The Lower Jurassic of the Eastern Caspian region and the Middle Caspian Basin: Lithology,facies, taphonomy

Lithofacies of the productive Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic deposits of the Eastern Caspian region, studied in wells on the Caspian coast and exposed in the outcrops of the Mountainous Mangyshlak, are described and analyzed. The similarity of the structure of the Mesozoic sedimentary beds of the Middle Caspian Basin and of those of the land adjacent to its eastern coast is confirmed. Comparative analysis of lithofacies allowed the reconstruction of the paleogeographic setting and depositional environments in the studied region during the Early Jurassic. A unique fossil plant occurrence is discovered in the upper part of the Lower Jurassic series (in the lower subformation of the Kokala Formation; Eastern Caspian region). Fossil plant taphonomy and the lithology of host rocks in the occurrence resulted from unusual paleogeographic settings that existed in the Middle Caspian Basin at the time of the Early-Middle Jurassic boundary.     

四川万州中侏罗统上沙溪庙组粘土岩中火山灰的岩矿和地球化学证据

四川盆地东北缘万州地区中侏罗世上沙溪庙组产出稳定层状浅色粘土岩。利用X射线、X荧光光谱、等离子光谱（ICP）等方法对矿物成分、常量、微量和稀土元素进行了测试分析,粘土岩主要矿物为蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石。通过与澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩（PAAS）、北美平均页岩（NASC）、地壳粘土岩背景值以及其它具有代表性岩石的对比发现,本区粘土岩微量元素具有明显的低V,低Ti和低铁族元素的特点,高Al2O3／TiO2比值和低Ti／Th比值特征显著,某些层位具有明显的Eu负异常。推断本区粘土岩沉积物源具有火山灰和陆源碎屑的二元混合成因,各层位成分的差异显示了不同沉积时间内二者的混合比例发生变化。区域对比和地球化学资料显示火山灰可能来自于西部600km远的特提斯洋岛弧火山。     

滇中鱼坝村组的建立及陆相侏罗系底界

滇中及相邻地区上三叠统舍资组含煤层与下侏罗统冯家河组红层之间，连续沉积了一套杂色细碎屑岩过渡层。其分布稳定，该层所含化石及磁性地层特征表明其时代属早侏罗世。因此建立下侏罗统鱼坝村组，并确定该组底界为陆相侏罗系的底界。     

西藏双湖托纳木区块油气成藏条件分析与评价

托纳木地区位于西藏北羌塘盆地的南缘,通过综合油气地质评价,认为该区块内的晚侏罗世地层中存在有效的储集层和储集体;生储盖组合配置较好;烃源岩生烃强度高;具有适时有效的圈闭构造,对油气保存条件有利;托纳木背斜为该区块内最具勘探前景的圈闭构造。     

Stratigraphy and Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic history of northern Sierra Los Ajos and adjacent areas,Sonora, Mexico

Geologic mapping in the northern Sierra Los Ajos reveals new stratigraphic and structural data relevant to deciphering the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the range. The northern Sierra Los Ajos is cored by Proterozoic, Cambrian, Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian strata, equivalent respectively to the Pinal Schist, Bolsa Quartzite and Abrigo Limestone, Martin Formation, Escabrosa Limestone, and Horquilla Limestone. The Proterozoic–Paleozoic sequence is mantled by Upper Cretaceous rocks partly equivalent to the Fort Crittenden and Salero Formations in Arizona, and the Cabullona Group in Sonora, Mexico.Absence of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Bisbee Group below the Upper Cretaceous rocks and above the Proterozoic–Paleozoic rocks indicates that the Sierra Los Ajos was part of the Cananea high, a topographic highland during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Deposition of Upper Cretaceous rocks directly on Paleozoic and Proterozoic rocks indicates that the Sierra Los Ajos area had subsided as part of the Laramide Cabullona basin during Late Cretaceous time. Basal beds of the Upper Cretaceous sequence are clast-supported conglomerate composed locally of basement (Paleozoic) clasts. The conglomerate represents erosion of Paleozoic basement in the Sierra Los Ajos area coincident with development of the Cabullona basin.The present-day Sierra Los Ajos reaches elevations of greater than 2600 m, and was uplifted during Tertiary basin-and-range extension. Upper Cretaceous rocks are exposed at higher elevations in the northern Sierra Los Ajos and represent an uplifted part of the inverted Cabullona basin. Tertiary uplift of the Sierra Los Ajos was largely accommodated by vertical movement along the north-to-northwest-striking Sierra Los Ajos fault zone flanking the west side of the range. This fault zone structurally controls the configuration of the headwaters of the San Pedro River basin, an important bi-national water resource in the US-Mexico border region.     

Gas systems in the Kuche Depression of the Tarim Basin: Source rock distributions, generation kinetics and gas accumulation history

Six petroleum source beds have been developed in the Kuche Depression (also known as “Kuqa Depression”) of the Tarim Basin, including three lacustrine source rocks (Middle and Upper Triassic Kelamayi and Huangshanjie formations, and Middle Jurassic Qiakemake Formation) and three coal measures (Upper Triassic Taliqike Formation, Lower Jurassic Yangxia Formation, and Middle Jurassic Kezilenuer Formation). While type I–II organic matter occurs in the Middle Jurassic Qiakemake Formation (J₂q), other source beds contain dominantly type III organic matter. Gas generation rates and stable carbon isotopic kinetics of methane generation from representative source rocks collected in the Kuche Depression were measured and calculated using an on-line dry and open pyrolysis system. Combined with hydrocarbon generation history modelling, the formation and evolution processes of the Jurassic–Triassic highly efficient gas kitchens were established. High sedimentation rate in the Neogene and the fast deposition of the Kuche Formation within the Pliocene (5 Ma) in particular have led to the rapid increase in Mesozoic source rock maturity, resulting in significant dry gas generation. The extremely high gas generation rates from source kitchens have apparently expedited the formation of highly efficient gas accumulations in the Kuche Depression. Because different Mesozoic source rocks occur in different structural belts, the presence of both lacustrine and coaly gas kitchens during the Cenozoic time can be identified in the Kuche Depression. As shown by the chemical and stable carbon isotope compositions of the discovered gases, the formation of the giant gas pools in the Kela 2, Dina 2, Yaha and Wucan 1 have involved very different geological processes due to the difference in their gas source kitchens.     

北黄海盆地东部坳陷中生界烃源岩特征及其指示的油气勘探方向

为了量化表征北黄海盆地东部坳陷中生界主力烃源岩生、排烃特征,综合利用镜质体反射率(R_o)、残余有机碳含量(TOC)、岩石热解、干酪根镜检及饱和烃色谱等资料,在总结研究区烃源岩地化特征的基础上,通过油源对比明确主力烃源岩层并依托盆地模拟方法量化其生、排烃贡献.结果表明,北黄海盆地东部坳陷中生界的两类原油均来源于区内中侏罗统和上侏罗统两套主力烃源岩层,其中,中侏罗统烃源岩的有机质丰度整体处于"好-最好"级别,上侏罗统烃源岩的有机质丰度则以"中等-好"为主;二者均存在早白垩世末期和早中新世两次生、排烃高峰,但上侏罗统的排烃速率[q_e(max)=27.3×106 t/Ma]远高于中侏罗统的排烃速率[q_e(max)=4.2×106 t/Ma],对研究区油气成藏的贡献更大.虽然下白垩统暗色泥岩的生烃潜力有限,但其底部砂岩与紧邻上侏罗统主力烃源岩层构成的"下生上储"式的源储配置关系是区内最重要的勘探目的层,其次为中、上侏罗统内部"自生自储"式的有利成藏组合,同时,中侏罗统下部"上生下储"式的成藏组合也应予以重视.      

中亚地区阿拉伊盆地构造地质特征与油气条件分析

阿拉伊盆地位于特提斯构造带北缘,是在古生界基底之上发展起来的山间盆地,紧邻我国西部塔里木盆地。自中生代至新生代经历了陆表海沉积期、类前陆盆地期、山间盆地发育期、拗陷期、定形期等5个演化阶段,具有海陆交互、沉积多变、多期叠加、断-拗转换的性质。生储盖匹配良好;烃源岩为古近系、白垩系和中—下侏罗统的海相与潟湖相泥岩、石灰岩和泥灰岩;主要油气储集层为碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层和砂砾岩储层;多套泥岩、膏岩和泥灰岩为区域性和局部盖层;褶皱构造发育,以背斜、断块、断鼻等构造为主。盆地具有一定的油气勘探前景。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地陆源碎屑沉积环境及物源分析

吐鲁番-哈密盆地从晚二叠世到晚第三纪经历了复杂的,多旋回的沉积构造演化历史,造成主要地层间均以不整合为界。盆地内沉积相类型丰富,沉积环境随时间的推移而发生改变。在晚石炭世,盆地北部为浅海环境;到晚二叠世,沉积环境由海相转变为陆相,并在上二叠统下部形成大量冲积相或河流相粗碎屑沉积;在三叠纪,沉积物主要形成于冲积相或河流-湖泊环境中,古气候则由干旱转为温暖湿润。早、中侏罗世,沉积环境以湖泊-沼泽相为主;到晚侏罗世,则以辫状河流相为主及干旱气候为特征。在白垩纪,盆地的沉积范围大为缩小,以湖泊环境为主;第三纪,沉积范围则扩大到整个盆地,沉积相以辫状河流及冲积相为特征,沉积气候干旱,局部地区接受了盐类沉积。古流向分析显示,吐-哈盆地具有复杂的沉积搬运体系。在盆地南侧,沉积物搬运方向总是由南向北,表明觉罗塔格山是盆地的主要物源区;而在盆地北侧,博格达山自晚侏罗世开始隆起,构成盆地的另一新的物源区,沉积物搬运方向由北向南。在白垩及第三纪,博格达山成为盆地的主要物源区。     

准噶尔盆地永进地区油源研究

在分析和归纳可能烃源岩的有机地化特征并对原油样品进行分析测试的基础上,主要运用生物标志物和稳定碳同位素指标或参数,首次对准噶尔盆地永进地区原油的来源进行了系统研究,认为中二叠统和中下侏罗统烃源岩是为该地区提供油源的主要烃源岩,其次为下二叠统烃源岩,并可能有白垩系烃源岩的贡献。其中,中侏罗统西山窑组煤层之上及大部分白垩系储层中的正常原油主要来自中二叠统烃源岩;煤层之下及下侏罗统三工河组储层中的正常原油主要来自中下侏罗统烃源岩;在现今油藏中所占比例较小并已发生强烈生物降解的原油来自下二叠统烃源岩;永6井白垩系储层中的原油可能来自下白垩统烃源岩,但该套烃源岩的供烃规模可能较小。     

四川省安岳县恐龙埋藏特征及环境意义

近年来四川盆地不断发现恐龙化石,引起人们极大关注。本文以四川省安岳县最新发现的恐龙动物群埋藏特征,初步探讨其环境意义。一、安岳恐龙化石埋藏特征已发现的安岳恐龙化石均埋藏在侏罗系上统上部地层中(图1)。我们重点对顶部马蹄寺和隆家崖化石点进行了发掘。     

天山造山带中的侏罗纪地层、古环境与油气资源——以库米什盆地为例

自三叠纪以来,天山造山带在南—北向应力场的作用下,产生了一系列山间盆地,例如吐鲁番-哈密盆地、库米什盆地等。在这些盆地中广泛发育了中、新生代陆相碎屑岩沉积,特别是侏罗纪的沉积。侏罗系除上统为红层外,主要由暗色岩石组成。这些暗色岩石包括灰色、黑色泥、页岩,碳质泥岩和煤层,它们都具有较强的生烃能力。对沉积和植物、孢粉化石等材料的综合分析表明,在早、中侏罗世,天山区为低山—丘陵面貌和湿润的古气候环境。这种环境有利于煤的聚集和暗色泥岩的沉积。     

新疆萨热克砂砾岩型铜矿床富烃类还原性盆地流体特征

新疆萨热克大型砂砾岩型铜矿床含矿地层为上侏罗统库孜贡苏组,与下伏下-中侏罗统煤矿形成"同盆共存"现象。在萨热克铜矿床的铜矿体内,构造裂隙中含较多沥青(有机碳含量达0.11%~2.55%),并与辉铜矿等铜硫化物共生。铜矿石中次生石英、方解石和白云石等胶结矿物包裹体含烃盐水类、含烃盐水-液烃共生类、含烃盐水-气烃共生类、轻质油类等四类富烃类盆地流体的包裹体。研究认为铜矿石中的有机质主要来源于下伏烃源岩煤层,当盆地深部富含有机质的还原性流体沿NE向构造裂隙上侵到渗透率较高的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组上段(J3kz2)砂砾岩层时,该层上部的下白垩统克孜勒苏群下段(K1kz1)褐红色粉砂质泥岩,与下部的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组下段(J3kz1)灰绿色粉砂质泥岩形成封闭的隔水层,还原性流体沿砂砾岩层发生水平渗滤扩散,与盆地中封存的地层水淋滤含铜赤铁矿质砾岩类后形成的含铜氧化相流体混合时,造成了辉铜矿的大量沉淀和碳酸盐等矿物的结晶析出,并沿砾石间隙充填分布。     

营山地区上三叠统与中、下侏罗统油气源特征对比研究

从烃源岩特征、天然气组分、油气碳同位素、凝析油全烃和轻烃、储层沥青等方面对营山地区上三叠统和中、下侏罗统油气源特征进行了对比研究,阐明了营山地区上三叠统须家河组和中、下侏罗统油气的地球化学特征、成因和可能来源。研究表明营山地区上三叠统须家河组油气主要来自须家河组自身的煤系烃源岩,天然气以成熟腐殖型母质成因为主,而中、下侏罗统气藏产出的油气主要来自其自身的烃源岩。营山地区构造活动强烈,断层发育,使得部分井区中、下侏罗统产出的天然气特征与下伏产层极为相似,反映了断层对该井区附近的各层段有一定的沟通作用。中、下侏罗统地层在部分井区可能有上三叠统须家河组油气的侵入,须家河组烃源岩对中、下侏罗统油气成藏有一定贡献作用。     

青海木里三露天天然气水合物气源岩有机地球化学特征

通过采集青海木里三露天天然气水合物钻孔岩心样品,对该区天然气水合物赋存层段的中侏罗统和上三叠统烃(气)源岩的有机地球化学特征进行了分析。结果显示：研究区中侏罗统和上三叠统烃(气)源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC含量多在0.6%以上,即整体上为中等、好、很好烃源岩;有机质类型两套地层均主要以Ⅱ₂型、Ⅲ型为主;两套地层 样品镜质体反射率多数介于0.7%～1.3%之间,只有少部分样品镜质体反射率低于0.7%,故有机质演化整体处于成熟阶段,或处于凝析油阶段,还没有达到湿气和干气阶段,可能只为该区天然气水合物提供一定量的气源条件,其主力气源岩可能来自更深部层系;研究区上三叠统烃(气)源岩有机质成熟度整体不高甚至低于中侏罗统,可能受断层逆推作用而出露地表的影响。     

1D PetroMod software modeling of the Basrah oil fields, Southern Iraq

1D (Petromod) hydrocarbon charge modeling and source rock characterization of the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic underlying the prolific Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs in the Basra oilfields in southern Iraq. The study is based on well data of the Majnoon, West Qurna, Nahr Umr, Zubair, and Rumaila oil fields. Burial histories indicate complete maturation of Upper Jurassic source rocks during the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene followed by very recent (Neogene) maturation of the Low/Mid Cretaceous succession from early to mid-oil window conditions, consistent with the regional Iraq study of Pitman et al. (Geo Arab 9(4):41–72, 2004). These two main phases of hydrocarbon generation are synchronous with the main tectonic events and trap formation associated with Late Cretaceous closure of the neo-Tethys; the onset of continent–continent collision associated with the Zagros orogeny and Neogene opening of the Gulf of Suez/Red Sea. Palynofacies of the Lower Cretaceous Sulaiy and Lower Yamama Formations and of the Upper Jurassic Najmah/Naokelekan confirm their source rock potential, supported by pyrolysis data. To what extent the Upper Jurassic source rocks contributed to charge of the overlying Cretaceous reservoirs remains uncertain because of the Upper Jurassic Gotnia evaporite seal in between. The younger Cretaceous rocks do not contain source rocks nor were they buried deep enough for significant hydrocarbon generation.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区上古生界热演化史

通过试气静温资料,统计了延长探区上古生界各个主力含气层位的现今地层温度。通过地化资料指出该区上古生界烃源岩热演化程度达到成熟—过成熟阶段,采用经验公式法恢复了对应的最大古地温。采用将今论古方法探讨了该区各个时期的古地温梯度。在剥蚀厚度恢复的基础上,详细配置各个地层的岩性、物性、地化参数等指标,恢复了该区埋藏沉降史和热演化史。沉降史模拟表明:晚三叠世为该区沉降的主要发育时期。热演化史模拟表明:延长探区上古生界烃源岩在早侏罗世进入成熟阶段,晚侏罗世进入高成熟阶段,上古生界烃源岩主生烃期为晚侏罗世—早白垩世。     

辽西北票孔子鸟Confuciusornis的层位及年代

北票－义县上侏罗统张家口组和大北沟组，火山岩^40Ar-^39Ar年龄143．9Ma；重新厘定的义县组下部率武岩段，年龄137－129Ma，上部安山岩段，年龄126－120Ma；并确证四合屯一带孔子鸟Confuciusornis化石层就是金刚山组，年龄为123－120Ma。综合燕辽地区生物化石、同位素年龄和层位，Confuciusornis应归属早白垩世。     

LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb Dating in the Jurassic Daohugou Beds and Correlative Strata in Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia

LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb dating is applied to volcanic rocks overlying and underlying the Salamander-bearing bed in the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng in Inner Mongola and Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping in western Liaoning. The results indicate that the youngest age of the rocks in Daohugou of Ningcheng is 158 Ma, and the oldest one is 164 Ma. Synthesized researches indicate that the salamander-bearing beds in Daohugou of Ningcheng, Reshuichang of Lingyuan and Mazhangzi of Jianping were developed in the same period. The Daohugou beds were formed in the geological age of 164-158 Ma of the middle-late Jurassic. Whilst, the Daohugou beds and its corrdative strata should correspond to the Tiaojishan Formation （or Lanqi Formation） of the middle Jurassic in northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning Province, based on the disconformity between the Daohugou beds and its overlaying beds of the Tuchengzi Formation of Late Jurassic and the Jehol Beds of early Cretaceous, and the disconformity between the Daohugou Beds and its underlying Jiulongshan Formation, which is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, shale with coal and thin coal beds.     

二连盆地侏罗系烃源岩地球化学特征及油源贡献

二连盆地侏罗系烃源岩研究程度较低,但在侏罗系发现有工业油流.本文通过有机岩石学与有机地球化学常规分析,系统研究与评价了此套烃源岩;结合原油与烃源岩的生物标志化合物的对比与分析,探讨其对油源的贡献.结果表明,二连盆地上侏罗统烃源岩有机质丰度低,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,成熟度较低,为非或差烃源岩;中下侏罗统有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型为主,成熟度较高,为较好—好烃源岩.侏罗系烃源岩形成于淡水的氧化沉积环境,以陆源高等植物输入为主.此外,阿56井阿尔善组部分原油和图参1井侏罗系原油来源于侏罗系烃源岩.由此推断二连盆地侏罗系烃源岩具有良好的生烃潜力,勘探前景广阔.