降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考

降雨诱发的浅层黄土泥流规模小、流速快、冲击力强、发育范围广、难以防御、致灾频率高,近两年造成了大量人员伤亡,急需开展其形成机制与强度的研究。黄土物质组成与水敏性、坡体形态对降雨入渗—积水的响应、黄土斜坡对降水入渗的力学响应机制、富水黄土粘滞性流动特性是制约浅层黄土泥流形成的四种主要因素,分析这四种因素的对浅层黄土泥流形成的制约作用需解决斜坡降雨入渗的水文过程、非饱和土的力学效应及水土耦合的机制等前沿问题。本文对影响泥流形成的各因素研究的最新进展进行了综述,同时讨论了研究中的核心问题,并提出了相应的对策与方案,认为可从三方面开展研究:(1)定量描述泥流体积扩容特征,建立浅层黄土泥流启动与流动模式;(2)分析泥流与原状黄土物质成分、组成结构差异,开展黄土非饱和增湿力学变形试验,监测0°~60°单面坡与坡肩平缓斜坡的降雨入渗过程,研究坡体形态对雨水汇聚、入渗及基质吸力变化的控制特征,揭示泥流流体运动过程中水土响应机制;(3)对浅层黄土泥流物理力学模型进行解析,讨论泥流流动能量转化特征,建立降雨诱发泥流灾害的强度计算模型,为降雨泥流灾害危险性定量计算提供理论支撑。     

灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化

引水灌溉改变了黄土的原生环境,使黄土在增湿乃至饱和的过程中,微结构、物理、力学及水理性质都不同程度地发生了变化,成为诱发黄土灾害的重要条件.以甘肃省黑方台灌区为研究区,开展从原位试验到室内测试、从传统土力学到非饱和土力学、从微观到宏观的多角度系统研究,揭示灌溉引起的黄土工程地质性质变化.研究结果表明,灌溉造成黄土原生结构破坏,孔隙总量和孔隙度普遍减小,造成天然含水量、天然密度、干密度等物理性质指标增高,天然孔隙比降低,黄土压缩性和湿陷性趋低,抗剪强度降幅尤为明显;从非饱和土力学角度看,灌溉使得黄土含水量增加,基质吸力降低,非饱和黄土强度参数也随之呈递减趋势;从黄土时效变形分析看,灌溉使得黄土更易发生蠕变变形和破坏.     

根据参数反演结果分析非饱和黄土边坡破坏机理

边坡的变形破坏本质上有两方面的因素控制,(1)开挖或堆载引起斜坡内应力的重分布; (2)地表水渗入或地下水变动引起其抗剪强度的变化。大部分黄土路堑边坡位于地下水位以上,斜坡开挖以后,应力不再改变。 如果不是在人工灌溉区,其破坏大多可归结为降雨入渗引起的黄土抗剪强度的降低。对于非饱和黄土来讲,其孔隙水压力为负值,传统的Terzaghi有效应力原理不适用于Mohr-Coulomb抗剪强度公式,而Bishop的非饱和土有效应力公式中参数测定周期很长,技术还不是很成熟,目前在实际工程中应用还不现实。如何基于目前常规的测试方法,合理地确定边坡抗剪强度参数,是值得研究的问题。本文对局部发生滑坡的山西吉家塬黄土路堑51.6m高边坡,采用Bishop法反演边坡c、值; 取边坡上的黄土样,测了不同含水率试样的直接快剪强度参数。将试验结果与反演结果对比发现,含水量在接近土样塑限时的直接快剪试验结果与反演结果较为接近。塑限是土的一个状态界限指标,即固态到塑态含水量的界限值。土由固态进入塑态,土强度显著降低,此时最容易发生变形破坏,这符合土体稠度状态和强度变化的本质。因此建议在黄土边坡设计中,一般可取塑限含水量下的直接快剪强度指标作为边坡稳定性评价的指标。     

灌溉引起地下水位上升对斜坡稳定性的影响——以甘肃黑方台为例

灌溉诱发黄土滑坡是黄土高原地区一种常见的地质灾害,其实质是地下水位上升,引起黄土基质吸力下降,强度降低,最终导致黄土斜坡失稳的过程。以甘肃黑方台典型黄土斜坡为例,在非饱和土特性试验基础上,通过饱和-非饱和渗流分析,研究了地下水位上升引起的黄土斜坡内部渗流场的变化特征,探讨了地下水位变化对斜坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:地下水位上升,对斜坡内部孔压分布影响较大;地下水位上升,导致饱和区域增大,非饱和区基质吸力降低;斜坡内部基质吸力的降低与地下水位呈线性关系。以渗流分析为基础,对典型斜坡进行了极限平衡分析,结果表明,地下水位上升与稳定性系数下降基本上呈线性关系,在距离坡顶100 m位置的黄土层中地下水位约21 m时,边坡出现失稳。     

考虑降雨的非饱和土边坡稳定性分析方法

降雨往往是引起热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土边坡失稳的主要促发因素。地处热带和亚热带的膨胀土、残积土往往是非饱和的，由于吸力的存在，土体抗剪强度较高，土坡是稳定的，一旦发生降雨，雨水将渗入土体，土体饱和度增加，吸力锐减并引起抗剪强度大幅度下降，当持续降雨的历时和强度超过一定程度时，则可导致土坡失稳。采用极限平衡分析方法，建立了一套能考虑水分入渗的非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析方法，该方法考虑在降雨后土坡水分为一分布场及抗剪强度参数为饱和度的函数。给出了一个计算实例。计算结果表明，降雨引起的土坡失稳往往为浅层破坏。     

非饱和黄土强度特性的常规三轴试验研究

以马兰黄土为例 ,对非饱和黄土的强度特性进行了常规三轴试验研究 ,根据试验结果 ,提出了非饱和黄土的吸力强度与饱和度之间的非线性关系表达式 ,并证实了非饱和黄土抗剪强度与含水量之间存在指数函数关系。     

压实黄土非饱和抗剪强度的试验研究

黄土是一种典型的非饱和土,抗剪强度是黄土的一个重要力学性质。为探究压实黄土的非饱和抗剪强度特征,利用GDS非饱和三轴仪对延安L₆压实黄土进行了一系列控制不同吸力和围压的固结排水剪切试验（CD试验）。对试验过程中压实黄土试样的饱和度、体积及土样中进出水量的变化情况进行了分析,并探讨了吸力和净围压对压实黄土应力-应变特性的影响规律。通过研究发现：试验黄土剪切过程中应力-应变曲线均为硬化型,应变呈现先剪缩后剪胀的变化趋势。基质吸力和净围压均对压实黄土的变形特性和强度特性有较大影响,同一基质吸力条件下,净围压越大,压实黄土试样强度越高,剪缩体变峰值越大,最终发生的剪胀量越小。净围压一定时,基质吸力越大,强度越大,剪胀也更明显。     

新疆伊犁加朗普特黄土滑坡泥石流降雨诱发机理

新疆伊犁谷地黄土广泛分布,黄土滑坡灾害严重,其数量占新疆全区滑坡的80%,其中大型黄土滑坡-泥石流灾害链造成的损失尤为显著。与我国西部典型黄土斜坡相比,伊犁谷地黄土斜坡具有坡体结构复杂和降雨非饱和渗流失稳的特征,黄土滑坡降雨诱发机制复杂。以新源县则克台加朗普特大型滑坡泥石流灾害为例,在建立黄土滑坡坡体结构模型的基础上,基于非饱和渗流理论,计算分析坡体非饱和渗流场变化,研究降雨诱发黄土坡体结构渗流破坏过程与机制,采用渗流-稳定性耦合计算方法,分析非饱和渗透诱发坡体结构失稳过程,揭示新疆伊犁谷地大型黄土滑坡降雨非饱和渗流失稳机理。     

季节性冻融作用及其对斜坡土体强度的影响——以甘肃黑方台地区为例

季节性冻土地区黄土斜坡冬春交际常发生崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害,造成了严重的生命财产损失.位于甘肃省永靖县的黄土台塬——黑方台为典型的季节性冻土地区,其3月份黄土滑坡灾害高发.通过对滑坡体的野外调查、原位监测,分析了该地区的冻融作用特征及其对斜坡土体强度的影响,证实了该地区表层土体存在显著的冻融循环作用,总结了斜坡体受冻融作用影响的宏观表现和受气温影响的斜坡表层黄土地温变化过程.在此基础上设计开展了黄土室内力学性质试验,分析了不同初始含水率对冻结黄土三轴抗剪强度参数的影响,对比分析了黄土与冻结黄土的三轴抗剪强度参数变化.由天然和饱和2种状态下的黄土经历15次冻融循环后的直剪实验得出冻融循环作用对黄土强度影响较大的结论.该结果可为冻融期黄土斜坡稳定性分析提供参考.     

考虑饱和度的压实填土抗剪强度研究

压实填土一般为典型的非饱和土,广泛存在于各类工程中,其物理力学性质受填土含水状态的影响。因基质吸力测量困难,非饱和土强度理论难以在压实填土工程中应用。研究含水状态变化对压实土抗剪强度影响的大小,寻找一种简化实用的非饱和压实土抗剪强度确定方法。从非饱和土理论出发,对含水状态影响压实土抗剪强度的机制进行了分析,重新整理并分析了5种压实土的非饱和三轴试验结果,对一些压实土工程资料中的直剪试验强度指标进行了收集和整理。分析表明,基质吸力对压实填土抗剪强度的贡献占有相当大的比例;含水率变化对压实填土抗剪强度的影响是非常显著和不容忽视的。工程资料中压实土饱和度对数值与黏聚力指标有良好的线性相关关系,提出了一个考虑饱和度影响的压实填土抗剪强度简易计算方法。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861