松辽盆地西缘断陷盆地特征及油气远景

大杨树盆地与松辽盆地及其他西缘盆地的对比, 发现它们具有类似的充填序列和构造演化历史, 表明这些盆地应是松辽盆地的一部分。目前, 在陆家堡凹陷中已发现具有一定规模的油田, 大杨树盆地深部发现良好的烃源岩, 这表明沿松辽盆地西缘发育的一系列断陷盆地具有良好的油气远景, 大杨树盆地是其中最具勘探潜力的盆地之一。     

Gas-generation potential of shales in small and medium-sized basins: a case study from the Xuanhua Basin,north China

Abstract

Small- and medium-sized basins are widely distributed, and some contain commercial gas reservoirs demonstrating their gas-generation potential. The Xuanhua Basin, which is a small-sized coal-bearing basin in north China, includes a promising target for shale-gas exploration in the Xiahuayuan Formation. In this study, we used this basin as a case study to assess the critical geochemical features for small or medium-sized basins to form commercial gas reservoirs. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, microscopic observation of macerals, vitrinite reflectance measurement and kerogen stable carbon isotope analysis were performed to characterise the organic geochemistry of the Xiahuayuan shales. The original total organic carbon (TOC_o) content and hydrocarbon-generative potential (S_2o) were reconstructed to further evaluate the gas-generation potential of these shales. In addition, geochemical data of shales from other similar-sized basins with gas discoveries were compared. The results showed that the kerogen from the Xiahuayuan Formation is Type III (gas-prone), and macerals are dominated by vitrinite. TOC values showed a strong heterogeneity in the vertical profiles, with most higher than 1.5?wt%. The measured R_o values ranged from 1.4 to 2.0%. However, thermal maturity was not correlated with the present-day burial depth with higher maturity in the wells closest to the diabase intrusion centre. The remaining generation potential (S₂) averaged 0.91?mg HC/g rock, equal to 1.4?cm³ CH₄/g rock, and the average amount of hydrocarbon generated was 4.33?cm³ CH₄/g rock. In small and medium-sized basins, the TOC content of commercially developed gas shales ranged from 0.5 to 2.5?wt%, organic matter was mainly humic (gas-prone), and the burial depth was generally shallow. Biogenic gas reservoirs for commercial exploitation tend to have larger shale thicknesses (120–800?m) than thermogenic gas reservoirs (60–90?m).

1. The Xiahuayuan Formation is a good gas-source rock with gas-prone kerogen type, relatively high TOC values and moderate thermal maturity.

2. The average amount of hydrocarbon generated from the Xiahuayuan shales is about 4.33?cm³ CH₄/g rock, indicating a potential to form a shale gas reservoir.

3. Owing to the influence of diabase intrusions, the Xiahuayuan shales have entered the dry gas window at relatively shallow-buried depths.

4. Small- and medium-sized basins have the potential to generate commercial gas reservoirs with the generated volume mainly a product of the thickness and maturity of black shales.

     

Cretaceous sedimentary basins in Sichuan,SW China: Restoration of tectonic and depositional environments

This study documents sediment infill features and their responses to the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. The data include a comparison of field outcrops, well drillings, inter-well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps, and the spatial evolution of sedimentary facies. We divided the evolutionary history of the Sichuan Cretaceous Basin into three stages based on the following tectonic subsidence curves: the early Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma), late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (125–89.8 Ma), and late Late Cretaceous (89.8–66 Ma). The basin underwent NW–SE compression with northwestward shortening in the early Early Cretaceous and was dominated by alluvial fans and fluviolacustrine sedimentary systems. The central and northern areas of the Sichuan Basin were rapidly uplifted during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous with southwestward tilting, which resulted in the formation of a depression, exhibited southwestward compression, and was characterized by aeolian desert and fluviolacustrine deposits. The tectonic framework is controlled by the inherited basement structure and the formation of NE mountains, which not only affected the clastic supply of the sedimentary basin but also blocked warm-wet currents from the southeast, which changed the climatic conditions in the late Late Cretaceous. The formation and evolution of Cretaceous sedimentary basins are closely related to synchronous subtle far-field tectonism and changes in climate and drainage systems. According to the analysis of the migration of the Cretaceous sedimentation centers, different basin structures formed during different periods, including periods of peripheral mountain asynchronous thrusting and regional differential uplift. Thus, the Sichuan Cretaceous sedimentary basin is recognized as a superimposed foreland basin.     

叠合盆地深层构造—热演化研究方法:以四川盆地为例

与简单盆地和叠合盆地中-浅层相比,叠合盆地深层往往缺乏镜质体反射率等传统古温标,海相碳酸盐岩层次往往缺乏磷灰石、锆石等重矿物而无法开展裂变径迹和（U-Th）/He分析,而且经历了多期复杂热史,古温标早期热记录被后期构造-热事件叠加改造,因此单一古温标和单一的热史恢复模式难以满足叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究。本文从沉积盆地构造-热演化基本研究方法入手,着重介绍了发展迅速的多种显微组分荧光分析（FAMM）和二元同位素技术。针对叠合盆地深层多期复杂热史恢复的难点,以四川盆地为例总结了开展叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究的思路和工作方法。叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究应坚持今古地温场并举、盆地热演化与区域构造演化相结合、地质-地球物理-地球化学三位一体的总体工作思路,多温标耦合,正、反演结合,既考虑岩石圈热演化的动力学规律,又考虑该演化过程对盆地基底沉降、地层发育、古温标热演化程度的影响,只有这样才能保证叠合盆地深层构造-热演化研究结果的可靠性。     

松辽盆地南部白垩纪-古近纪挤压构造的发现与盆地性质探讨

松辽盆地位于欧亚板块东部,毗邻太平洋板块,是叠置于华北板块和西伯利亚板块之间的晚古生代碰撞造山带之上规模最大的中-新生代陆相含油气盆地,具有断、坳双重结构。自白垩纪以来,松辽盆地南部主要经历两期挤压作用:NW-SE向挤压作用发生在下白垩统营城组碎屑岩段-上白垩统泉头组沉积时期,挤压作用持续了18Myr;近E-W向挤压作用发生在四方台组-古近系沉积时期,挤压作用至少持续了39.1Myr。两期挤压作用都表现出东强西弱的特点,第二期挤压作用的变形强度远大于第一期,并且在明水组沉积晚期变形强度最大,这期挤压作用奠定了松辽盆地现今的构造格局。下白垩统营城组上部碎屑岩段-上白垩统泉头组和四方台组-古近系的沉积作用分别记录了第一期、第二期挤压作用形成的反转构造和断层相关褶皱的变形过程。上述构造在不同时期隆升速率与沉积速率之间的关系,控制了盆地的沉积范围、沉积地层的厚度和接触关系在空间上的变化。松辽盆地在上述两个构造演化阶段都处于活动大陆边缘的陆内区域,盆地性质都应属于陆内挤压坳陷盆地。     

构造活动盆地的层序地层与构造地层分析--以中国中、新生代构造活动湖盆分析为例

中国中、新生代构造相对活动的断陷或陆内前陆盆地充填序列一般可划分出5个级别具有地层对比意义的层序地层单元。层序构成和沉积体系域的发育分布受到盆地形成演化过程中各种构造作用的控制。盆地规模的沉积旋回多是盆地幕式裂陷、多幕挤压挠曲沉降、多期构造反转、断块差异沉降等构造作用的沉积响应;高频层序单元的发育则主要与湖平面和沉积物供给量的变化有关。不同构造演化阶段的层序结构和沉积体系域构成等存在显著差异,主要取决于古构造格架和同沉积构造的活动。构造坡折带是由构造活动所产生的、对沉积作用具有长期控制作用的古沉积斜坡或古地貌突变带,在断陷或前陆等盆地中普遍发育,其识别对阐明盆内沉积体系域,特别是构成重要油气藏的低位域的分布和预测具有重要意义。     

Kinetic-simulating experiment combined with GC-IRMS analysis: application to identification and assessment of coal-derived methane from Zhongba Gas Field (Sichuan Basin, China)

The main purpose of this study is to model the δ¹³C values of methane derived from coal by combining kinetic-simulating experiment with the gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrum (GC-IRMS) analysis. The stable carbon isotopic variation of methane in pyrolysates with heating temperature indicates that the assumptions for both a constant kinetic isotope effect (α) and a uniform initial isotopic composition (δ¹³C_o) are impractical for explaining the carbon isotopic fractionation during coalification. For purposes of simplification, two approaches are used in this paper to deal with the heterogeneity of terrestrial organic matter. One is that, assuming a uniform initial isotopic composition (i.e., δ¹³C_{i, o}=δ¹³C_o) for all methane-generating precursors in coal, the isotopic variation of methane is fitted by adjusting ΔE_{a, i} (E_{a¹³C, i}−E_{a¹²C, i}) for each hypothetical reaction. The other is that, assuming a constant kinetic isotope effect during the whole gas formation, that is all ΔE_{a, i} values are identical, the modeling of methane isotopic composition is achieved by changing the ¹³CH₄ generation potential of each reaction (f_{i, ¹³C}), namely, by adjusting the initial δ¹³C value (δ¹³C_{i, o}) for each methane-generating precursor. Results of the kinetic calculation shows that the two simulating methods can yield a similar result at a geological heating rate of 2 °C/My, which further demonstrates that those natural gases with methane δ¹³C value being approximately −36‰ are possibly sourced from the upper Triassic coal measure strata in the Northwestern Sichuan Basin.     

四川多旋回叠合盆地的形成与演化

四川盆地是典型的经历了多期构造演化过程的克拉通盆地,在其多套沉积层序中富含天然气,天然气的开发利用历史悠久.近年来连续发现了普光、龙岗、合川、新场、九龙山和元坝等多个大气田.揭示四川盆地的形成演化过程,不仅为探讨克拉通盆地的成因机制奠立重要基础,而且为探索强烈构造活动环境之下油气有效聚集与保存机制提供重要线索.本文利用...     

四川盆地深部咸水含水层二氧化碳地质储存适宜性评价

以盆地二级构造单元为评价对象,以区域地壳稳定性条件、基础地质条件、储盖层条件、储存潜力条件、地热地质条件、研究程度和资源潜力条件、社会经济条件为一级指标,在资料搜集和综合分析16个二级评价指标的基础上,采用层次分析-模糊综合指数评价法,认为四川盆地二级构造单元适宜性评价分区的评价结果为：川中平缓褶带为较适宜,川西低陡褶带、川西南低陡褶带为不适宜,川东高陡褶带、川北低平褶带、川南低陡褶带为较不适宜。适宜储存二氧化碳的地下储层为侏罗系下统自流井组、三叠系上统须家河组、三叠系中统雷口坡组、三叠系下统嘉陵江组和飞仙关组以及二叠系中统下部的栖霞组。     

四川多旋回叠合盆地的形成与演化

四川盆地是典型的经历了多期构造演化过程的克拉通盆地,在其多套沉积层序中富含天然气,天然气的开发利用历史悠久。近年来连续发现了普光、龙岗、合川、新场、九龙山和元坝等多个大气田。揭示四川盆地的形成演化过程,不仅为探讨克拉通盆地的成因机制奠立重要基础,而且为探索强烈构造活动环境之下油气有效聚集与保存机制提供重要线索。本文利用盆地内部最新的地面地质调查、钻探、重磁与地震等油气勘探资料,将周缘板块构造演化、造山带的发展与盆地的沉积充填密切结合,探讨四川盆地及邻区的盆地发展历史及其多旋回叠加过程。研究认为,四川盆地位于中上扬子克拉通之上,在显生宙期间,表现为板块构造围限下的陆内变形与盆地发育过程,即北侧为秦岭洋盆（早古生代为北秦岭洋,晚古生代—三叠纪为南秦岭洋）,西南侧为昌宁—孟连洋盆、金沙江—墨江洋盆、甘孜—理塘洋盆（主要为古特提斯洋盆）,东南侧为江南—雪峰陆内裂陷带（主要为早古生代裂陷）和西北侧龙门山陆内裂陷带（主要为晚古生代裂陷）,这些洋盆或裂陷带的开启与关闭使得四川盆地及邻区经历了原特提斯洋（Z—S）、古特提斯洋（D—T）与新特提斯洋（J—Q）3个演化阶段,每一阶段包括与洋盆打开有关的伸展阶段和与洋盆闭合有关的聚敛挤压阶段,这些构造作用在克拉通内部表现为伸展期（Z—O、D—P—T3x3、J12）盆地与挤压期（S、T3x46、J3—K1）盆地交替发育的特点,体现出盆地发展的旋回性。不同性质的旋回/盆地发生横向复合与垂向叠加形成多旋回盆地相叠加的“层、块”地质结构,受周缘盆—山体系多期构造作用的影响,这种“垂向分层、横向分块”的结构遭受了强烈改造,对油气聚集产生了深远的影响。     

四川盆地中二叠统天然气成藏特征及巨大勘探前景

近年来,在四川盆地中二叠统钻遇孔隙型白云岩储层,获得一批高产井,呈现出良好的勘探前景,但其勘探潜力如何,能否成为四川盆地继安岳气田之后又一个万亿方大气区亟待明晰。通过对烃源岩特征、沉积特征、储集特征以及成藏模式等方面的深入研究认为,中二叠统具备3套优质烃源岩供烃、孔隙型储层发育、封盖条件好的优越成藏条件,发育自生自储型和下生上储型两套成藏组合。中二叠统发育块状孔隙型白云岩储层和孔隙型灰岩岩溶储层,分布面积大,其储集性能和单井测试产量与安岳气田灯影组相当,勘探潜力巨大,是四川盆地下步寻找万亿方大气区的主要层系。     

煤成气轻烃地球化学特征及其影响因素——以四川盆地须家河组为例

轻烃在天然气中含量虽低,但因其含有丰富的地球化学信息,在天然气成因等研究方面引起了关注。作者以四川盆地须家河组煤成气和雷三段油型气为例,采用GC和GC-IR-MS技术对煤成气轻烃的地球化学分布特征及其影响因素进行了系统分析。煤成气C₇轻烃组成具有甲基环己烷分布优势,在甲基环己烷、正庚烷和二甲基环戊烷相对组成中,甲基环己烷含量最高,分布在48%~73%,平均为63.9%,煤成气轻烃单体烃碳同位素重,δ¹³C分布在-25.1‰~-20.0‰之间,大部分分布在-23.0‰~-21.0‰。轻烃的分布受到多种因素影响,天然气成熟度对轻烃中芳烃含量变化影响复杂,在成熟和高成熟阶段,天然气轻烃中芳烃含量低,成熟度对芳烃的含量影响较小,而在过成熟阶段,芳烃含量高,成熟度对芳烃含量影响大。通过凝析油和天然气轻烃组成对比,蒸发分馏作用对热演化参数Ctemp和庚烷值、甲苯/正庚烷等影响较大,但对成因类型参数如(2-MH+2,3-DMP)/C₇与(3-MH+2,4-DMP)/C₇,P2/C₇与N2/P3,正庚烷、甲基环己烷和二甲基环戊烷相对含量关系等影响小。天然气成因类型对轻烃Mango参数K1值、正庚烷、甲基环己烷和二甲基环戊烷相对含量关系以及轻烃单体烃碳同位素影响大,因此,可以利用这些参数进行天然气成因类型判识。     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之六四川盆地普光大气田的发现与勘探

普光气田是一个储量规模大、埋藏深、资源丰度高的整装海相气田。气田发现于2003年,至2005年底累计探明储量2510.7×108m3。普光背斜构造的气藏圈闭面积为45.6km2,主要含气层段为下三叠统飞仙关组及上二叠统长兴组礁滩相白云岩。烃源岩为下志留统龙马溪组和上二叠统龙潭组泥岩和页岩。论述了气田的发现和勘探过程及气藏的基本地质特征,总结了它对我国碳酸盐岩和成熟盆地油气勘探的启示。     

四川盆地江油厚坝油砂有机地球化学特征与成因研究

四川江油厚坝油砂产出于侏罗系沙溪庙组下段,含油砂层沿北东方向延伸约25 km.露头和岩芯油砂样抽提得到氯仿沥青“A”含量为0.4％～33％.抽提物饱和烃GC-MS分析得到的分子有机地球化学特征表明,油砂油遭受严重生物降解,饱和烃分布呈现双大鼓包,正构烷烃和异构烷烃基木被降解;三环萜烷含量丰富,孕甾烷和升孕甾烷含最也较高...     

四川盆地西北部中三叠世雷口坡期岩相古地理

四川盆地西北部中三叠统雷口坡组发育有蒸发台地、局限台地和开阔台地3种沉积亚相,其中局限台地是主要的沉积亚相。雷口坡一至五期沉积环境经历了水体逐渐加深※变浅※加深的过程:一期,在广元-旺苍、梓潼-三台等地区发育了蒸发台地沉积,且梓潼地区膏湖分布范围较广;二期,蒸发台地范围缩小,仅发育于旺苍和梓潼地区,其它地区为局限台地沉积;三期,水体加深,旺苍地区为开阔台地沉积,梓潼地区已无膏湖沉积;四期,主体为局限台地沉积,梓潼地区膏盆沉积再次发育;五期演变为开阔台地沉积,水体又加深。海平面升降变化是控制沉积相发育和空间分布的重要因素。     

Diagenesis of clay minerals and K-bentonites in Late Permian/Early Triassic sediments of the Sichuan Basin (Chaotian section,Central China)

Detailed clay mineralogical analyses were carried out on Late Permian/Early Triassic carbonate sediments exposed on the Chaotian section (Sichuan Basin, Central China). The clay assemblages are dominantly composed of illite in platform carbonates and clay seams, and illite–smectite mixed-layers (I/S) in tuff layers (K-bentonites) intercalated in the carbonate succession. Detrital and authigenic volcanogenic clay minerals have been partially replaced through illitisation processes during burial, raising questions about diagenetic effects. The precise determination of I/S occurring in K-bentonites shows that the sediments reached a temperature of about 180 °C, which is consistent with (1) previous estimates based on fluid-inclusion homogenisation temperature analysis, (2) the burial depth of the sedimentary series deduced from the post-Palaeozoic geological history of the Sichuan Basin and (3) the new data (T_max) obtained on organic matter indicating the transition between oil and gas windows. The Wangpo Bed, located close to the Guadalupian–Lopingian Boundary, is interpreted either as a volcanic acidic tuff or as a clastic horizon. This controversial origin probably results from mixed volcanogenic and detrital influences. The Wangpo Bed is therefore interpreted as a reworked bentonite as revealed by the occurrence of I/S similar to those found in tuff layers, together with preserved detrital kaolinite.     

Genesis of Marine Carbonate Natural Gas in the Northeastern Sichuan Basin, China

Sichuan Basin is one of the structurally stable and gas-rich basins, being regarded as one of China＇s important natural gas industry bases. Puguang and Jiannan gas fields, located in the eastern Sichuan Basin are two large fields with gas derived from Permian and Lower Triassic marine carbonate. The genesis of marine carbonate natural gas was examined using carbon isotope composition and hydrocarbon components of natural gas samples from the eastern and western Sichuan Basin, and compared with that of acidolysis gas derived from marine source rock in the eastern Sichuan Basin. It is concluded that the natural gas in the marine carbonate reservoir originated from pyrolysis of the earlier crude oil and light-oil, and then mixed with kerogen pyrolysis gas of the Permian and Lower Silurian source rock.     

四川盆地理论CO_2地质利用与封存潜力评估

结合CO_2地质利用与封存技术机理,在国际权威潜力评估公式的基础上,系统地提出了适合中国地质背景的次盆地尺度CO_2封存潜力评估方法及关键参数取值。同时,以四川盆地为例,依次开展了枯竭油田地质封存与CO_2强化石油开采、枯竭气田与CO_2强化采气、不可采煤层地质封存与CO_2驱替煤层气,以及咸水层地质封存技术的CO_2地质封存潜力。结果表明,四川盆地利用深部咸水层与枯竭天然气田CO_2地质封存潜力最大,期望值分别达154.20×10~8t和53.73×10~8t。其中,枯竭天然气田因成藏条件好、勘探程度高、基础建设完善,为四川盆地及其周边利用枯竭气田CO_2地质封存技术实现低碳减排提供了早期示范机会。CO_2地质利用与封存潜力评估方法,对进一步开展全国次盆地尺度理论封存潜力评估与工程规划具有重要意义。     

川东南地区基于海相泥页岩地层的压力系数预测--以丁山区块为例

近年来页岩气勘探开发的实践表明,深水陆棚有利相带及良好的保存条件是页岩气高产富集的关键,而压力系数是保存条件的综合判别指标,页岩气产量与压力系数呈现出明显正相关关系,因而压力系数的预测及研究对页岩气勘探获得成功至关重要。以近年来川东南海相页岩气探井为基础,其至上而下钻遇地层复杂,同时难以建立准确的正常压实曲线,认为传统的Fillippone公式、等效深度法、Eaton及有效应力法等压力预测方法均不适用于本区,通过对Fillippone公式的改进,总结出了适用于川东南海相泥页岩地层的压力系数预测公式,并应用于川东南丁山地区。以丁山三维地震资料为基础,在高精度速度建模及反演的基础上完成了丁山地区志留系龙马溪组泥页岩地层的压力系数预测,取得了良好的效果。预测结果表明:丁山地区压力系数变化较为明显,由盆缘到盆内压力系数不断增大,页岩气保存条件较为复杂。