中国石炭纪生物礁造礁群落演化

中国石炭纪造礁群落是弗拉斯期—法门期生物绝灭事件后新兴起的。该群落在早期演化过程中经历了形成、发展、完善和衰落的过程,构成一个群落演化旋回。晚期又开始新一轮的旋回,群落的二分性十分显著。显然,石炭纪造礁群落代表一个不连续的演化过程。     

黔南石炭纪生物礁造礁群落的基本特征

黔南紫云猴场扁平村发育有石炭纪全球罕见的大规模典型的后生动物骨架礁,该礁体的主体部分由大型笙状群体四射珊瑚Fomitchevella建造而成,下部发育点礁层,形成了罕见的、独特的石炭纪礁体类型。对该礁体的造礁群落详细研究,尤其是对Fomitchevella造礁群落的研究后发现,造礁群落内生物结构、物理结构决定了群落的整体面貌而造礁群落的营养结构是维持这种面貌持续发展的主要因素,从而这3个方面共同作用来达到复杂的造礁生态体系的平衡。在礁体的整个发展过程中,后生动物造礁群落的存在与发展是至关重要的,它们维持了一个相对复杂的造礁生态体系的平衡发展。群落的整体面貌、生态体系都是由群落内的关键种所决定的,如果将群落内起到核心作用的物种从群落内移走,那么群落的性质,生物的组成和功能都将发生变化。     

世界石炭纪生物礁发育基本特征

石炭纪生物礁在晚古生代礁体演化序列中处于特殊地位。石炭纪是生物礁地史演化过程中一个非常关键的时期,发育的生物礁类型有:(1)叶状藻礁丘;(2)叠层石礁丘;(3)珊瑚礁;(4)Waulsortian灰泥丘;(5)Chaetetes礁丘;(6)钙质微生物—藻礁丘。石炭纪生物礁总体上表现为礁相结构、造礁群落组成及礁体建造阶段的造礁作用相对比较简单,这些都体现出生物礁在石炭纪的发展受到生物灭绝事件的影响。在以藻礁占主导地位的宾夕法尼亚亚纪,中国后生动物骨架礁发育,尤其是发育有Fomitchevella大型珊瑚礁,成为世界石炭纪生物礁的一个亮点。从石炭纪整个生物礁的发展情况来看,后生动物骨架礁与以微生物和钙藻为主导的生物礁或许是两个平行发展的礁系统,后生动物骨架礁的发展在大规模生物灭绝事件之后有明显的演化滞后现象,以钙藻和微生物为主导的造礁群落的复苏在生物灭绝事件之后更为迅速。从石炭纪生物礁古地理分布来看,石炭纪生物礁基本上分布在南北纬30°之间的区域,因此,它们代表了在相对温暖的气候条件下生长的礁体,与现代珊瑚礁的分布相近似。     

四川宣汉盘龙洞晚二叠世生物礁古油藏的发现及其重要意义

涉及四川盆地二叠系生物礁前人进行过一些专题研究和讨论(张继庆等,1990;吴熙纯等,1990;王生海等,1992;范嘉松等,1996,2002;朱同兴等,1999),但对四川盆地东北部的通江—南江 巴中至达县—宣汉一带的二叠系由于发现生物礁较少尚未进行生物礁的专题研究。到目前为止,该区在露头上所发现的晚二叠世生物礁主要有南江桥亭生物礁、通江铁厂河林场生物礁、宣汉渡口羊古洞生物礁以及开县的红花生物礁,在覆盖区通过对一些钻孔资料的研究,发现了铁山5井、天东10井、板东4井和双15井等生物礁。2002年,我     

安徽巢湖凤凰山晚古生代大冰期沉积特征与碳同位素变化

地史中海相碳酸盐岩记录的无机碳同位素的波动经常与全球气候事件相互关联,但碳酸盐岩的碳同位素不仅与全球碳循环相关,也受控于区域水循环和成岩作用.晚古生代大冰期在石炭纪末—早二叠世达到最高峰,南方冈瓦纳大陆高纬度地区冰川的进退引起低纬度地区旋回性的海平面变化,并发育显著的沉积间断,在华南表现为喀斯特岩溶角砾岩等.本文选取安...     

对比日本秋吉生物礁论湖南石炭纪生物成礁条件

一个完好的石炭纪生物礁发育在日本秋吉地区的玄武岩熔岩和火山碎屑岩之上.其礁核相可划分为6个亚相.主要的造礁生物是钙藻类、剌毛虫、珊瑚和苔藓虫.这些造礁生物在湖南中部某些地区的石炭纪地层中也十分常见,其生物组成、形态和生态特征可以和秋吉礁礁核各亚相中的生物特征进行对比.湖南中部地区石炭纪浅海的海底地形存在高低差异,在地势较高的中高能地带具备生物礁发育的各种条件,已发现一些生物层,完全有可能发现生物礁.     

吉中地区晚古生代石炭纪壳层的产生演化及矿化特征

吉中地区晚古生代石炭纪壳层是在早古生代晚期基底陆壳拉张－塌陷的基础上接受沉积,并固结成壳,后又经挤压－聚扰－抬升,最终成陆,拉张阶段形成拉张型过渡壳,挤压汇集阶段形成汇聚型过渡壳,又以早三叠世末的大规模造山运动结束进入新陆壳阶段。不同阶段形成的岩石组合类型,浸入岩及矿化类型均有较大的差别。     

黔南扁平村晚石炭世生物礁生物群落分析

在黔南紫云猴场镇以西约4 km扁平村发现了新的大型生物礁组合。该礁产于马平组Triticites带内,时间上隶属于晚石炭世晚期。通过对该礁组合中生物群落的详细研究,将其自下而上划分为组合面貌不同的6个群落。其中成礁生物群落有两个：珊Ivanoviacfmanchurica,叶状藻Eugonophyllum和菌藻类蓝细菌群落及珊瑚Formitchevella群落。前者各种生物在不同环境中独立发育构成小点礁,彼此平行排列,形成下部点礁层;后者由大型笙柱状排列的Formitchevella构成其上部主礁体。这些群落代表了生物礁的不同发展阶段,显示了在造礁过程中生物种类更替演化的特征,而群落演化与成礁有一致的对应关系,并控制着该生物礁的发育和规模。以特征生物Formitchevella为代表的造礁群落的组成、结构、生态特征和礁体生长发育模式在中国乃至世界上的石炭纪礁体中都是独特的,构成了晚石炭世罕见的非藻造架生物礁。扁平村生物礁的发现,丰富了世界石炭纪造礁生物群落的类型,为研究石炭纪造礁生物群落演化、礁体生长及建立生物礁生长动力学模型提供了新的实例。     

广西宜州裂陷槽晚古生代演化与早石炭世沉积锰矿分布*

滇黔桂地区晚古生代浅水碳酸盐岩台地与深水硅泥质盆地共存的古地理格局,是在加里东期褶皱基底上发生裂陷及差异沉降而发展起来的。广西宜州—柳州一带既是晚古生代上扬子碳酸盐岩地台南缘1条重要的沉积相分界线,也是晚古生代桂中和桂北地层分区、古生代—中生代雪峰山南段构造体系和桂中坳陷构造体系的分界线。文中通过对宜山—柳州一带晚古生代地层的区域对比和成因分析,恢复了桂中宜山—柳州地区晚古生代沉积盆地的演化历史。狭长型宜州裂陷槽盆地西起丹池断裂,向东经龙头、北牙、宜州延伸至柳州。自中泥盆世开始,首先在东西两端开始裂陷下沉,至早石炭世发展成型。受北侧来自江南隆起带陆源碎屑物质充填影响,其表现为南北不对称并在早石炭世晚期被填平。在宜州裂陷槽内发育多处早石炭世沉积型碳酸锰矿,含矿地层分布、地层序列及其沉积背景明显与裂陷槽演化有关。它们既是盆地演化历史的见证,也体现了桂中地区裂陷海槽的特色,值得在后续锰矿成因研究中予以重视。     

滇东南石炭系坝达组对比和南盘江晚古生代大洋板块演化

右江盆地上世纪末发现了桂西晚古生代海相(洋岛)玄武岩,近期亦有报道。洋盆、洋脊玄武岩是判断洋岛存在的先行条件。滇东南坝达、里呼一带下石炭统的坝达组(C₁b)主要为灰黑、灰白色薄层硅质岩、放射虫硅质岩、海绵骨针硅质岩、玄武岩夹凝灰岩、泥晶灰岩、泥岩,具有典型的硅质岩—玄武岩—灰岩—泥岩组合的洋盆沉积建造,含牙形石、三叶虫等。该组喷发于他披组之上的基性—超基性熔岩,具有显著的大洋拉斑玄武岩特征。因此,坝达组的划分和对比为研究右江盆地晚古生代—中三叠世的多岛洋盆环境提供了重要的依据,对研究华夏造山带与扬子陆块的拼贴过程具有十分重要的科学意义。     

Evolution of Yizhou aulacogen in Guangxi during Late Paleozoic and distribution of manganese deposits in Early Carboniferous

The palaeogeographic configuration of the shallow water carbonate platform and deep water siliceous basin formed in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region during the Late Paleozoic,which developed on the rifting of fold basement and differential subsidence during the Caledonian period. Yizhou-Liuzhou in Guangxi is an important sedimentary boundary in the southern Upper Yangtze carbonate platform. It is also the stratigraphic boundary of Late Paleozoic between middle and northern Guangxi,and it is the tectonic boundary between the southern Xuefengshan and central Guangxi depression during Paleozoic and Mesozoic. In this paper,the evolution of sedimentary basin located at Yishan-Liuzhou region during the Late Paleozoic is reconstructed through the regional stratigraphic correlation and genetic analysis.The elongate Yizhou rifting belt develops from the Nandan-Hechi fault from the west,and extends along Longtou,Beiya,Yizhou,and to Liuzhou. The rifting started at the eastern and western ends of the narrow rifting belt during the Middle Devonian and it developed into the rifting basin during the Early Carboniferous. Due to massive terrestrial siliciclastic filling derived from the Jiangnan Uplift to north,the rifting basin presented the asymmetrical feature and it was eventually filled up at late Early Carboniferous. Many magnesium deposits of Early Carboniferous are found in the rifting basin of Yizhou. The distribution of ore-bearing strata,the depositional succession and sedimentary environment are obviously related with the evolution of rifting basin. They are the evidences of basin evolution,implying the characteristics of rifting aulacogen in central Guangxi,which should be paid more attention in the manganese ore genesis study.     

滇东南石炭系坝达组对比和南盘江晚古生代大洋板块演化

右江盆地上世纪末发现了桂西晚古生代海相（洋岛）玄武岩,近期亦有报道。洋盆、洋脊玄武岩是判断洋岛存在的先行条件。滇东南坝达、里呼一带下石炭统的坝达组（C1b）主要为灰黑、灰白色薄层硅质岩、放射虫硅质岩、海绵骨针硅质岩、玄武岩夹凝灰岩、泥晶灰岩、泥岩,具有典型的硅质岩—玄武岩—灰岩—泥岩组合的洋盆沉积建造,含牙形石、三叶虫等。该组喷发于他披组之上的基性—超基性熔岩,具有显著的大洋拉斑玄武岩特征。因此,坝达组的划分和对比为研究右江盆地晚古生代—中三叠世的多岛洋盆环境提供了重要的依据,对研究华夏造山带与扬子陆块的拼贴过程具有十分重要的科学意义。     

Late Quaternary ice age climates of tropical Australasia: Interpretations and reconstructions

Paleoecological and paleogeographical evidence is used to mold a framework from which the basic parameters of the late Quaternary glacial-age climate of tropical Australasia can be inferred. The theory of physical circulations, a knowledge of present tropical circulation patterns, and a study of anomalous and extreme events in the present era are used to reemphasize the view of a less pluvial tropical and subtropical zone at that time. Cooler sea-surface temperature, cooler trades, and the effect of the then exposed land areas are indicated as instrumental in producing drier conditions. Tropical areas west of Cape York Peninsula and Torres Strait were subject to fewer tropical disturbances and were similar to the present tropical savannah of the northern interior of Australia. Such effects would exist even without shifts in major climatic zones, although they are shown to be consistent with an equatorward shift of the westerlies brought about by the increased pole to equator temperature gradient. Paleoenvironmental evidence from the New Guinea Highlands and southeastern Australia suggests that their climates were anomalous. Substantial data of the glacial period in New Guinea show snow lines to be 1000 to 1500 m lower than at present which matches a 6 to 8°C lowering of temperature in highland New Guinea. The deep-sea cores of the CLIMAP Project suggest a mere 2°C cooling of the surrounding tropical oceans. It is shown that it is highly unlikely that an upper-level decrease in temperature of 6 to 8°C could be maintained while the surface cools by only 2°C. It is suggested that either the temperature of the tropical oceans of the western Pacific were overestimated by CLIMAP or that cold air incursions from higher latitudes (for which some analogs exist today) were sufficiently frequent to allow the maintenance of a snow line well below the freezing level of the ancient ambient tropical atmosphere. It is shown that in southeastern Australia considerable evidence of aridity cannot be explained by merely displacing the westerlies more equatorward. To account for the aridity, a new circulation pattern is proposed. Noting that there is CLIMAP evidence of preferred equatorward extension of sea ice, a pattern is postulated that displays only small seasonal change and is characterized by an enhanced Indian Ocean trough, marked ridging at eastern Australian longitudes, and a further trough in the western Tasman. Such a basic flow is consistent with (i) a low rainfall over southeastern Australia, (ii) frequent cold outbreak conditions favorable for the maintenance of the New Guinea glaciers, and (iii) considerable precipitation to nourish the ice caps of Tasmania and the Australian and New Zeland Alps.     

新疆-甘肃-内蒙古衔接区古生代构造背景 与成矿的关系

新疆-甘肃-内蒙古衔接区可划分为星星峡-旱山微板块和敦煌微板块,二者以红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井缝合带为界。古陆裂解初期的寒武纪浅海—次深海具有形成磷钒铀锰沉积矿产的有利背景;奥陶纪洋盆及弧后盆地具备形成与海相火山-沉积岩系有关铜矿的有利背景;志留纪—泥盆纪岛弧火山建造具备形成斑岩铜矿的有利背景;石炭纪—二叠纪陆内裂谷具备形成火山沉积铁矿、铜矿、斑岩铜矿和与基性超基性岩有关铜镍矿的有利背景;各单元古陆壳活化重熔型花岗岩具有形成钨锡稀有金属矿的有利背景。     

新疆-甘肃-内蒙古衔接区古生代构造背景与成矿的关系

新疆-甘肃-内蒙古衔接区可划分为星星峡-旱山微板块和敦煌微板块,二者以红柳河-牛圈子-洗肠井缝合带为界。古陆裂解初期的寒武纪浅海—次深海具有形成磷钒铀锰沉积矿产的有利背景;奥陶纪洋盆及弧后盆地具备形成与海相火山-沉积岩系有关铜矿的有利背景;志留纪—泥盆纪岛弧火山建造具备形成斑岩铜矿的有利背景;石炭纪—二叠纪陆内裂谷具备形成火山沉积铁矿、铜矿、斑岩铜矿和与基性超基性岩有关铜镍矿的有利背景;各单元古陆壳活化重熔型花岗岩具有形成钨锡稀有金属矿的有利背景。     

Recent Advances on Non-Marine Late Paleozoic Strata and Floras： Outcome of the 16th International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian

The 16th International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian （ICCP XVI） orga- nized by the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology under the Chinese Acad- emy of Sciences, the Institute of Geology under the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, the China University of Geo- sciences and the Nanjing University took place in Nanjing, June 21-24, 2007. More than 150 colleagues from over 20 countries attended the quadrennial conference.