2008—2017年泉州市沿海赤潮灾害特征分析

文章对泉州市沿海2008—2017年发生的15起赤潮灾害进行综合分析,结果表明：①赤潮平均每年发生1.5起,发生面积31.0 km2,发生天数7 d,从赤潮发生次数、发生面积和发生天数来看,后5年（2013—2017年）较之前5年（2008—2012年）,呈明显的上升趋势;赤潮的主要发生期为4—9月,暴发高峰期为5—6月;平均每次赤潮持续时间为4.7 d;②引发赤潮的藻类有9种,其中硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）4种,甲藻门（Dinophyta）4种,金藻门（Chrysophyta）1种,引发赤潮次数最多的是夜光藻（Noctiluca scintillans）和米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）;引发赤潮的藻类具有演替规律,不断有新的藻类引发赤潮;每种硅藻赤潮均只发生过1起,甲藻引发赤潮次数最多,金藻赤潮发生天数最多,面积最大;③有毒赤潮共发生6起,其中米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）和链状裸甲藻（Gymnodinium catenatum）赤潮严重危害人类健康和水产养殖业;④赤潮分布范围广,主要发生在惠安县海域和石狮市海域。通过全面分析近10年泉州市沿海赤潮的基本特征,为泉州市赤潮的预警预报工作提供科学依据。     

大亚湾一次赤潮生消期间浮游植物群落变化研究

2003年8月12日至29日,广东省大亚湾的哑铃湾海域发生了小规模的赤潮,经现场跟踪监测发现是由锥状斯氏藻Scrippsiel latrochoidea和海洋卡盾藻Chattonella marina形成的混合赤潮。8月13日浮游植物群落由锥状斯氏藻占绝对优势,密度达6.52×106cells·L-1,占总细胞数量的99%以上;8月19日为赤潮高峰期,锥状斯氏藻密度最高时达5.59×107cells·L-1,约占总细胞数量的91%;而海洋卡盾藻在8月20日密度达到最大值1.17×107cells·L-1,约占总细胞数量的28%。以锥状斯氏藻、海洋卡盾藻占总细胞数量比例的不同,可将各站分为锥状斯氏藻控制区、海洋卡盾藻控制区及混合区3类,随环境条件的不断变化,这2种藻的数量随之变化,此3类区也处于变化之中。与海洋卡盾藻相比,锥状斯氏藻更适于在温度较高、盐度较低的情况下生长。还初步探讨了赤潮长时间持续的原因。     

1999年7月胶州湾东部赤潮生消过程生态环境要素分析

根据 1 999年 7月 2 3 - 2 4日胶州湾东部赤潮发生海区的观测资料 ,结合同年 6 ,7,8月3个航次的数据 ,分析了赤潮前后水体浮游植物群落、叶绿素 a和营养盐等要素的变化特征。结果显示 ,本次赤潮为短角弯角藻 (Eucampia Zoodiacus)赤潮 ,总生物密度高达 1 .6× 1 0 10个 /m L。赤潮发生时 ,叶绿素 a浓度范围为 2 8.8～ 3 6 .0 mg/m3 ;温度、盐度变化不大 ,DO,p H值升高 ,营养盐浓度处于较低水平 ,其中 P降幅最大 ,N/P值则急剧上升 ,峰值为 2 4 7,P被认为是本次赤潮的限制因子 ;NO2 - N/NO3 - N的值变化很大 ,高于正常值。赤潮消退 ,各要素恢复正常     

温州沿海赤潮发生的水文气象条件及赤潮特征分析

统计分析温州沿海2010—2015年赤潮发生前期的水文气象资料,结果显示:温州沿海赤潮发生前期水温一般呈上升趋势,盐度维持或呈下降趋势,风速不大,风向以东北风、西南风和东南风为主。对2003—2015年温州沿海的赤潮监测数据进行统计分析,结果表明:(1)温州沿海赤潮发生频繁,赤潮主要发生在3—9月份,其中以5—6月份最多;(2)温州沿海的赤潮持续时间长,平均每次赤潮持续时间为8.1d;(3)赤潮发生面积大,平均每次赤潮发生面积为111.2 km~2,赤潮最大发生面积达到1 000 km~2;(4)温州沿海的赤潮主要发生在苍南海域、洞头海域和南麂海域,其中发生在南麂海域的次数最多,占总次数的52.6%;(5)赤潮生物种类具有明显的演替现象;(6)有毒赤潮频繁发生,引发有毒赤潮的生物种主要是米氏凯伦藻和赤潮异湾藻。     

长江口中肋骨条藻赤潮的分布与特点

对1990年6月9～25日在东海赤潮多发区海域调查期间所观察到的5次中肋骨条藻赤潮的特点以及与环境要素变化的关系作了初步分析。结果表明:(1)中肋骨条藻是多发区海域夏季的敏感赤潮生物,风速减小、气压下降以及良好的海况条件有利于赤潮的发生;(2)赤潮发生时发生区边界存在明显的界面变化特征,这种空间界面的环境要素变化与赤潮发生的时间变化特点是一致的。     

近十年福州沿海赤潮的基本特征研究

收集统计了2008—2017年的福州沿海赤潮记录历史资料,对近十年福州沿海赤潮的基本特征进行综合分析,结果表明:(1)2012年赤潮发生的次数最多,2010年赤潮发生的面积最大。近五年(2013—2017年)与之前五年(2008—2012年)相比,赤潮的年发生次数、持续天数和发生面积都呈明显减少的趋势;(2)赤潮的发生期为3—9月,高发期为5—6月;(3)赤潮主要发生在黄岐半岛沿海、闽江口沿海、长乐沿海、福清湾-海坛海峡海域和罗源湾海域,大部分发生在黄岐半岛沿海。封闭型和半封闭型海域发生的赤潮较多,不同藻类的空间分布存在较明显的区域特征;(4)引发福州沿海赤潮的藻种有8种,分别是东海原甲藻、中肋骨条藻、米氏凯伦藻、夜光藻、柔弱拟菱形藻、圆海链藻、刚毛根管藻和丹麦细柱藻,其中前3者为主要影响种,作为其中唯一的有毒藻种,米氏凯伦藻虽然在发生次数、持续天数和发生面积上占比均不大,但是近十年福州沿海几乎所有由赤潮灾害导致的重大渔业经济损失均与其有关。     

象山港赤潮监控区红色裸甲藻赤潮及其成因分析

对2004年5月27日—6月3日象山港水域发生的大范围赤潮进行调查研究。结果表明,本次赤潮面积为240km2,赤潮原因种为红色裸甲藻(GymnodiniumsanguineumHirasaka1922),密度最高达到4.03×107个/dm3,厚度4m。赤潮的发生导致水体中pH、DO、COD、活性磷酸盐的含量较同期常规监测时偏高,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、硅酸盐含量明显降低。水体的富营养化和持续的高温天气是本次赤潮发生的主要原因。     

2010—2020年宁德近岸海域赤潮时空分布特征分析

文章收集整理2010—2020年发生在宁德近岸海域的赤潮事件,综合分析该海域赤潮的时空分布和种类特征,结果表明：(1)近11年来宁德近岸海域共发生赤潮16起,年均1.5起;总面积高达1 468 km²,年均133.5 km²;持续时间共169天,年均15.4天。(2)从月份上看,赤潮发生在4—6月,高发期为5月。(3)发生赤潮的种类共有3种甲藻和1种硅藻,其中发生次数、面积和持续天数最高的均为东海原甲藻,其次为米氏凯伦藻,最低为中肋骨条藻。(4)从空间分布上来看,福宁湾及其周边海域(A区)赤潮次数和持续天数最长,三沙湾外海域(D区)赤潮面积最大,三沙湾内海域(C区)的赤潮种类最多。(5)米氏凯伦藻引发的有毒赤潮共4次,主要集中在霞浦近岸海域。适宜的温度、盐度、丰富的营养盐和良好的天气是米氏凯伦藻形成赤潮的前提条件。     

胶州湾浮动弯角藻赤潮生消过程

根据 1 999年 6月中旬胶州湾东北部养殖水域浮动弯角藻 (Eucampia zoodiacus)赤潮的监测资料 ,分析讨论了赤潮生消动态过程中浮游植物种类组成、密度、Chl.a及水文化学要素的变化特征。结果表明 ,本次赤潮高峰持续时间为 3天 ,面积约为 1 5 km2 ,赤潮原因种为浮动弯角藻 ,密度变化范围为 5 2× 1 0 6— 1 0 2 8× 1 0 6个 /m3 ,Chl.a变化范围为 1 .5 3—3 2 .2 8mg/m3 ,浮游植物密度变化范围为 4.0× 1 0 6— 7.7× 1 0 8个 /m3 ,赤潮过程中浮游植物种类组成更替明显 ;水文化学等要素亦有较大变化 ,海水呈棕褐色 ,透明度范围为 0 .1— 0 .3 m,温度范围为 2 0 .4— 2 4 .8℃ ,盐度范围为 2 9.4— 3 2 .9,DO、COD均出现异常增高现象 ,营养盐含量有不同程度下降 ,其中铵态氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐降幅明显 ,成为后期限制赤潮种生长、繁殖的重要因素 ,导致赤潮逐步走向消亡     

南麂列岛自然保护区海域红色裸甲藻赤潮及其成因分析

2002年9月16～19日南麂列岛海域发生3km2 红褐色赤潮 ,其原因种为红色裸甲藻(GymnodiniumsanguineumHirasaka) ,密度高达4.6×105 个/L。赤潮发生时伴随细菌的大量繁殖 ,江浙沿岸流所携带的营养物质是本次赤潮发生的基础 ,森拉克台风是本次赤潮的重要诱因。南麂海域的赤潮多发季节为4～5月份 ,9～11月份发生赤潮的可能性也较大 ,大沙岙、马祖岙和火岙等水体交换相对较弱的岙口为赤潮多发区。为保护南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区珍稀海洋贝藻资源 ,需协调好保护和开发之间日益尖锐的矛盾 ,控制养殖业的发展规模和游客的数量。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.