罗定江流域水环境容量分析

水环境容量是一种有限的可再生自然资源，是经济与社会发展的基础。罗定江是西江的一条支流，水量较小，水环境容量并不丰富。通过对罗定江流域水文特征、污染物特征、水环境现状调查，同时结合水环境容量计算方法，选用一维水质数学模型对罗定江流域水环境容量进行计算分析。结果表明，上游地区水环境容量较小，部分河段出现氨氮超标，水环境容量利用困难；下游地区水环境容量较丰富，可以充分利用发展地区经济。     

COSTS AND BENEFITS OF POLLUTION CONTROL IN PENNSYLVANIA,NEW YORK,AND NEW JERSEY, 1840–1906

ABSTRACT. Judges in Pennsylvania saw the costs and benefits of protecting people from industrial pollution quite differently from judges in New York and New Jersey between 1840 and 1906. Not only did they invoke balancing doctrine more than did judges in New York and New Jersey; but when costs and benefits were considered, Pennsylvania judges almost always concluded that the price of pollution abatement was too high to justify enjoining polluting industries. New York and New Jersey judges commonly did the reverse, acknowledging great social value and little cost to making businesses alleviate pollution. Judicial interpretation of the notions of cost and benefit mirrored the political, economic, and social conditions in each state, conditions that differed across time and place.     

金沙江干热河谷区水环境特性对荒漠化的影响

根据土壤水分特征曲线分析和野外实地观测,金沙江干热河谷区主要立类燥红土的植被盖度与土壤持水性能和土层厚度呈明显正相关性.区内具有季节性的自然荒漠化过程.季节性干旱、土壤储水和稳水性能差是本区荒漠化的根本原因,水土流失是其直接动力,提出了防治水荒的有效举措.     

MYTHOLOGIES OF THE GRID IN THE EMPIRE CITY, 1811–2011*

In this article, I examine the performative dimensions of historical narration as a form of modern mythmaking by reconsidering conventional narratives on the “origins” of Manhattan's grid street plan of 1811. The historical mythology of the grid espoused in canonical readings of the Plan of 1811 relies extensively on a rearticulation of the official explanation that the grid's designers provided in a foundational text known as the “Commissioners’ Remarks”. I argue that such accounts result in an extraordinarily narrow and formulaic interpretation of the utilitarian motives and intentions behind the city's grid plan, one that reinforces a form of “morphological essentialism”. To support this argument, I shift the focus of attention beyond the “Commissioners’ Remarks” in order to complicate readings of the intentionality that gave rise to the 1811 street plan. I conclude by suggesting that the mythic search for the “origins” of the grid in the realm of founding intentions can most effectively be challenged by drawing attention to the proliferation of countermyths of gridded space.     

LAND–USE CHANGES AND CONSERVATION OF THE HAWAI‘I ‘AMAKIHI

Hawai‘ian honeycreepers have undergone widespread extinction and population declines due to human disturbances, including habitat fragmentation, introduced predatory mammals, alien competitors, and introduced avian diseases. The Hawai‘i ‘amakihi (Hemignathus virens) is one of seven extant Hawai‘ian honeycreepers that, like all other native honey‐creepers, vanished from the low‐elevation native forests on the island of Hawai‘i due to these disturbances. But recent observations indicate that ‘amakihi have begun to recolonize low‐elevation forests in eastern Hawai‘i. In this article we discuss the current abundance of Hawai‘ian ‘amakihi in a suburban habitat on the island of Hawai‘i. We also examine the ‘amakihi's relative preference for native or exotic vegetation. Recolonization in low‐elevation habitats underscores the importance of the remaining native forests. However, concurrent with this recolonization, eastern Hawai‘i is undergoing a residential building boom that has resulted in increased deforestation and forest fragmentation. Thus the future of honeycreepers is uncertain, given the widespread environmental changes taking place in eastern Hawai‘i.     

GERMAN GREAT–POWER RELATIONS IN THE PAGES OF SIMPLICISSIMUS, 1896–1914*

ABSTRACT. Wilhelmine Germany had a powerful economy and, after 1898, began construction of a fleet to challenge Great Britain's global power. This article analyses Germany's cultural “will to power” in the period through the eyes of the avant‐garde, Munich‐published weekly magazine Simplicissimus as it examined the series of security crises between 1896 and the outbreak of war in 1914. The magazine was no fan of Wilhelmine militarism, its principal artist having been jailed for criticism of the kaiser, but it showed a deep support for Germany's rise to power on moral grounds. Many illustrations dealt with global power projection through the navy and the need for a suitable security partner within Europe. Its illustrators depicted Great Britain as an immoral world power only Germany might check and France as its preferred security partner to keep Europe at peace.     

HUMBOLDT'S NODES AND MODES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE ANDEAN WORLD*

ABSTRACT. Alexander von Humboldt engaged in a staggering array of diverse experiences in the Andes and adjoining lowlands of northwestern South America between 1801 and 1803. Yet examination of Humboldt's diaries, letters, and published works shows how his principal activities in the Andes centered on three interests: mining and geological landscapes; communications and cartography; and use and distribution of the quinine‐yielding cinchona trees. Each node represented a pragmatic concern dealing with environmental resources in the context of the Andes. To pursue these interests in his Andean field studies, Humboldt relied on varied cultural interactions and vast social networks for knowledge exchange, in addition to extensive textual comparisons. These modes of inquiry dovetailed with his pragmatic interests and his open‐ended intellectual curiosity. Fertile combinations in his Andean studies provided the foundation and main testing ground for Humboldt's fused nature‐culture approach as well as his contributions to early geography and interdisciplinary environmental science.     

安徽淮北平原水环境污染分析

选取淮河于支流19个省界断面监测点52个月的监测数据，进行科学处理，从地理环境整体性、系统性的角度建立了水环境污染模型，揭示淮北平原水体污染的时空变化规律，讨论了水系结构对水体污染的影响。综合分析了安徽淮北平原水环境整体性污染的原因在于区域人口密度过高，与社会、经济和环境保护不协调；处于生态脆弱地带；生产方式落后，经济水平处于低谷。提出了重在治本，改善生态环境，活跃地表径流；加快经济发展，为环境保护提供经费支持；整治淮河水系，上中下游形成合力；提高环保意识，依法治污等观点。     

肇庆市地表水环境状况及水环境容量分析

详细分析了肇庆市地表水污染状况及水环境容量。肇庆市地表水资源丰富,水环境污染属轻度污染水平,大部分地区符合国家水质标准类。肇庆市地表水环境容量丰富,但污染物的排放有逐年增加的趋势,污染物排放量已接近广东省总量控制水平。控制水环境污染是城市发展和城市规划的主要任务,提出了对水环境污染控制的措施,为城市规划提供依据。     

RESTORATION OF SHEEP TRANSHUMANCE IN THE EBRO VALLEY,ARAGON, SPAIN*

For centuries, sheep transhumance has connected the Spanish highlands with the lowlands, creating a livestock system with important social, economic, cultural, and landscape effects. About 5 million sheep were involved in transhumant movements in the mid‐1700s, but transhumance started to decay in the nineteenth century and almost disappeared in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1980s, transhumant sheep did not number more than 25,000 in the study area; at present the number exceeds 134,000, with herders practicing both descending and ascending transhumance. In this article we provide information not only on current numbers of transhumant sheep but also on the origins and destinations of the flocks. We also confirm that the reputation of transhumance, once regarded as quaint and antiquated, has been enhanced by the ecosystem services it provides and by the cultural and heritage continuities it renders.     

THE USE OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNALS, 1956–1986*

Ninety mainstream quantitative methods used in 14 major geographical journals are analyzed for four selected years: 1956, 1966, 1976, and 1986. Mainstream methods are used in 53% of all articles in 1986, as opposed to 3% in 1956. Both the intensity and variety of methods used also increased, particularly in physical and techniques articles compared to human articles. Major methods that dominate the entire period include bivariate correlation and regression, multiple regression, factor analyses, and chi-square. The use of nonparametric methods is increasing, although their frequency of occurrence is still low. Spatial autocorrelation and advanced multiple regression appear to be strong newcomers to the discipline.     

苏鲁豫皖接壤地区的环境特征及水环境问题

苏鲁豫皖四省接壤地区环境受人为干扰和黄泛影响严重,环境问题和自然灾害较多,尤其是围绕水环境的旱涝和水体污染问题更为突出,针对四省接壤的特定区位和水环境状况,要通过加强跨地区水资源管理,落实有关法规和实行综合治理等对策进行整治。     

华南地区小流域水污染控制规划初探

随着经济和城市化进程的快速发展，华南地区小流域水环境污染日趋严重，因此以规划的方法控制该区小流域水污染成为了一种重要的途径。从水环境污染控制规划的基本定义出发，重点分析了小流域水环境污染控制规划的一般规范及其在实施中存在的一些问题，并就这些问题提出了相应的对策，指出小流域进行水环境污染控制时必须加强环境意识，提高环境工作者素质，结合自身实际，走出一条既符合中国国情更符合华南地区小流域的水污染控制规划道路，为华南地区的持续，快速发展创造条件。     

THE CHANGING LOCATION OF TRADE AND SERVICES IN GUADALAJARA,MEXICO, 1994–2004*

The location of trade and services in Guadalajara, Mexico, is in flux as suburban commercial centers compete with the traditional downtown for new businesses and employment. Since the mid‐1990s a factor driving the change has been the introduction of American‐style big‐box retailers, corporate franchise supermarkets, and large suburban shopping malls. In this article I analyze the changing patterns of commercial and service businesses and employment from 1994 to 2004 in order to compare suburban and urban growth. My analysis includes comparative measures of change in neighborhoods immediately surrounding Walmart stores and by disaggregated types of commercial districts. Results indicate that a complementary relationship has developed: Suburbs are increasingly strong in the services, but the downtown remains a commercial hub. Moreover, some traditional small vendors in close proximity to Walmart may suffer, but growth in employment and in the service sector near Walmarts is high.     

INDUSTRIAL TOPOGRAPHY,GROUNDWATER, AND THE CONTOURS OF ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE*

ABSTRACT. Civil engineers have played a central role in reshaping the physical environment during the past two centuries. Their accomplishments were made possible in no small measure by an ability to assess local hydrologic conditions and design structures to withstand the forces of water. Recent assertions that engineers had little comprehension of groundwater processes until the 1970s prompted an analysis of the engineering literature to reconstruct the state of knowledge up to the 1950s. Textbooks and manuals demonstrated that knowledge developed in constructing transportation lines, in draining cities and farms, in creating sewers, dams, canals, and lagoons, and in erecting manufacturing facilities contributed to design with groundwater in mind. In practice, this knowledge was available and drawn on, but the success of its application was inconsistent.     

THE AMERICAN CHALLENGE TO BRITISH HEGEMONY, 1861–1947*

ABSTRACT. In The Shaping of America Donald Meinig describes a United States averse to challenging Britain geostrategically but emerging as a powerhouse economy by the late 1890s. But America embarked on a sustained economic struggle with Britain in 1861 by embracing protectionism; America's Civil War ironclads were as much to resist Britain as fight the Confederacy; and in 1866 uss Miantonomoh helped persuade Britain to reconsider, then pay, the Alabama Claims. Britain never retaliated in the economic struggle by moving to protectionism and in the late 1800s began to appease America in geostrategic terms. This struggle intensified in the 1920s and 1930s as America and Britain competed for control of international transportation, international communication, and the global oil supply, but by the mid‐1940s American hegemony was clear. This article traces the course of the complex economic and political struggle for hegemony in the light of recent models of transitions in the world economy.     

WATER MARKETING AND WATER RIGHTS TRANSFERS IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY,TEXAS*

Water marketing, which involves the purchase or transfer of water supplies or rights between a willing buyer and seller, represents on strategy for redistributing water resources among competing users. Most frequently, municipalities purchase agricultural water rights to augment their existing supply and help meet projected water demand. In Texas, the most active water market is in the lower Rio Grande Valley where the cities of Brownsville, Harlingen, and McAllen have acquired surface water rights for converting water from agricultural to municipal and industrial uses. The existence of the Rio Grande Watermaster simplifies the procedure for transferring surface water rights, helps address problems such as the maintenance of instream flow and protection of senior water rights holders, and serves as an administrative model for water resource management.     

IMPACT OF THE TELEGRAPH ON THE BUFFALO AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY MARKET: 1846–1848*

Development of the Buffalo Commodity market in the pre-telegraphic period was limited because of delays and uncertainties in information flows. The irregular operation of the telegraph during its first year restricted its value for market operators. By the middle of 1847, however, its reliability had improved, thus facilitating the operation of the market.