Topological properties of disjoint channel networks within enclosed regions

Enclosure of some portion of one or more natural stream-drainage basins by superposition of a rectangle on a map of drainage network results in fragmentation of the natural basins into a set of disjoint channel networks. Each of these may have some channel links and forks of the natural network plus truncated links intersected by the enclosure boundary. The topological properties of the network elements in the enclosure are used to set up a model of random network patterns, in which the number of disjoint channel networks is expressed as a function of the number of links and forks in the enclosures. This function is shown to be a multiplicative constant times the square root of the number of links or forks. Empirical data on square and rectangular enclosures of several sizes from the Inez (Kentucky)Quadrangle map showed that the predicted multiplicative constants do not agree with observation, but that the square-root relation seems to hold at least to a first approximation. The models thus can be used as a norm against which deviations of real-world enclosures from network pattern randomness can be studied.     

苏丹白垩纪碎屑岩中的柱状节理与裂谷肩旋转

笔者在苏丹西部Mellit地区白垩系碎屑岩中发现一种罕见的柱状节理,经研究认为是沉积岩层受到中新世喷发的玄武岩溶岩流的烘烤而失水收缩形成的。可以合理地假定柱状节理在形成时是垂直于大地基准面的,根据柱状节理和沉积岩层的产状,笔者计算出Mellit地块的两期旋转事件:自晚白垩世初期到中新世初期该地块向338°方向倾斜了18°.而自中新世以来又向138°方向倾斜了18°、经过详细分析非洲大陆西部、北部、中部和东部中新生代裂谷带的构造演化史后发现:Mellit地块实际上位于南苏丹裂谷带的西北裂谷肩上,该地块自晚白垩世初期至中新世初期,向NW方向倾斜是南苏丹裂谷带干裂谷化阶段造成的裂谷肩块体的向外旋转;该地块自中新世以来向SE方向倾斜是南苏丹裂谷带在后裂谷热沉降阶段造成的裂谷肩块体的向内旋转。而南苏丹裂谷进入后裂谷热沉降阶段是与新生代东非裂谷带和红海的发育分不开的。     

The significance of cryoturbation phenomena in environmental reconstruction

Cryoturbation results mainly from differential heave related to (1) drainage and thermal conditions and (2) frost susceptibility. Loadcasting and cryostatic pressures are restricted to wet soils such as pure silt or silty sand. The translocation of fine particles resulting from repeated freezing and thawing can promote frost susceptibility in a previously non-susceptible material, as well as a loss in stability of the surface horizons (liquefaction). Small and metric scale cryoturbations can be explained by this process. Large scale deformations and injections may be related to abnormal liquefaction not necessarily associated with frost. Regular patterns are associated with fissure nets. Upturned injections in a downslope direction attest to cryoturbation and frost creep. A lowering of the water table promotes the formation of drop-like cryoturbations, most of which can be related to seasonal frost in imperfectly to poorly drained soils. They are not indicative of permafrost except in well drained situations or in the case of flat bottomed involutions.     

黑色页岩力学特性及各向异性特性试验研究

为探讨黑色页岩层理对其力学特征与能量耗散过程的影响,以龙马溪组黑色页岩为研究对象,采用室内常规三轴压缩试验,得到了不同围压、不同层理倾角的特征应力、体积应变、裂纹应变,再根据能量平衡原理分析了裂纹应变与能量演化机制。研究结果表明：在相同围压值下,特征应力以及特征应力比随着层理面倾角的增加呈现出先减小后增大的“V”型趋势;随着围压的增加,耗散能突变点能量密度会逐渐增大;耗散比随轴向裂纹应变的增加呈现出先减小后增大的“V”型趋势;试样破坏前后,弹性应变能与耗散能受层理面倾角影响具有一定的转换关系。本研究成果对于进一步探明黑色页岩层理效应对其力学特征与能量演化机制的影响提供了参考。     

Topological relations in multisystems of more than n+ 3 phases 1

Multisystems of n+k (k > 3) phases are very complicated and knowledge of them has suffered as a result. The successful solution of the topological relationships in n+ 3 phase multisystems by Zen (1966, 1967) and Zen & Roseboom (1972) has aroused much interest regarding what will happen in a multisystem of more than n+ 3 phases. Since 1979, some important research results on this topic have been published. These results have expounded the substantial rules governing the appearance of phase relations in phase diagrams of n - k (k > 3) phase multisystems. The most significant conclusions include: (1) It is impossible to incorporate all the possible phase relations in an n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem in a single closed net. Therefore, it is no longer enough to use only a single closed net to depict the topological relations involved in these types of multisystems. Instead, one or more groups of closed nets, namely the complete system(s) of closed nets are necessary for this purpose. (2) A principle called the Combination Principle has been proposed and proved. It states: Any closed net of one n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem must be a combination of two or more distinct n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets belonging to the given n+k phase multisystem, if it is not one of the n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets itself. The combination principle provides both a theoretical basis and a practical method for the construction of closed nets and, hence, for the derivation of the real phase diagrams for any n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem. (3) A theorem on divariant-assemblage-characteristic-stability-polygons is also important to our understanding of the n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem closed nets. This theorem can be stated as follows: A divariant assemblage of an n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem will be stable in an l-polygon lacking diagonals in an appropriate set of closed-net-diagrams, and this l-polygon may be at least a triangle, and at most a k-polygon. In addition, the closed-net-diagrams of unary and binary n+ 4 phase multisystems derived respectively by Guo (1980b, 1980c, 1981a) and by Roseboom & Zen (1982) have also been summarized. The combination principle is applied to a practical petrological problem in this paper, dealing with 7 phases in the system FeO-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂.     

柱状节理玄武岩岩体结构与结构面的分形研究

峨嵋山柱状节理玄武岩是西南地区分布的主要岩类。柱状节理玄武岩的原生建造、构造作用和风化卸荷对岩体结构和工程性状有较大的影响。节理裂隙影响岩体结构并劣化岩体完整性,分维数D能客观地表现岩体完整性特征,因而分析讨论柱状节理岩体节理面的分形特征,可以深层次的反映柱状节理岩体的工程地质特点。     

随机单裂隙饱和/非饱和渗透系数研究

裂隙易在降雨作用下诱发滑坡等灾害,裂隙的饱和/非饱和渗透特性是研究此类问题的关键。利用精密数控机床制作随机粗糙裂隙面,并研制了一套仪器进行此随机粗糙裂隙的渗流试验,得到了裂隙的饱和渗透系数,然后通过间接方法预测此裂隙的非饱和渗透系数。研究发现,当裂隙平均开度为0.4 mm时,其饱和渗透系数为0.1 m/s。通过立方定律得到的水力等效隙宽为0.35 mm,小于其平均隙宽。同时裂隙的渗透系数与平均隙宽的平方成正比,这与立方定律的趋势相一致。研究得到了不同隙宽裂隙的非饱和渗透系数函数,当基质吸力小于进气值时,渗透系数为一常数,即为饱和渗透系数;当基质吸力大于进气值时,裂隙板的渗透系数急剧减小。当裂隙板的基质吸力达到其残余含水率对应的吸力值时,裂隙板的渗透系数基本稳定。在此情况下,基质吸力的继续增加对渗透系数的影响非常小,很难使渗透系数减小。     

Topological and geometric characterization of fault networks using 3-dimensional Generalized maps

The consistent geometric and topological representation of a fault network is possible through a method based on the implementation of 3-dimensional Generalized maps (3-G-map) enabling all subdivisions of space to be represented. The fault network is modeled as an assemblage of polygonal faces from a set of geometric data on the faults and a knowledge of the relationships between the faults. The resultant model is expressed in terms of a 3-G-map in which volume, surface, and topological information is constructed taking into account computed intersections between faults and known interception relations. The fault network can be edited through an interactive 3-D viewer which provides several tools for navigating within the 3-G-map. Information relevant to a fault network, such as block geometry, connectivity, adjacencies, and connectivity relationships, can be obtained by exploring the data structure of the 3-G-map. The fault network architecture is made comprehensive through interactive modeling and visualization.     

高速公路通道下沉开裂治理实践

河南省省道323线登封市大冶镇一段公路软弱地基以及路面出现不均匀沉降,通道箱涵开裂,边坡为欠稳定边坡。将事故路段分为4个区域进行加固治理。通过采用注浆加固路基基础、设置坡面排水系统、提高地基的承载能力等治理措施,保证了道路的通行能力。     

Strong ground motion modelling of causative fault for the 2002 Avaj earthquake, Iran

The suitability of a very fast method for obtaining synthesizing accelerograms has been demonstrated for a hybrid simulation technique of source wavelet and acceleration envelope waveform for the 2002 Avaj earthquake. This method is based on the amplitude modeled white noise and envelope waveform. The estimation of peak acceleration from a preliminary simulated record is based on using modeling parameters of rupture plane instead of empirical relations for peak acceleration. Based on comparison between observed and simulated strong ground motion data, a fair agreement is observed between simulated and observed records up to distances 40 km for peak acceleration and duration. The most important feature of the recorded strong motion is decay up to a distance of 40 km which is due to direct upgoing shear waves. At distance of 50 to 60 km peak acceleration increase, which is due to postcritical reflection from velocity gradient in the lower crust. A flat trend is observed for peak acceleration at distance of 60 to 100 km. The simulation indicates that the rupture is started at depth of 8 km and propagated from northwest to southeast. The causative fault for the 2002 Avaj earthquake shows similar mechanism to the 1962 Buin-Zahra earthquake.     

考虑井阻和涂抹的砂井地基平面应变等效方法分析

根据固结度或平均孔压不变的条件,推导出考虑砂井阻力和涂抹效应的砂井地基平面应变等效公式,将砂井地基等效为砂墙地基进行计算,从而使复杂的空间问题转变为简单的平面问题。采用此方法时,只需对地基的渗透系数进行调整,计算方法简便易行,计算结果可以满足工程的需要,便于在实际工程中推广应用。     

浑河断裂带地质灾害发育特征及其成因机制

浑河断裂带是辽宁抚顺地区最为重要的一条活动断裂。为了深入调查沿浑河断裂带地质灾害发育情况,了解灾害形成与先存断裂之间的关系,为同类型灾害的防治和预警提供科学依据。本文采用现场调查方法,结合地面变形监测资料,厘清了浑河断裂带灾害类型和发育规律,剖析了断裂带灾害的形成机理。研究结果表明：断裂隐伏区地裂缝发育,主要沿浑河断裂带分支断裂展布,裂缝延伸长度300～2 400 m;其成因是抚顺城区南部采矿活动诱发了先存软弱断裂面局部拉裂、张开,进而向地表扩展、贯通,形成地裂缝。在断裂延伸的基岩地区沿断裂破碎带及影响带发育小型滑坡,主滑方向与断裂走向垂直或大角度斜交;其形成机制与岩体内部发育的结构面有关,尤其是顺坡向优势结构面的发育,其与坡体耦合形成易滑结构体,在长期降雨作用下,结构面软化、贯通及岩土体加速蠕滑,最终形成滑坡。     

Modeling 3-D desiccation soil crack networks using a mesh fragmentation technique

The problem of desiccation cracks in soils has received increasing attention in the last few years, in both experimental investigations and modeling. Experimental research has been mainly focused on the behavior of slurries subjected to drying in plates of different shapes, sizes and thickness. The main objectives of these studies were to learn about the process of crack formation under controlled environmental conditions, and also to understand better the impact of different factors (e.g. soil type, boundary conditions, soil thickness) on the morphology of the crack network. As for the numerical modeling, different approaches have been proposed to describe the behavior of drying cracks in soils. One aspect that it is still difficult to simulate properly is the 3-D crack pattern typically observed in desiccated soils. In this work we present a numerical technique to model the behavior of drying soils. The proposed approach inserts high aspect ratio elements in-between standard elements of a finite element mesh. This mesh fragmentation technique can be easily adapted to standard finite element programs. We used this technique to analyze multiple case studies related to soil desiccation cracks developed under laboratory and field conditions. We focused our attention in some key factors that control the 3-D morphology of the drying cracks network in soils. We show that the proposed technique is able to simulate very satisfactorily the main patterns typically observed in cracked soils.     

复合地基沉降的复合本构有限元分析

提出了平面应变条件下复合地基沉降计算的复合本构有限元法。根据桩土界面处力的平衡条件和竖向变形协调条件,由桩、土材料各自的本构方程形成复合地基的本构方程,桩和桩周土可以采用任意非线性本构模型。工程实例分析表明,所建议的方法是有效的。     

含油气盆地多级序断裂网络体系拓扑特征：以济阳坳陷为例

断裂网络体系是含油气盆地的重要组成部分,这些复杂的断裂网络体系往往是由大量多级序断裂相互作用而成,难以通过几何学描述精确表达。因此,本文通过拓扑结构来表征含油气盆地中的多级序断裂网络,实现不同断裂间对比。在对拓扑参数,节点（独立I节点或连接的Y或X节点）和分支（I-I、I-C、C-C分支）统计的基础上,结合济阳坳陷不同应力背景下形成的多级序断裂网络与构造物理模拟实验进行对比,分析拓扑结构随应力变化的差异性。研究发现：1）单一拉伸背景下的相互作用仅限于断层侧接、叠覆时发生的连接（I节点和I-I或I-C控制）,断裂网络相对单一,连通性较差;而在多期拉伸背景下,拓扑特征逐渐以Y节点和C-C分支为主,断裂间连接程度随外界应力的改变而变化,断裂网络更加复杂,连通性较好;2）断裂网络的连通性受到C-C分支影响,C-C分支比例大则断裂相对复杂,连通性更好,C-C分支比例小则断裂网络相对简单,连通性较差。因此,明确断裂网络体系的拓扑结构有助于区分含油气盆地中单相和多相拉伸作用,从而对沉积盆地的地球动力学背景提供约束。

     

不规则柱状节理岩体力学特性模型试验研究

结合Voronoi图随机模拟和3D打印技术制备不规则柱状节理网络模型,采用白水泥浆类岩石相似模型材料浇筑模型并拆模,然后分别采用白乳胶和502胶水作为黏结剂黏结柱体得到两组不规则柱状节理岩体试件,通过对其进行室内单轴压缩试验研究不规则柱状节理岩体强度特性和破坏模式。试验结果表明:不规则柱状节理岩体试件单轴抗压强度随柱体倾角的变化曲线呈现近似"J"型,表现出显著各向异性特征;不规则柱状节理岩体试件典型破坏模式包括沿柱状节理面的劈裂破坏、沿柱状节理面的剪切破坏和沿柱体的压裂破坏等3种,其部分破坏形态有异于规则柱状节理岩体试件。同时,通过与采用净水泥浆作为黏结剂的柱状节理岩体试验结果进行比较,结果表明:采用白乳胶和502胶水作为黏结剂时柱体间黏结强度更低,能够较好反映柱状节理面的弱化效应,试件力学响应与真实柱状节理岩体更为一致。     

海底软土层对海洋地基场地动力响应的影响

北京交通大学 土木建筑工程学院,北京 100044     

线路上任意一点对应中桩平面坐标在统一模型中的计算

本文给出了交通线路任意点对应中桩平面坐标计算的统一模型,并就直线段、圆曲线段、缓和曲线段三种线型具体展开,给出其理论公式和实际计算方法。     

不同成因结构面各向异性特征及其剪切力学特性

岩体结构面具有明显的各向异性,其直接影响岩体的变形特性、力学特性与渗流特性,因此对结构面的各向异性特征开展量化分析尤为重要。针对不同成因(劈裂、剪切)结构面,利用结构面量化参数(节理粗糙度系数JRC、节理平均倾角θ、分形维数D_B)对其各向异性特征进行了分析,研究了各向异性特征对其剪切力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)在劈裂断裂结构面中,平行劈裂方向的JRC与θ值普遍大于垂直方向,且随角度变化波动较小,D_B在对角线方向变化较大,其值与所取剖面线长度有关;而在剪切断裂结构面中,平行剪切方向的JRC和θ值与垂直方向无明显差别,但D_B同样在对角线方向变化较大;(2)在评价结构面各向异性时,采用θ、D_B等参数评价时,劈裂断裂结构面与剪切断裂结构面各向异性系数无明显差别,采用JRC作为评价参数时,其各向异性系数差异较大,能较好反映不同结构面之间的差异特征;(3)剪切断裂结构面的峰值剪切荷载和法向位移均高于劈裂断裂结构面,两种结构面的剪胀角达到峰值时的剪切位移相近,剪切断裂结构面的开度分布较为集中且普遍较大,劈裂断裂结构面开度分布则较为分散。