长壁孤岛工作面冲击失稳能量场演化规律

煤矿冲击地压一直是困扰中国煤矿安全的主要问题,而煤矿开采过程中跳采形成的孤岛工作面由于容易产生应力集中,来压强度提高,极容易发生冲击地压。基于唐山矿T2193下孤岛工作面的地质条件,从数值分析的角度研究了煤岩体材料的非均匀性,揭示了孤岛工作面顶板周期来压时煤岩体能量释放的动态特征,分析了工作面前方能量释放激增机制。数值模拟结果显示,长壁工作面回采过程中直接顶的不断垮落造成了老顶悬空距离的不断增大,工作面周期来压时,积聚于老顶岩层内的弹性应变能将瞬间释放,容易引发工作面及巷道的冲击失稳。孤岛工作面由于其特有的矿压显现特征,老顶周期破断时所释放的弹性应变能将更加剧烈,冲击地压势必愈加强烈。孤岛工作面顶底板和煤层的能量释放激增可以作为判断煤岩体冲击失稳的前兆信息。孤岛工作面前方发生冲击破坏的主要原因是由于工作面回采过程中围岩所积聚的大量弹性能在顶板断裂时所伴随的巨大能量释放而造成的。     

670铀矿床地质特征及其成因

本文提供了一个与火山侵入-隐爆角砾岩有直接成因联系的铀矿床实例。并从岩石学、岩石化学、同位素等方面介绍了成矿角砾岩的成岩特点及物质来源,阐述了与其有关的铀矿床的主要地质特征和矿床成因。     

地质灾害中的应变局部化现象

首先介绍应变局部化现象及其研究进展，然后介绍地质灾害中常见的应变局部化现象，即边坡失效、圆形洞室失效、地震中的局部化现象和流固耦合应变局部化现象。采用材料的分叉分析方法和变形局部化的数值模拟研究，可望对地质灾害的机理分析、预测和控制提供新的思路。     

隐爆角砾岩——古地震的一种成因标志SCIEI北大核心CSCD

全球到处发育的隐爆角砾岩表明隐爆作用的普遍性,并标志着古地震的一种形成机制。隐爆角砾岩具有特殊的角砾形状和构造。地震地质资料表明大地震产生的地表破裂带没有肉眼可观测到的断层位移。材料聚集应变能估算值表明岩石聚集的应变能不足以产生大地震。携带高能量的地核-地幔流体不仅为自己逸散提供了能量,而且为产生地震提供了充足的能量。深部流体以运移-聚集-爆炸-运移-聚集-爆炸的循环方式向地表逃逸,在地球内部不同深度产生了不同震级的地震。因此,超高压流体隐爆应该是地震形成的主要机制。地震隐爆成因机制不仅能够更好地解释各种天然地震(中深源地震、震群、慢地震和非双力偶性地震等)以及全球地震、火山和地热带的空间吻合,而且能够解释隐爆角砾岩及其伴生矿的形成。     

Lattice strain measurements on sandstones under load using neutron diffraction

Neutron diffraction methods (both time-of-flight- and angle-dispersive diffraction) are applied to intracrystalline strain measurements on geological samples undergoing uniaxial increasing compressional load. The experiments were carried out on Cretaceous sandstones from the Elbezone (East Germany), consisting of >95% quartz which are bedded but without crystallographic preferred orientation of quartz. From the stress–strain relation the Young’s modulus for our quartz sample was determined to be (72.2±2.9) GPa using results of the neutron time-of-flight method. The influence of different kinds of bedding in sandstones (laminated and convolute bedding) could be determined. We observed differences of factor 2 (convolute bedding) and 3 (laminated bedding) for the elastic stiffness, determined with angle dispersive neutron diffraction (crystallographic strain) and with strain gauges (mechanical strain). The data indicate which geological conditions may influence the stress–strain behaviour of geological materials. The influence of bedding on the stress–strain behaviour of a laminated bedded sandstone was indicated by direct residual stress measurements using neutron time-of-flight diffraction. The measurements were carried out six days after unloading the sample. Residual strain was measured for three positions from the centre to the periphery and within two radial directions of the cylinder. We observed that residual strain changes from extension to compression in a different manner for two perpendicular directions of the bedding plane.     

胶东旧店金矿构造控矿特征研究

通过对胶东旧店金矿床的构造及其演化特征和成矿作用的研究,说明构造活动释放能量导致了金的活化,构造的分布和差异性所产生的能量不均匀性是金元素迁移、沉积的动因,是控制金矿形成的主导因素。     

The development of subgrain misorientations with strain in dry synthetic NaCl measured using EBSD

The development of subgrain boundary misorientations with strain in dry, synthetic NaCl polycrystals, deformed at elevated temperature, has been investigated using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). At low natural strains, up to 0.5, average misorientations of subgrain boundaries increase with strain and a power law relationship exists between strain and average misorientations. The average misorientations are strongly influenced by grain orientation, suggesting that the misorientation–strain relationship may also be texture dependent in materials with high plastic anisotropy, like NaCl. A slight grain size dependency of the average misorientations was observed. The results indicate that with suitable calibration, average subgrain boundary misorientations may offer a method for estimating the strain accommodated by dislocation creep in NaCl and thus perhaps in other geological materials, although current theories for polycrystalline plasticity imply that misorientations may also depend on stress in some situations.     

棱柱状结构体试件破损过程的试验研究

通过棱柱状结构体在直排、直错排两种排列方式下的平面应变压缩试验,研究了不同侧向应力状态下结构体的破损过程,来探讨结构性岩土材料在受荷过程中的变形和破损机理。试验发现,在棱柱状结构体试件的破损过程中,结构体表现出劈裂、剪切和压碎的破损方式,最后形成破损带;随着侧向应力由低向高的变化,应变软化逐渐向应变硬化过度;低侧向应力状态时应变软化、体胀和侧向挤出;高侧向应力状态时应变硬化、体缩和侧向收缩;不同的侧向应力状态和排列方式下几乎都没有结构体的转动发生。     

卸荷路径下棱柱状结构体试件破损过程试验研究

通过棱柱状结构体在不同排列方式下的平面应变压缩试验,研究了侧向应力卸载状态下结构体的破损过程,探讨了结构性岩土材料在卸侧向应力状态下的变形和破损机理。试验发现,在侧向应力卸载的过程中,棱柱状结构体会发生错动和结构体的破碎,结构体的破损方式主要有劈裂破坏和剪切开裂两种。结构体试样逐渐破损,宏观上出现应变硬化或应变软化现象,最后形成宏观的破损带。试件的总体体积是收缩的,侧向变形则由收缩逐渐转化为膨胀。     

Determination of ground thermal properties for energy piles by thermal response tests

Thermal properties of ground heat exchanger (GHE) such as effective thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance are commonly measured in the field by thermal response tests (TRTs). TRT has been proved to be a consolidated method to determine thermal properties of traditional borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). However, there is still lack of data for adopting TRT on energy piles with often a large diameter and deficiency in validation of TRT results with geological materials. In this study, ground thermal properties for typical configured GHEs of energy piles are investigated. Three TRTs are conducted and the obtained results are analyzed. Effective thermal conductivity, λ_eff, of the ground derived by following the traditional linear source model shows large deviation as compared to the thermal conductivity of the geological materials. In order to determine λ_eff properly, the linear source model is modified and an equivalent radius, r_eq, of energy piles is considered. The λ_eff estimated by the modified model shows a good agreement with thermal conductivity of the in situ geological materials. In addition, there has been no obvious correlation between borehole thermal resistances and thermal efficiency due to heat transport of energy piles that depends not only by borehole thermal resistance but also by the pile’s diameter and ground conditions. The findings drawn from this study indicate that the modified model is reasonable and useful in determining thermal properties of energy piles.     

颗粒物质力学及其在工程地质领域中的应用初探

由碎散物质组成的地质体失稳流滑大变形所致的地质灾害严重影响国民经济发展和人民生命财产安全,绝大多数造成此类地质灾害的对象属于颗粒物质,而地质灾害与颗粒物质力学的交叉融合一直以来都是软物质物理学和工程地质科研工作者的努力方向之一.颗粒物质是由大量离散颗粒组成的复杂无序体系,其力学特性极为复杂,根据颗粒的运动状态可以表现出...     

毛乌素沙地东南部边缘不同成因类型土地沙漠化的特征

以毛乌素沙地南部边缘沙漠黄土地带的土地沙漠化为例,将研究区的土地沙漠化分为沙地内部就地起沙型沙漠化、河流谷地就地起沙型沙漠化、风化残积就地起沙型沙漠化和风沙侵入型沙漠化4种类型.深入分析了不同成因类型的沙漠化土地的粒度特征及其所代表的地质意义.同时,以遥感解译和野外路线地质调查为手段,分析了不同类型土地沙漠化的区域分布.最后,探讨了不同地质成因类型土地沙漠化划分的理论意义、环境地质学意义和对土地沙漠化防治的重要意义,提出了不同类型土地沙漠化防治的对策和建议.     

Effect of sand grain size and boundary condition on the swelling behavior of bentonite–sand mixtures

Deep geological repository is a favorable choice for the long-term disposal of nuclear wastes. Bentonite–sand mixtures have been proposed as the potential engineered barrier materials because of their suitable swelling properties and good ability to seal under hydrated repository conditions. To investigate the effects of sand grain size on the engineering performance of bentonite–sand mixtures, we prepare five types of bentonite–sand mixtures by mixing bentonite with sand of varying particle size ranges (0.075–0.25 mm, 0.25–0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm and 2–5 mm, respectively). We carry out sequential oedometer tests under different simulated repository conditions, including constant vertical stress (CVS), constant stiffness (CS) and constant volume (CV) conditions. The microstructural heterogeneity and anisotropy of these soil mixtures are characterized through the quantitative analysis of micro-CT scanning results. Experimental results reveal that both sand grain size and boundary condition significantly influence the swelling of soil mixtures. Under three conditions, the temporal evolutions of swelling stress and strain follow similar trends that they increase faster at the beginning and gradually stabilize afterward. Comparing the ultimate values, swelling strains follow CVS?>?CS?>?CV, while swelling stresses follow CV?>?CS?>?CVS. Under CS boundary conditions, as the stiffness coefficient increases, the swelling pressure increases and the swelling strain decreases. CT results further indicate that mixtures with larger sand inclusions are more structurally heterogeneous and anisotropic, resulting in increased inter-particle friction and collision and a higher energy dissipation during the swelling process. Moreover, the non-uniform distribution of bentonite in local zones would be intensified, which plays an important role in compromising swelling behavior. Therefore, soil samples mixed with larger sand particles present a smaller swelling stress and strain values. This study may guide the choice of engineered barrier materials toward an improved design and assessment of geological repository facilities.

     

Planet formation processes revealed by meteorites

The history of the solar system is locked within the planets, asteroids and other objects that orbit the Sun. While remote observations of these celestial bodies are essential for understanding planetary processes, much of the geological and geochemical information regarding solar system heritage comes directly from the study of rocks and other materials originating from them. The diversity of materials available for study from planetary bodies largely comes from meteorites; fragments of rock that fall through Earth's atmosphere after impact‐extraction from their parent planet or asteroid. These extra‐terrestrial objects are fundamental scientific materials, providing information on past conditions within planets, and on their surfaces, and revealing the timing of key events that affected a planet's evolution. Meteorites can be sub‐divided into four main groups: (1) chondrites, which are unmelted and variably metamorphosed ‘cosmic sediments’ composed of particles that made up the early solar nebula; (2) achondrites, which represent predominantly silicate materials from asteroids and planets that have partially to fully melted, from a broadly chondritic initial composition; (3) iron meteorites, which represent Fe‐Ni samples from the cores of asteroids and planetesimals; and (4) stony‐iron meteorites such as pallasites and mesosiderites, which are mixtures of metal and dominantly basaltic materials. Meteorite studies are rapidly expanding our understanding of how the solar system formed and when and how key events such as planetary accretion and differentiation occurred. Together with a burgeoning collection of classified meteorites, these scientific advances herald an unprecedented period of further scientific challenges and discoveries, an exciting prospect for understanding our origins.     

宝鸡地区地质灾害发育特征浅析

宝鸡地区危险性地质灾害易发区集中分布在渭河盆地高阶地及其周边，宝成线、宝天线、宝中线以及主要公路沿线和人口密集区。本文以宝鸡市区为重点，兼对周边地区的滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害类型、发育特征及成因给予初步总结，并提出地质灾害风险预测、防范和防治的初步意见。     

我国“北京人”、“兰田人”和“元谋人”产地骨化石中氨基酸的地球化学

氨基酸是生命物质中普遍存在的一类重要的有机化合物,它是构成蛋白质的“砖块”。一个最简单的氨基酸分子至少必须含有一个羧基和一个氨基的官能团。在生物的蛋白质中通常只包括有二十种氨基酸,叫做蛋白氨基酸。但是自然界还存在其它种类的氨基酸,因为它们一般不存在于蛋白质中,所以叫做非蛋白氨基酸。除了最简单的甘氨酸外,所有的氨基酸都含有一个以上的不对称的碳原子。含有一个不对称碳原子的氨基酸可以存在L和D型两种结构的对映体。所有的蛋白质氨基酸都属L构型。     

超大型地下洞室高边墙围岩变形影响特性研究

高边墙围岩稳定是超大型地下洞室施工期关注的重点。基于工程监测资料,探究了白鹤滩水电站左岸地下厂房高边墙围岩变形演化分布规律及破坏机制。研究表明：在垂直方向上,开挖面距离在10 m范围内边墙卸荷响应强烈,该阶段围岩变形约占总变形量的50%～55%;在洞轴方向上,开挖影响集中在2倍洞跨范围内,该区域内变形约占总变形量的97%;在结构面发育部位前后围岩变形的分异量较大,且由于软弱夹层的柔塑性,围压解除后错动带应变能释放是一个缓慢的过程,时效剪切特征明显;发掘并总结逐层下挖过程中高边墙围岩应力状态的演化规律,并划分为应变能积聚、释放、应力调整及趋稳4个阶段。该研究成果可为工程支护设计提供一定支撑,并供同类工程参考。     

岩石类材料的能量基率相关弹塑性损伤模型

岩石类材料的动态本构模型研究是岩石动力学理论研究的基础问题。相比于其他的非线性理论,损伤力学理论已证实可成功地模拟岩石类材料的应变软化和渐进破坏等特征,可用于解释其静、动态破坏机制。现有的通过理论推导得出的动态本构中大部分并未考虑损伤因素,而通过维象学试验方法建立起的动态本构则缺乏损伤力学理论基础。为此基于弹性余能等效原理和损伤力学的基本概念,并结合动态试验,推导建立了岩石类材料的率相关弹塑性损伤模型。并通过与文献中的试验资料对比,证明了模型的有效性,为岩石类材料组成的结构的动力响应研究奠定了基础。     

地质标准物质的最小取样量问题

地质标准物质已是当今地质分析数据质量保证与监控系统中最重要的手段之一。正确使用标准物质的重要条件是遵循标准物质最小取样量的规定。然而当今高灵敏度、小取样量（20-30mg）的现代主流分析技术正向着当前普遍使用的地质标准物质100mg最小取样量的要求提出挑战。本文从历史演变和当前需求讨论了地质分析取样量问题以及地质标准物质最小取样量及其应用意义,并提出了解决当前这一矛盾的技术措施与步骤。同时也提醒分析方法研究者、质量管理者和标准物质研制者关注取样量问题,以使更新换代快的技术方法和相对滞后的监管方法（包括标准物质）得到协调发展。     

大力开展对人为地质作用的研究

人类对地球的依赖与破坏而产生相互失调的现象,正在引起全社会的关注,根据地质学的最新研究进展,探讨了人类活动所引发的各种地质作用－人为地质作用的性质、特点和规律,并阐明对全球环境变化和人类社会发展的影响,加强对人为地质作用的研究,不仅有助于这一问题的解决,而且对促进该学科的发主入了新的活力。