人体软组织的钙磷酸盐矿化作用

<正>人体的软组织是指除骨骼外,连接、支撑或包裹其他结构和器官的人体组织,包括皮肤、皮下组织、脂肪、肌腱、筋膜、韧带、肌肉、神经、血管等。软组织中有丰富的胶原纤维、弹性蛋白和基质,且富含水分,因而柔软而富有弹性。软组织矿化是伴随病变出现的软组织内的矿物质沉着,是一种异位病理性矿化。除少数尿酸盐、草酸盐、碳酸盐外,沉着的矿物质主要是钙磷酸盐,医学上统称为钙化。矿化的软组织柔顺性降低,僵硬度增加,功能减退;坚硬的沉淀有时还会进一步刺激周围组织发生炎症、水肿等病变。     

系统矿物学与矿物种

系统矿物学是矿物学领域中的一个分支学科。它是对已发现的全部矿物种的特征及其分类体系进行全面的综合系统研究。它具有完全性、系统性、连续性和阶段性的学科特点。文内分析了1979年底以前的矿物种、1980～1989年新矿物和我国发现的新矿物在系统矿物学晶体化学分类体系中大类和类中的分配,探讨了控制矿物种数的人为因素和自然因素,并提出了系统矿物学当前的迫切任务。     

稀土磷酸盐矿物合成的一些实验

本文研究了稀土磷酸盐类矿物的形成条件及矿物中各稀土元素相互置换的可能性和物理化学条件。 实验表明,独居石的形成条件范围很宽,它可在压力70—1000bar、温度>130℃、pH=2—10的范围内形成。磷钇矿的形成条件与独居石相似。在不同的温、压及pH条件下,从La—Tb的磷酸盐呈独居石的结构,而Tb—Lu却突变为磷钇矿的结构。     

人体乳腺癌矿化的同步辐射研究

同步辐射具有常规光源不可比拟的优良性能,可用于微量生物矿化样品的物相、结构、形貌和成分研究。本文利用基于同步辐射光源的X射线粉末衍射(SR-XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(SR-FTIR)、X射线荧光分析(SR-XRF)和X射线三维成像,对人体乳腺癌矿化进行了表征。研究表明,乳腺癌矿化的主要矿物物相为碳羟磷灰石,含有Sr、Zn等微量元素,其中砂粒体矿化具有独特的分层结构。研究结果为乳腺癌的病理研究和诊断提供了矿物学参考信息。     

锌在人体病理性矿化灶中分布的地球化学讨论

Zn是人体必需的微量元素之一,与疾病的发生发展关系密切。目前,Zn在人体病理性矿化灶中的分布尚不明确。本文利用同步辐射X射线荧光分析和成像技术,对乳腺癌、乳腺纤维腺瘤、乳腺增生症、乳腺炎症、卵巢浆液癌、主动脉钙化和冠状动脉钙化等病灶中的矿化物共28例中的元素含量和分布进行了测试分析,发现Zn与Ca在矿化灶中的分布总体一致,部分区域此消彼长,与Sr-Ca关系相似,提示Zn进入(碳)羟磷灰石晶格占据Ca的位置。 此外,乳腺癌与乳腺良性病变中矿化灶的Ca/Zn(摩尔浓度)值有显著差异(P<0.01),乳腺癌矿化灶中Zn元素含量较高。     

黔中铝土矿中铝矿物的矿物学研究

本文较详细地研究了黔中铝土矿里各种铝矿物的晶体形态、产出状态、光性特征,着重研究了一水硬铝石和一水软铝石的化学成分、差热、红外和X—衍射特征,探讨了各种铝矿物的成因,并按照矿物成分划分出三种矿石类型。     

乳腺纤维腺瘤病灶中钙化的矿物学研究

选取8例乳腺纤维腺瘤的钙化样品,利用光学显微镜（OM）、环境扫描电镜（ESEM）、高分辨透射电镜（HR-TEM）、显微红外光谱仪（FTIR）、微区X射线衍射等矿物学方法对样品进行了原位和分离后形貌、结构及成分的测试分析,探讨了病灶中钙化的矿物学特征,初步探讨了钙化的组成及形成机理。研究结果表明,乳腺纤维腺瘤中的钙化是由病变后期玻璃样变性胶原中的羟基和羧基为钙化提供了成核位点,伴随病情发展最后形成OM下可见的以羟磷灰石为主要成分的坏死钙化。     

金—汞系列两种矿物、铅金碲铋化物、黑铋金矿等金矿物的发现和研究

本文研究了自然界从来未发现的金汞系列中的两种矿物 —暂定名为益阳矿(Au_3Hg)和汞自然金(α-Au_5Hg),从而填补了天然金-汞系列矿物的空白;还首次发现了铅金碲铋化物—暂定名为秦岭矿(Pb_2AuBiTe_2);在广东发现一种新产状的少见金矿物——黑铋金矿(Au_(1.995)Bi(1.000));并对河北东坪金矿的两种金矿物—AuTeO_3和Au_4Pb_3进行了初步研究。这些新发现引人注目,很具矿物学意义。现将几种金矿物的研究结果加以报导,供同行们参考。     

江西宜春黄玉-锂云母花岗岩中的铍矿化作用:铍磷酸盐矿物组合

江西宜春黄玉-锂云母花岗岩是著名的稀有金属花岗岩,P_2O_5含量较高(平均0.56%)。该花岗岩全岩 Be 含量一般超过100×10~(-6),最高可达720×10~(-6),属于铍矿化花岗岩。本文利用电子探针技术对宜春铍矿化花岗岩中的铍磷酸盐及其共生矿物进行了系统研究。研究发现羟磷铍钙石是该花岗岩中的最重要铍矿物(BeO=15%～16%),偶尔亦可见磷钠铍石,它们主要呈晶间副矿物出现在岩体的中部。与铍矿物共生的矿物仍主要为磷酸盐矿物,如氟磷灰石、磷铝锂石、磷铝钠石,表明铍矿化作用与熔体中磷的聚集作用有显著关系。研究认为,宜春黄玉-锂云母花岗岩中铍以磷酸盐矿物形式结晶,而不是硅酸盐矿物,其主要原因可能为该花岗岩的结晶晚期磷的活度远远高于硅的活度,因此,P 优先作为成网离子与铍结合形成铍磷酸盐矿物。     

角闪石族和辉石族矿物的系统矿物学分类命名

角闪石族和辉石族矿物是链状硅酸盐矿物的重要组成部分,它们中的许多矿物种属于造岩矿物和/或工业矿物,具有重要的成因矿物研究意义和工业应用开发价值。国内学者对它们的分类命名和基本系统认识主要源自于王璞等(1984)编著的《系统矿物学》。随着科学技术发展和矿物学研究的不断深入,原有的矿物基础资料和分类命名都在不断更新与完善,迄今已有专业学术机构和学者在不同年代陆续发表了不同版本对该两类矿物的修订或修改意见,但一直没有统一整合,导致在涉及该两类矿物的应用研究中,在分类命名上与国际标准不统一。根据本课题组在国家公益性行业科研专项项目(新编《系统矿物学》)所承担的研究任务和当前国内外研究进展,本文系统归纳、梳理并综述了角闪石族和辉石族矿物的分类方案和命名原则,使分类命名统一标准、原则和认识并与国际接轨,这有利于该两类矿物的理论研究与开发应用,更好地支撑地质学及相关学科的研究与发展。     

人体中的矿物

人体矿物及其健康效应是生物矿化作用中的一个极具活力的研究领域。本文首先介绍了与生物矿物和生物矿化作用相关的一些基本概念,并对生物矿物的特点和种属进行了厘定,明确了它们在矿物分类中的位置。在此基础上,对人体内的生物矿物及其产出位置进行了总结,并着重评述了一些重要的人体矿物的特征及其生理性或病理性效应。     

The phosphate supply system in the Pacific region

Phosphate trade in the Pacific Basin is dominated by imports from outside the region. The principal suppliers within the area have been Nauru and Christmas Islands and the now depleted supplies of Makatea and Ocean Islands. Rapidly dwindling reserves on these islands coupled with expectations of a four to five fold increase in demand of phosphate fertilizer by the end of this century place considerable stress on the phosphate supply system in the Pacific. Anticipated developments in production from inactive deposits in Australia, Peru, and possibly Baja California, Mexico may eventually hold a major share in the Pacific markets. Other possibilities in the region include contributions from new discoveries and utilization of submarine deposits, especially those of the Chatham Rise and Baja California areas. Increased interest in small-scale mining for use in local agricultural operations may result in increased utilization of smaller deposits found throughout the Pacific.     

Biomineralization of platinum by microorganisms

The mechanism of platinum biomineralization by microscopic fungi is displayed based on data of electron microscopy, infrared and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy. It was suggested the platinum sorption process by microscopic fungi has some stages. The initial interaction is carried out by the mechanisms of physical and chemical sorption. Hereafter the reduction process of adsorbed platinum ions up to zero state is performed, probably, for account of organic compounds, which are produced by fungi biomass as metabolism result, and the process terminates by nulvalent particles aggregating up to nanosize forms. Obtained data on the platinum biomineralization extends the concept concerning the character of forming platinum nanoparticles in carbonous paleobasin.     

生命活动中矿化作用的环境响应机制研究

生物矿化作用及其环境响应机制的研究,关键在于研究生命活动制约矿物形成、分解的机理及其环境响应机制,其内容主要包括生物矿化作用的机理、生物矿化作用的环境效应、生物矿化作用的调控理论和方法。可实现的研究目标是从多学科角度发展生物矿化作用的理论,阐明自然界中矿物－生物－重金属/POPs －水之间的相互作用机理与环境响应机制。有望揭示微生物控制重金属矿化的微观机制,提出微生物治理重金属污染原理;揭示半导体矿物－微生物协同作用降解POPs 机制,发展三元体系研究方法;揭示微生物促进多金属矿山硫化物分解机制,提出微生物分解矿物对生态环境影响的调控方法等。以促进地质生物学前沿交叉学科发展,形成未来环境污染防治重大新技术的科学基础。     

Biomineralization in the La'' erma Gold Deposit of the Western Qinling Mountains

Geological and geochemical studies and experiments on mineralization indicate that the source bed of the La' erma gold deposit in the south subbelt of the western Qinling Mountains is hydrothermal cherts in the Cambrian Taiyangding Group. Organic geochemical study of the cherts shows that the organic precursors intimately associated with gold are marine bacteria and algae. The gold content in chert,is positively correlated with the amount of bacterial and algal microfossils, and simulation experiments on biomineralization of modern bacteria and algae indicate that bacteria and algae played an important role in the formation of the La' erma gold deposit.     

磷块岩研究进展与磷块岩生物成矿说

近十年来,我国磷块岩的研究以沉积学的发展为先导,取得了长足进展。十年迈出两大步:第一步是由化学沉积说向物理富集成矿说的转变;第二步是生物成矿说的发展。业已在我国南方晚震旦-早寒武世各主要工业矿床的磷块岩中发现了大量多种形态的原核生物的细菌到真核生物的真菌等磷质微生物以及藻类和小壳动物化石(后者产于早寒武世磷矿中),它们是构成磷块岩的主要组分。磷块岩实际是一种特殊的生物岩。本文论述了磷块岩的生物成矿作用、生物聚磷机理,并从磷块岩岩石的生物特点、化学成分的生物特点、红外吸收光谱以及稀土元素组成的生物特点等方面,论述了磷块岩的生物成因。同时阐述了磷质生物繁衍的环境条件与磷块岩形成环境之间的内在联系,以及磷质生物的最佳繁衍场所与磷块岩成矿古地理单元的一致性,这种“生物繁衍场”与成磷古地理单元可称之谓“陆缘坻”。     

The third body in the eclipsing system RR Lyn

Based on 70 years of published photoelectric observations, we have detected quasi-periodic cophased oscillations of the times of the primary and secondary minima of RR Lyn, one of the brightest and nearest eclipsing binaries in the northern sky ( $V = 5\mathop m\limits_. 54$ ; r=74 pc). Approximating these oscillations using the light equation yields estimates of the orbital parameters of the third body in the system and imposes constraints on its mass, M ₃. In the most probable case when the orbits of the eclipsing and triple systems are coplanar, M ₃=1.10±0.02M _⊙, and the semimajor axis of the orbit A ₃=17.4±3.5 AU, with a substantial eccentricity, e ₃=0.96±0.02. We have carried out a detailed study of the apsidal rotation of this eclipsing and now multiple system, which was suggested by Koch as a test of general relativity as far back as 1973. Our high-precision W BV R photoelectric photometry $(\sigma _{obs} \cong 0\mathop m\limits_. 0032)$ has removed some contradictions. At the same time, the proximity of the longitude of periastron ω 180°; the close correlation between the jointly estimated values of ω, e and the limb-darkening coefficients for the component disks, u ₁ and u ₂; and microfluctuations in the brightnesses of the stars prevent determination of the rate of rotation of the elliptical orbit in the system, even using the most accurate measurements.     

Biomineralization of lepidocrocite and goethite by nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria: Effect of pH, bicarbonate, phosphate, and humic acids

Fe(III) solid phases are the products of Fe(II) oxidation by Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria, but the Fe(III) phases reported to form within growth experiments are, at times, poorly crystalline and therefore difficult to identify, possibly due to the presence of ligands (e.g., phosphate, carbonate) that complex iron and disrupt iron (hydr)oxide precipitation. The scope of this study was to investigate the influences of geochemical solution conditions (pH, carbonate, phosphate, humic acids) on the Fe(II) oxidation rate and Fe(III) mineralogy. Fe(III) mineral characterization was performed using ⁵⁷Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy and μ-X-ray diffraction after oxidation of dissolved Fe(II) within Mops-buffered cell suspensions of Acidovorax sp. BoFeN1, a nitrate-reducing, Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium. Lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) (90%), which also forms after chemical oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved O₂, and goethite (α-FeOOH) (10%) were produced at pH 7.0 in the absence of any strongly complexing ligands. Higher solution pH, increasing concentrations of carbonate species, and increasing concentrations of humic acids promoted goethite formation and caused little or no changes in Fe(II) oxidation rates. Phosphate species resulted in Fe(III) solids unidentifiable to our methods and significantly slowed Fe(II) oxidation rates. Our results suggest that Fe(III) mineralogy formed by bacterial Fe(II) oxidation is strongly influenced by solution chemistry, and the geochemical conditions studied here suggest lepidocrocite and goethite may coexist in aquatic environments where nitrate-reducing, Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria are active.