The effect of focal depth error on moment tensor inversion

ＴｈｅｅｆｅｃｔｏｆｆｏｃａｌｄｅｐｔｈｅｒｏｒｏｎｍｏｍｅｎｔｔｅｎｓｏｒｉｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎＬＩＳＨＥＮＧＸＵ（许力生）ＹＵＮＴＡＩＣＨＥＮ（陈运泰）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ...     

Moment tensor inversion for focal mechanism of the Beibuwan earthquakes

IntroductionOnDecember31,1994andJanuary10,1995,twoearthquakesoccurredconsecutivelyinBeibuwanarea,China.TheirmagnitudewereMs=6.0andMs=6.1respectively.ThehypocentralparametersoftheseearthquakesarelistedinTable1.Thetimeintervalofthetwoewthquakesis10dandtheirepicentrallocationsareneartoeachotherTheyarethestrongestewthquakesinBeibuwanregiononrecord.Since1980,just12earthquakeshadoccurredinthe50kmrangearoundtheepicentresofthesetwoearthquakes(Wu,etal,1996).Thelargestearthquakeamongthe12earthquake…     

稀疏台网反演区域地震偏量矩张量解的稳定性

使用区域地震台网的波形资料,研究了2010年2月26日台湾以东海域Mw5.4地震的偏量矩张量,所得结果与Havard CMT目录给出的解之间的Kagan角为9.5°,两者较为一致;反演得到这次地震的震源深度为41 km,接近USGS给出的定位结果,可能更接近真实的震源深度.选择不同的台站组合,分析了台站布局对矩张量解的...     

Moment tensor inversion for the focal mechanism of the Dongfang (Hainan) earthquake swarm

IntroductionOnJanuary4,1992,twoearthquakesoccurredconsecutivelyaroundtheGancheng-BanqiaoatDongfangCounty,HainanProvince.Theirorigintimeandmagnitudewere23:01:24,ML=3.4and23:01:54,ML=3.7,respectively.Theepicentrallocationoftwoearthquakeswere18°46′N,108°42′Eand18°45′N,108°42′E,respectively.Thefocaldepthswereabout10kin.Followingthesetwoearthquakes,alotofsmallearthquakesoccurredinthisregion.ThebiggestearthquakeoccurredonMay26,1992.Itsorigintimewas18f43f25andthemagnitudewasML=4.5.Ac…     

Applications of seismic moment tensor inversion in fast response to earthquakes

IntroductionAfteramoderateorstronger(Ms25.0)earthquake,themosturgentworkofthedivisionforearthquakemonitoringandpredictionistodetermineitstimeoforigin,hypocentrallocation(longitude,latitudeanddepth)andmagnitudeandtojudgethetrendofseismicregimedevelopmentassoonaspossible.Ingeneralcases,whenanearthquakewithMS25.0insideChinaoraonewithMS26.0inneighboringareasofChinahasoccurred,theEarthquakeBulletinofChineseSeismologicalNetworkcanprovidedeterminationoftheorigintime,hypocentrallocation(longitude,…     

地震动旋转分量用于矩张量反演的数值试验

地震动旋转分量可以提供传统平动分量所欠缺的空间梯度信息,理论上可以提升对震源参数的约束.本文对旋转分量用于矩张量反演进行了较为全面的数值试验.首先分析了均匀无限空间中位错点源产生的旋转波场与平动波场在辐射花样上的互补性,由此推测旋转分量用于矩张量反演能提供额外的约束.随后基于层状介质模型合成的平动和旋转记录,开展了地震矩张量反演测试研究.我们通过对比反演得到的矩张量、矩张量差异角Δφ和地震矩,定量评估在矩张量反演中引入旋转分量的作用,发现在合适的条件下,在原平动记录基础上加入旋转记录来联合反演会显著提升反演结果的可靠性,可减小矩张量差异角Δφ30%以上,极端条件下70%以上;如保持总记录数量不变（即在部分台站添加旋转分量替换其他台站的平动分量）,某些矩张量元素反演效果会变好,但某些元素可能会变差.整体而言,在多数台站分布的情况下加入旋转都能起到强于增加同等数目平动台站的作用.同时,我们还发现在低频情况下,旋转分量对于深度非常敏感,引入旋转分量对于约束矩心深度有非常显著的效果.此外,还尝试了不同的试验条件,发现在低频、震中距较小、信噪比较低、速度结构模型较为准确的情况下,加入旋转分量对结果的提升更明显.整体而言,尽管旋转分量的使用需要满足一定的条件,将旋转用于矩张量反演是可行的,它能为矩张量反演提供与平动分量互补的信息,在稀疏台站和密集平动的台站的情况下加入旋转观测将显著增强对地震的监测能力.

     

Discrimination of induced seismicity by full moment tensor inversion and decomposition

Human activities, including operations related to mining and reservoir exploitation, may induce seismicity and pose a risk for population and infrastructures. While different observations are commonly used to assess the origin of earthquakes, there is a lack of rules and methods for the discrimination between natural and induced seismicity. The inversion and decomposition of the full moment tensor and the observation of relevant deviation from a pure double couple (DC) model may be an indicator for induced seismicity. We establish here a common procedure to analyse a set of natural and induced events of similar magnitude, which occurred in Germany and neighbouring regions. The procedure is based on an inversion method and on a consistent velocity model and recording network. Induced seismicity is recorded during different mining and/or reservoir exploitations. Moment tensors are inverted using a multi-step inversion approach. This method, which was successfully applied in previous studies at regional and teleseismic distances, is further developed here to account for full moment tensor analysis. We first find a best DC solution and then perform a full moment tensor inversion, fitting full waveforms amplitude spectra at regional distances. The moment tensor solution is decomposed into DC, compensated linear vector dipole and isotropic terms. The discrimination problem is then investigated through the evaluation of distributions of non-DC source components for natural and induced data sets. Results illustrate the potential of the inversion and discrimination approach. Additional detailed analyses are carried out for the two most significant induced earthquakes, and rupture models are compared with the full moment tensor solutions.     

基于粒子群优化的双力偶模型振幅谱反演方法及应用

发展了一种基于全波形振幅谱的频率域双力偶震源机制反演方法. 通过理论振幅谱与观测振幅谱的拟合搜寻断层面参数, 基于粒子群优化算法可以在较短的时间内得到稳定可靠的解． 数值试验表明, 在定位误差较大, 以及台站布局较差的情况下, 振幅谱反演仍可较为准确地得到震源机制, 并且由此计算得到的最优震源深度仍比较接近真实的震源位置． 使用该方法用2010年5月17日渤海ML4.0地震的震源机制进行了检验, 结果与加权P波初动解非常一致． 应用该方法对山东半岛及近海地区2003——2010年14次MLge;4.0地震震源机制进行了估计．      

基于Langston分解和Hilbert变换约束的区域偏量矩张量反演方法及其应用

本文基于Langston的震源机制分解方法以及Minson和Dreger修正后的近场位移的解析解表达式,给出了一种区域纯偏量矩张量的求解方法,方法使用基于Hilbert变换的波形包络作为增强约束．对该方法进行了数值试验. 试验结果表明,定位准确且速度结构已知的情况下,背景高斯噪声水平达30%时,该方法仍可以得到较稳定的解;使用0.01——0.1 Hz的中长周期频段进行反演,在随机震相到时误差最大plusmn;3 s的情况下,近90%的情况可以得到相对准确的解. 速度结构模型的干扰试验表明,平均模型接近真实地壳结构时,可以得到接近真实的解;模型与真实的地壳结构的误差在10%以内时,得到的解与真实解比较接近;误差接近20%时,矩张量解会出现很大的偏差;地震的定位误差主要影响震源深度的判定,从而导致最终解中出现虚假的非双力偶成分,但在约束为偏量矩张量的情况下,反演得到的断层面参数与真实解偏差不大;在台站方位角覆盖较差(＜60deg;)的情况下,使用平均模型仍可以得到较为准确的解．使用该方法研究了2010年10月24日河南周口太康MW4.7地震的震源机制,结果显示矩张量解与初动符号解较为一致．      

Moment tensor inversion of explosive long period events recorded on Arenal volcano,Costa Rica,constrained by synthetic tests

In order to constrain the moment tensor solution of an explosive seismic event recorded on Arenal volcano, Costa Rica, we perform tests using synthetic data. These data are generated using a 3D model including the topography of the volcano and the best estimation of the velocity model available for Arenal. Solutions for (i) the moment tensor components, and (ii) the moment tensor plus single forces, are analyzed. When noisy data and mislocated sources are used in the inversion, spurious single forces are easily generated in the solution for the moment tensor components plus single forces. Forces also appear when the inversion is performed using an explosive event recorded on Arenal in 2005. Synthetic tests indicate that these forces might be spurious. However the mechanism is correctly retrieved by the inversion in both solutions. The ability to recover the explosive mechanism for the 2005 event combined with the interpretative aids from the synthetics tests will enable us to invert for the large variation in events observed on Arenal.     

A new technique for moment tensor inversion with applications to the 2008 Wen-chuan M_s8.0 earthquake sequence

A MS8.0 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China, on May 12, 2008, and subsequently, numerous aftershocks followed. We obtained the moment tensor solutions and source time functions (STFs) for the Wenchuan earthquake and its seven larger aftershocks (MS5.0~6.0) by a new technique of moment tensor inversion using the broadband and long-period seismic waveform data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN). Firstly, the theoretical background and technical flow of the new technique was brie...     

Moment tensor inversion of focal mechanism for the aftershock sequence of 1982 Lulong Ms=6.1 earthquake

Introduction Lulong is located about 70 km to the northeast of Tangshan city, Hebei Province. On October 19, 1982, a MS=6.1 earthquake took place about 4 km to the northeast of Lulong county with the epicenter of 39°57′N, 119°04′E and the original time of 20h45min (Beijing time). Lulong is lo-cated at the connection part of Yanshan block and North China plain block according to the divi-sion of active blocks in Chinese mainland (ZHANG et al, 2003). There is a WNW-trending tec-toni…     

2010年1月15日濮阳4．2级地震震源机制反演

使用ISOLA波形反演方法,对2010年1月15日濮阳4．2级地震的震源机制进行研究,结果显示,此次地震的震源参数为：节面A：走向63°,倾角89°滑动角134°;节面B：走向153°,倾角44°,滑动角1°;标量地震矩1．0×10^15N·m,震源深度5km。研究发现,由于使用相对简化的速度模型,波形拟合程度随着震中距的增加而逐渐变差。     

A new technique for moment tensor inversion with applications to the 2008 Wenchuan M S8.0 earthquake sequence

A MS8.0 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, China, on May 12, 2008, and subsequently, numerous aftershocks followed. We obtained the moment tensor solutions and source time functions (STFs) for the Wenchuan earthquake and its seven larger aftershocks (MS5.0~6.0) by a new technique of moment tensor inversion using the broadband and long-period seismic waveform data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN). Firstly, the theoretical background and technical flow of the new technique was briefly introduced, and an aftershock of the Wenchuan earthquake sequence was employed to illustrate the real procedure for inverting the moment tensor; secondly, the moment tensor solutions and STFs of the eight events, including the main shock, were presented, and finally, the interpretation of the results was made. The agreement of our results with the GCMT results indicates the new approach is efficient and feasible. By using this approach, not only the moment tensor solution can be obtained but also the STF can be retrieved; the inverted STFs indicate that the source rupture process may be com-plicated even for the moderate earthquakes. The inverted focal mechanisms of the Wenchuan earthquake sequence show that the most of the aftershocks occurred in the main faults of the Longmenshan fault zone with predomi-nantly thrustingwith minor right-lateral strike-slip component, but some of them may have occurred in the sub-faults with strike-slip faulting in the vicinity of the main faults.     

Seismic moment tensor inversion using 3D velocity model and its application to the 2013 Lushan earthquake sequence

Source inversion of small-magnitude events such as aftershocks or mine collapses requires use of relatively high frequency seismic waveforms which are strongly affected by small-scale heterogeneities in the crust. In this study, we developed a new inversion method called gCAP3D for determining general moment tensor of a seismic source using Green's functions of 3D models. It inherits the advantageous features of the “Cut-and-Paste” (CAP) method to break a full seismogram into the Pnl and surface-wave segments and to allow time shift between observed and predicted waveforms. It uses grid search for 5 source parameters (relative strengths of the isotropic and compensated-linear-vector-dipole components and the strike, dip, and rake of the double-couple component) that minimize the waveform misfit. The scalar moment is estimated using the ratio of L₂ norms of the data and synthetics. Focal depth can also be determined by repeating the inversion at different depths. We applied gCAP3D to the 2013 M_s 7.0 Lushan earthquake and its aftershocks using a 3D crustal-upper mantle velocity model derived from ambient noise tomography in the region. We first relocated the events using the double-difference method. We then used the finite-differences method and reciprocity principle to calculate Green's functions of the 3D model for 20 permanent broadband seismic stations within 200 km from the source region. We obtained moment tensors of the mainshock and 74 aftershocks ranging from M_w 5.2 to 3.4. The results show that the Lushan earthquake is a reverse faulting at a depth of 13–15 km on a plane dipping 40–47° to N46° W. Most of the aftershocks occurred off the main rupture plane and have similar focal mechanisms to the mainshock's, except in the proximity of the mainshock where the aftershocks' focal mechanisms display some variations.     

地震矩张量反演在地震观测报告中的应用

针对我国地震工作的实际需要,从１９９５年起,《中国地震台网目录和地震矩张量解》刊登了国内较大地震和全球大震的地震矩张量解和震源机制解。同时在《中国地震年报》上也刊登国内及邻区较大地震的地震长张量解和震源机制解。为了方便用户使用,本文对有关参数进行了说明。     

On the limits of linear moment tensor inversion of surface wave spectra

Some theoretical and practical limits to linear moment tensor inversion of surface waves are analyzed in detail, in particular when one or few stations are used for rapid determination of source parameters. The theory is briefly outlined and steps of preprocessing, especially corrections for source history and propagation, are discussed in order to guarantee the validity of the moment tensor inversion. The inverse problem is first studied from a theoretical point of view. Then the feasibility of the moment tensor inversion is tested from synthetic computations and the formalism is improved in order to obtain a better system conditioning. Finally, some cases of practical nonuniqueness of the solution are shown and possible restrictions to the applicability of the method are discussed. All steps are illustrated with the example of theM _s =6.9 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake of March, 13, 1992.     

基于协同克里金方法的重力梯度全张量三维约束反演

随着重力梯度全张量测量技术的日趋成熟,重力梯度全张量数据的三维反演技术日益受到重视与关注.全张量数据反演与重力数据反演一样仍然面临着严重的多解性问题.本文将基于地质统计学的协同克里金方法应用于重力梯度全张量数据三维反演,建立了密度约束下的多变量协同克里金联合反演方程,以降低反演的多解性.模型试验表明密度信息的加入能够有效降低反演的多解性,提高反演结果的分辨率,尤其是纵向分辨率能够得到显著提高.最后对美国德克萨斯州一个岩丘区所获得实际资料的应用表明了本文方法的实用性.     

Discussion on moment tensor solution and seismogenic structure of Ruichang-Yangxin earthquake on 10 September 2011

Ruichang-Yangxin earthquake is another moderate earthquake in Yangxin-Jiujiang area since 2005 Jiujiang-Ruichang M5.7 earthquake. In order to more understand the seismic activities in this area, we study the moment tensor solution and the seismogenic structure of the Ruichang-Yangxin earthquake. Precise earthquake relocation shows that the mainshock occurred on the southwestern part of the NE-trending fault and aftershocks are distributed not only along the NE-trending fault but also along its conjugated NW-trending fault. By comprehensive analysis on the earthquake distribution, characteristics of isoseismal curve, focal mechanism, and regional structure characteristics, it is inferred that this earthquake is caused by the NE-trending Tanlu fault. In addition, it has close relationship with the conjugated NW-trending fault as well. Many researches have shown that the junction area is the earthquake-prone area, and should be paid more attention to. And our study also proves this viewpoint.