaped rigid foundations embedded in a homogeneous viscoelastic half-space. In this method, the waves generated by the 3D vibrating foundation are constructed from radiating sources located on the actual boundary of the foundation. The impedance functions together with the free-field displacements and tractions generated along the soil–foundation interface are used to calculate the foundation input motion for incident P, S and Rayleigh waves. This is accomplished by application of Iguchi's averaging method which, in turn, is verified by comparison with results obtained rigorously using the relation between the solutions of the basic radiation (impedance functions) and scattering (input motions) problems. Numerical results are presented for both surface-supported and embedded foundations. It is shown how the seismic response of L-shaped foundations with symmetrical wings differs from that of enveloping square foundations. The effects of inclination and azimuth of the earthquake excitation are examined as well. These results should be of use in analyses of soil–structure interaction to account for the traveling wave effects usually overlooked in practice.     

地下隧道轴向地震动土作用分析

以弹性基岩上覆层状场地中刚性衬砌隧道为模型,采用间接边界元方法求解衬砌隧道所受的沿轴向地震动土作用,通过参数分析揭示轴向动土作用的幅值大小、空间分布等基本规律。研究表明,土-隧道动力相互作用对地震动土作用的空间分布形式影响较小,但对地下隧道所受地震动土作用峰值大小具有显著影响,隧道主要位置点的地震动土作用峰值与隧道相应位置处自由场土层应力相比放大1.7~2.4倍。论文最后提出一个轴向地震动土作用的简化计算方法。     

Property estimation of free-field sand in 1-g shaking table tests

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration - Experimental data taken from free-field soil in 1-g shaking table tests are valuable for seismic studies on soil-structure interaction. But the...     

Correlation of predicted seismic response using hybrid modelling with EPRI/TPC lotung experimental data

The hybrid modelling method is presented herein along with the equivalent linearization method to take account of the strain-dependent non-linearity of soils in a soil-structure interaction (SSI) seismic analysis. A refined substructuring of the soil-structure system is utilized and two separate analyses are made to determine the soil free-field and SSI motions induced by earthquake excitation. This method is used to predict the seismic response of a 1/4-scale containment model built in the seismically active area of Lotung, Taiwan. The results obtained show excellent correlation with the field test results.     

Dynamic soil–structure interaction effects on the seismic response of suspension bridges

A stochastic approach has been formulated for the linear analysis of suspension bridges subjected to earthquake excitations. The transfer functions of various responses have been formulated while including the effects of dynamic Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) via the use of the fixed-base modes of the structure. The excitation has been characterized by the ‘equivalent stationary’ processes corresponding to the free-field motions at each support and by an assumed coherency function between these motions. The proposed formulation considers the non-stationarity in the structural response due to sudden application of excitation by considering (i) the time-dependent frequency response functions, and (ii) the order statistics formulation for the peak factors in evolutionary response processes. The formulation has been illustrated by analysing the seismic response of the Golden Gate Bridge at San Francisco for two example excitations conforming to USNRC-specified design spectra. The significance of various governing parameters on the dynamic soil–structure interaction effects on the seismic response of suspension bridges has also been studied. It has been found that the contribution of the vertical component of ground motion to the bridge response increases with increasing soil compliance. Also, the extent to which the spatial variation of ground motion affects the bridge response depends on how significant the SSI effects are. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Soil-structure interaction in the seismic response of an isolated three span motorway overcrossing founded on piles

The effects of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of an isolated three span motorway overcrossing founded on piles are investigated by considering a real bridge located along the A14 Motorway in central Italy. The dynamic and mechanical properties of the soils are obtained from a comprehensive geotechnical characterization of the sites. Ten triplets of real accelerograms, defined at the outcropping bedrock, are adopted and processed by local response analyses to capture the site amplification effects and the free-field motions within the deposits. The soil-structure interaction effects are evaluated by means of the substructure method by comparing the seismic response of the structures with those obtained from conventional fixed base models. Analyses demonstrate that the soil-foundation dynamic compliance as well as the energy loss due to radiation damping dot not modify significantly the overall behaviour of the isolated bridges, while soil-structure interaction may increase deformations and forces on the isolation devices with respect to those obtained with fixed base models.     

土-结构相互作用分析中几类地震输入方式的比较

地震作用下土-结构动力相互作用的整体有限元分析需要在人工边界处输入地震动。目前可能采用的地震输入方法包括黏弹性边界自由场输入方法、自由场应力方法、自由场位移方法以及侧边界自由方法。由于采用近似人工边界条件或者未完全考虑地震自由场,上述地震输入方法均为近似方法。本文以大开地铁车站二维有限元分析为例,根据规范建议的边界位置,研究了上述地震输入方法的精度,研究成果可为土-结构相互作用分析的合理地震输入提供一定参考。     

System identification for evaluating soil–structure interaction effects in buildings from strong motion recordings

Parametric system identification is used to evaluate seismic soil–structure interaction effects in buildings. The input–output strong motion data pairs needed for evaluations of flexible- and fixed-base fundamental mode parameters are derived. Recordings of lateral free-field, foundation, and roof motions, as well as foundation rocking, are found to be necessary for direct evaluations of modal parameters for both cases of base fixity. For the common situation of missing free-field or base rocking motions, procedures are developed for estimating the modal parameters that cannot be directly evaluated. The accuracy of these estimation procedures for fundamental mode vibration period and damping is verified for eleven sites with complete instrumentation of the structure, foundation, and free-field. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the seismic performance of straight integral abutment bridges: From advanced numerical modelling to a practice-oriented analysis method

The seismic performance of integral abutment bridges (IABs) is affected by the interaction with the surrounding soil, and specifically by the development of interaction forces in the embankment-abutment and soil-piles systems. In principle, these effects could be evaluated by means of highly demanding numerical computations that, however, can be carried out only for detailed studies of specific cases. By contrast, a low-demanding analysis method is needed for a design-oriented assessment of the longitudinal seismic performance of IABs. To this purpose, the present paper describes a design technique in which the frequency- and amplitude-dependency of the soil-structure interaction is modelled in a simplified manner. Specifically, the method consists of a time-domain analysis of a simplified soil-bridge model, in which soil-structure interaction is simulated by means of distributed nonlinear springs connecting a free-field ground response analysis model to the structural system. The results of this simplified method are validated against the results of advanced numerical analyses, considering different seismic scenarios. In its present state of development, the proposed simplified nonlinear model can be used for an efficient evaluation of the longitudinal response of straight IABs and can constitute a starting point for a prospective generalisation to three-dimensional response.     

用于地下结构地震反应分析的改进反应加速度法

为考虑结构的存在对反应加速度法中地震输入荷载的影响,基于《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》（GB 50909—2014）中的反应加速度法,提出将土-结构模型转换为自由场模型的等效方式进行地震反应分析。采用等效自由场进行地震输入荷载计算,近似地考虑了结构的存在对地震输入荷载的影响,以期提高反应加速度法的计算精度。使用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用改进前后反应加速度法对日本大开车站不同工况下的地震反应进行计算。研究结果表明,采用等效自由场计算的地震输入荷载有效提高了反应加速度法的计算精度。在验证等效方式有效性的基础上,分析等效模型宽度的选取对反应加速度法计算结果的影响,建议等效模型边界至结构侧边的距离取为1～3倍结构宽度。     

Dynamic responses of structure–soil–structure systems with an extension of the equivalent linear soil modeling

A three-dimensional problem of cross interaction of adjacent structures through the underlying soil under seismic ground motion is investigated. The story shears and lateral relative displacements (drifts) are the targets of the computations. These are calculated using a detailed modeling of soil, the foundations and the two adjacent structures. An equivalent linear behavior is assumed for the soil by introducing reduced mechanical properties consistent with the level of ground shaking for the free-field soil. Then a distinctive soil zone (the near-field soil) is recognized in the vicinity of the foundations where the peak shear strain under the combined effect of a severe earthquake and the presence of structures is much larger than the strain threshold up to which the soil can be modeled as an equivalent linear medium. It is shown that it is still possible to use an equivalent linear behavior for the near-field soil if its shear modulus is further reduced with a factor depending on the dynamic properties of the adjacent structures, the near-field soil, and the design earthquake. Variations of the dynamic responses of different adjacent structures with their clear distances are also discussed.     

Dynamic behaviour of turbine-generator-foundation systems

In this paper a comprehensive investigation on the dynamic characteristics of turbine–generator–foundation systems is performed. All the major components of the system, including turbine–generator casing, shaft, rotors, journal bearings, deck, piers, foundation mat, piles, and soil medium, have been included. Full interaction between the turbine–generator set, the foundation superstructure, and the soil medium, is considered. A hybrid method is used to establish the mathematical model for the turbine–generator-foundation system. The analysis is conducted in the frequency domain through complex frequency response analysis. The response in the time domain is obtained by Fourier transform. The seismic excitation is represented as the control motion on the ground surface, which is generated as an artificial earthquake. A 300 MW turbine-generator-foundation system is analysed under excitations from rotor unbalances and earthquakes. The influence of turbine-generator casing and soil anisotropy on the response of the system is explored. It is found that the presence of casing and soil anisotropy strongly influences the displacements and internal forces of the system under rotor unbalance excitation. Under seismic excitation, however, although the presence of casing and soil anisotropy does affect the displacements of the system, their effect on the internal forces of the system is minimal.     

Simplified transverse seismic analysis of buried structures

This paper presents a simplified method for the analysis of square cross-section buried structures (tunnel) subjected to seismic motion. Finite element analyses are performed to assess the fundamental modes of vibration of the soil layer with and without the tunnel. The influence of the tunnel on the modes of vibrations is taken into account by comparing the modal deformations in the free-field to those in the presence of the tunnel. From this comparison the zone of influence of the modal displacements due to the presence of the structure is determined. The resulting model is subjected to horizontal and vertical excitation of statistically independent accelerograms compatible with the response spectra of the Regulatory Guide 1.6 of the Nuclear Energy Commission. The free-field displacement is introduced at the boundaries of the zone of influence. The proposed simplified static analysis yields a state of stresses similar to that obtained from a full dynamic analysis of the complete soil–tunnel system. Several examples are solved to corroborate the validity of the method.     

地下综合管廊土-结构接触面参数对地震动力响应的影响数值分析

为研究土-结构接触面参数对地下综合管廊地震动力响应特征的影响,建立动力有限元数值模型,模型边界采用激励侧固定边界、远离激励侧黏性边界、其余侧自由场边界的优化组合动力边界,土体本构采用HSS模型,接触面采用改进Goodman单元,动力荷载考虑三种情况(Rayleigh波的作用、底部激励了美国加利福尼亚Upland地震波以及前两者的共同作用),分别研究不同地震动输入、接触面折减系数的改变对综合管廊内力及加速度的影响。研究结果表明:在相同的折减系数条件下,与静力作用相比,动力作用下的结构内力明显增大,综合管廊设计时应考虑地震荷载作用下内力增大的情况;随着界面折减系数的增加,正弯矩极值减小,负弯矩极值增大,加速度峰值增大;在相同接触面折减系数条件下,底部地震波输入产生的结构内力极值显著高于仅有Rayleigh波输入的情况;考虑Rayleigh波和地震波共同作用条件下,引起的管廊结构内力极值与仅考虑底部地震波输入时的结构内力极值差异不大。研究成果可供地下综合管廊结构地震响应精细化数值模拟及抗震设计参考。