湖南香花岭矽卡岩中锡的矿物学行为与成矿过程

湖南香花岭矽卡岩型锡矿床是南岭地区一个重要的锡多金属矿床,发育有丰富的含锡矿物。在野外和显微镜下观察 基础上,文章利用电子探针技术系统分析了香花岭矽卡岩中含锡矿物的矿物学特征,探讨了锡的成矿过程、成矿流体以及 锡的来源。研究结果表明,香花岭矽卡岩中含锡矿物由锡矿物（锡石、尼日利亚石、孟宪民石等）和富锡矿物（韭闪石、 尖晶石、葡萄石、塔菲石等）组成。锡的成矿有三个阶段：矽卡岩早阶段,Sn进入尖晶石、韭闪石等造岩矿物中,形成富 锡矿物;氧化物阶段,锡矿物如锡石、尼日利亚石、孟宪民石等逐渐晶出;晚期热液阶段,早期含锡矿物热液蚀变原位析 出锡石,或富Sn热液交代早期矿物形成了富锡环边。矽卡岩中成矿流体富含F,CO2,Li等挥发组分,控制了Sn的富集、迁 移、结晶等过程。香花岭矽卡岩中Sn根本上来源于地层,锡的成矿过程反映了Sn在地壳中的地球化学循环过程。     

中国煤中微量元素锡（Sn）的研究进展

锡（Sn）被认为是具有环境负效应的元素。近年来,不同地区的沉积物样品显示近几十年来地壳中的Sn明显快速上升,并认为煤炭的燃烧可能是导致环境中Sn含量增加的重要途径。锡在中国煤中的平均含量约为3.38 μg/g,略高于世界煤中Sn的均值,与上地壳的含量基本持平。由于煤中Sn的含量在10-6量级,因此,在测试过程中可以考虑选择利用ICP MS和高精度AAS结合微波消解技术对Sn进行测定。因为该元素本身在煤中含量微少,几乎不以独立的矿物相存在,因此鲜少有文献报道。但在本文中,还是提出了几种Sn在煤中的可能存在方式：锡石态、硫化物态、钽铌矿物中的类质同象、有机结合态、硅酸盐矿物中的类质同象,以及非紧密结合的可交换离子态。并以中国典型的高Sn煤层为例,分析了高Sn煤出现的可能原因。此外,当煤中Sn的赋存状态为可交换离子态与有机质结合态时,部分Sn可以在煤的开采和燃烧中迁移并进入环境,应当予以关注。     

新疆白干湖钨锡矿床简介

介绍了白干湖钨锡矿床地质特征、含矿围岩特征、矿体类型及各类型特点,确定了围岩蚀变类型及分带现象,指出了硅化、电气石化、金属硫化物矿化是寻找钨、锡矿的找矿标志。最后探讨了矿床成因,展望了发现该矿床的意义。     

Relationship between Sn mineralization and geochemical anomalies in non-residual overburden at Tebrong area, Belitung, Indonesia

The Southeast Asia Tin Research and Development (SEATRAD) Centre initiated a project to study the relationship between Sn mineralization and geochemical anomalies in non-residual overburden at and around Tebrong in the Lenggang district of Eastern Belitung, located about 400 km north-northeast of Jakarta. Belitung island, with a land surface area of about 5000 km², forms the easternmost expression of the Southeast Asian tin belt.There is essentially no outcrop, only minor scattered float in the study area. Drainage is very poorly developed and consists of several small creeks. The climate is tropical with a mean daily maximum temperature of 33°C, and an average annual rainfall of about 2000 mm. The watertable is at approximately 5 m depth, depending on seasonal rainfall and local elevation.The oldest rock sequence in the study area is a Triassic metasediment consisting of sandstone, phyllite, claystone, mudstone and quartzite. These rocks are intruded by Triassic granitic plutons. The Tebrong area is underlain by low-grade Sn mineralization consisting of swarms of <0.5-cm-thick subvertical quartz - tourmaline - kaolinite - chlorite - cassiterite veins. In general, cassiterite is present in quartz veins which occur as fracture fillings in the country rocks. These rocks are overlain by Quaternary cassiterite-bearing alluvium (kaksa). Residual lag kaksa typically occurs on Belitung.In the central part of the study area where there is a thick alluvial cover, the soil is mostly transported material. Surface soil geochemically anomalies are absent, but near bedrock, weak anomalies can delineate placer concentration of Sn.Based on the findings of the initial survey, it can be concluded that the distribution of Sn in non-residual overburden does not reflect bedrock Sn distribution. However, geochemical soil profiling, using a motorized auger, can be usefully employed to delineate target areas for further exploration for placer Sn.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Preparation and Measurement of Cassiterite for Sn Isotope Analysis

Increased interest in the fractionation of Sn isotopes has led to the development of several techniques for preparing cassiterite (SnO₂, the primary ore of Sn) for isotopic analysis. Two distinct methods have been applied in recent isotopic studies of cassiterite: (a) reduction to tin metal with potassium cyanide (KCN) at high temperature (800 °C), with subsequent dissolution in HCl, and (b) reduction to a Sn solution with hydriodic acid (HI) at low temperature (100 °C). This study compares the effectiveness and accuracy of these two methods and contributes additional methodological details. The KCN method consistently yielded more Sn (> 70% in comparison with < 5%), does not appear to fractionate Sn isotopes at high temperatures over a 2‐hour period and produced consistent Sn isotope values at flux mass ratios of ≥ 4:1 (flux to mineral) with a minimum reduction time of 40 min. By means of a distillation experiment, it was demonstrated that HI could volatilise Sn, explaining the consistently low yields by this method. Furthermore, the distillation generated Sn vapour, which is up to 0.38‰ per mass unit different from the starting material, the largest induced Sn fractionation reported to date. Accordingly, the HI method is not recommended for cassiterite preparation for Sn isotopic analysis.     

南岭中段九嶷山锡矿田W、Sn迁移形式与沉淀机制

在野外地质研究的基础上,借助流体包裹体和地球化学热力学方法研究了九嶷山锡矿田W,Sn的迁移形式。研究结果表明,钨在热液中主要以WO3CI^-,WO2Cl4^2-,HWO4^-和WO4^2-等氯-氧离子团的形式迁移;锡在热液中主要以SnCl2^o,SnCl3^-和SnCl4^2-形式迁移。钨锡矿床是在含矿热液由于温度、压力、pH,fO2和fS3降低等综合作用,W,Sn配合物发生化学解析作用形成。     

Exhalative Sn and W deposits associated with mafic volcanism as precursors to Sn and W deposits associated with granites

Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic submarine exhalative Sn and W deposits are most commonly present in thick deep water sequences comprising pelites, carbonate, calcsilicate and cherty rocks, mafic volcanics and quartz-tourmaline rocks. The exhalative deposits are commonly low grade and, in places, the sequence is transgressed by granites with economic Sn or W mineralisation. These thick deep water sequences as components of sinking trenches are more likely than most other rocks to undergo high grade metamorphism and anatexis. Thus elements such as Sn, W, B, F, Mo, Bi, Li, Be and base metals associated with the exhalites rapidly partition into the anatectic melt, lower the liquidus and solidus, and are concentrated in the late stage aqueous fluids and residual melt fractions to form Sn or W deposits associated with highly fractionated granitic rocks.     

Phyllosilicate and rutile compositions as indicators of Sn specialization in some southeastern Australian granites

Biotites from unaltered Sn granites in southeastern Australia are highly ferroan, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) >0.75, whereas biotites from barren granites are less Ferich, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)<0.65. Similar distinctions between Sn-specialized and barren granites can be observed in the other phyllosilicates, especially chlorite. Biotites and muscovites from Sn granites have greater Be, Cs, (F), Li, Mo, Rb, Sc, Sn, Tl, (Y) and Zn and lesser Ba abundances than corresponding micas from barren granites in the same district. Alteration of barren granites also results in similar enrichments in micas. Of these elements, Sn and Zn, because of their abundance and retention during degradation of biotite to chlorite, are the best trace element discriminants between barren granites and Sn granites/altered granites, with the Sn content of phyllosilicates being a better indicator than Zn. Rutile inclusions within phyllosilicates from unaltered Sn granites have Nb₂O₅ contents up to 26%. The Ta content tends to increase with Nb content but especially high Ta contents occur in the rutile inclusions of granites that give rise to pegmatitic deposits. The rutile inclusions in Sn granites may also have substantial Sn and W contents. The rutiles of barren granites have low Nb, Ta, Sn and W contents but Sn and W increase with alteration. Together, the ratio Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) and Sn contents in phyllosilicates and rutile compositions can be used to identify the Sn mineralization potential of a granite.     

Till and bedrock geochemistry in Sn exploration: A case study

The youngest intrusive phases of the rapakivi granites are known as Sn granites. The endocontact and exocontact zones of the Viipuri rapakivi massif and its satellites have been considered on theoretical grounds as critical areas for Sn deposits. The area between the Viipuri rapakivi massif and its satellite, the Ahvenisto massif, was selected for prospecting as one Sn critical area.Heavy-mineral geochemistry was used in the reconnaissance phase. Samples (10 1) from the surficial part of the till deposits were taken from a sparse sampling grid. Heavy minerals of the samples were concentrated by washing on a riffle box and by subsequent heavy-liquid separation. The non-magnetic heavy fraction was analyzed by XRF. Quite a large and coherent glaciogenic Sn anomaly was found, the head of which terminated in the southern part of the Ahvenisto rapakivi massif.The source of the anomaly was sought by taking basal till and bedrock samples with a tractor-mounted percussion drill. The fine fraction of till was analyzed by AAS and the bedrock samples by XRF and AAS. Mainly on the basis of Sn and Cu anomalies in basal till and bedrock 10 holes were diamond drilled into bedrock. Several topaz-bearing greisen bodies with uneconomic Sn content were penetrated. The results demonstrate the soundness of the theory and the methods used.     

个旧锡矿东区地下水水文地质及控制因素

个旧东区为锡矿生产的主要基地。随着矿床开采水平不断下降，开采技术条件变得十分复杂，本文根据大量的实际资料，对矿区、矿田的水文地质特征进行分析研究，揭示了矿区地下水的运动、迁移、富集规律，对进一步开展矿区地下水水文地质工作具有指导意义。     

航空高光谱遥感在花岗岩型锡矿勘查中的应用研究

通过对喀木斯特及其周围地区锡矿进行勘查和剖析,总结了与其相关性较大的蚀变类型及蚀变矿物组合,利用航空高光谱数据(SASI-TASI)对该地区进行蚀变矿物填图;使用TASI热红外数据,通过SiO_2光谱特征经验公式推演和运用,计算SiO_2含量,进行高SiO_2区(带)提取。结果表明,高硅条带提取精度高,高硅条带主要分为硅化带和酸性岩脉(潜火山岩脉);硅质条带叠合水云母化、云英岩化蚀变带多发育锡矿等多金属矿化,为锡矿的遥感找矿标志。根据这些信息,圈定多个锡矿成矿预测区,部分区段发现了较好的锡矿化。     

内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿流体包裹体特征

大兴安岭锡矿带是中国北方唯一成型的锡多金属成矿带。新近发现的内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿床位于大兴安岭南段,隶属中亚造山带东段的兴蒙造山带。该矿床为一典型的大型斑岩型热液脉型锡多金属矿床,矿区内锡矿化主要赋存于石英斑岩体顶部及其上部的石英脉中。矿床成矿阶段包括石英斑岩体内的滴状锡锌矿化阶段、石英斑岩体上部石英脉中的辉钼矿矿化阶段、石英锡石黑钨矿阶段和石英多金属硫化物阶段。流体包裹体研究结果显示：流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体,尤其是富液相包裹体,其次为含子矿物的三相包裹体。斑岩体内矿化阶段流体包裹体均一温度为324~333 ℃,盐度为6.5%~7.5% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.74 g/cm3;石英脉型矿化阶段包裹体均一温度为201~324 ℃,盐度为3.4%~9.9% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.92 g/cm3。包裹体显微测温分析结果显示该矿区成矿流体具有中高温、低盐度、中密度的特征。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,气液两相包裹体液相成分主要为H2O,气相成分主要有H2O、CO2和CH4。氢氧同位素研究结果表明该矿床石英斑岩体上部石英脉矿化阶段的成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水混合来源,以岩浆水为主。岩浆流体与大气降水的混合以及流体演化中的降温过程是该矿床矿石沉淀的主要机制。     

深孔电极发射光谱法测定地质样品中Be、B、Pb、Mo、Sn、Cu、Ag、Zn

本法是在样品中加入适量的缓冲剂,使难发挥元素Be形成易挥发的氟化物,与B、Pb、Mo、Sn、Cu、Ag、Zn等元素在同一时间内蒸发,利用深电孔极的分馏效应,有效地降低光谱背景以及被测元素的检出限。加入内标元素,提高了方法的准确度和精密度。采用深孔电极,取样量大,代表性好。一次摄谱,同时检测多个元素,大大提高了工作效率,又减少了测试费用。方法操作简便,适合于大批量样品的测试。检出限ω(B)/10-6分别达到:Be:0.50、B:0.91、Sn:0.50、Ag:0.02等,均满足《覆盖区多目标地球化学调查样品测试及质量监控暂行规定》规定。     

内蒙古朝阳沟岩体控矿作用及找矿远景

朝阳沟岩体属含锡花岗岩体,文章以岩体中宝盖沟锡矿为典型矿床,从矿物成分、微量元素、稀土元素和成岩成矿时代等方面,论述了岩体的控矿作用及其找矿远景.     

湖南金船塘矿区矽卡岩矿物及Sn元素在绿帘石中的分布特征

金船塘矿区位于千里山花岗岩岩体西侧, 与东侧柿竹园矿区均是湖南柿竹园特大型W-Sn-Mo-Bi矿床目前正在开采的重要矿区.该矿区块状矽卡岩的矿物特点是: 石榴子石以钙铝石榴子石为主, 辉石存在透辉石-钙铁辉石连续系列, 长石以钙长石大量产出为特点, 硅灰石出现了不常见的锰铁硅灰石; 绿帘石中普遍含Sn, SnO₂含量0.2%~2%.根据绿帘石中Sn元素的详细测定和计算, 查明Sn元素在绿帘石中含量与在矿物中位置具幂律函数关系, 计算的分形维为1.93, 从矿物微观的尺度确认Sn等成矿元素在运移和分布上具分形时-空结构, 从而证实自组织的临界状态是柿竹园特大型多金属矿床动力学的基本特点.      

湖南锡铅锌矿勘查与社会经济可持续发展研究

湖南锡铅锌资源丰富，保有储量列全国第四位，是我国重要的锡铅锌矿工业基地之一，锡铅锌矿业对满足省内外消费需求、促进出口贸易、创造就业机会及发展相关产业起着十分重要的作用．然而，湖南锡铅锌资源保证程度不高，现有锡铅锌保有储量保证年限均在10a以下，很难满足日益增长的国内外需要．作者认为采取“合理部署国土资源大调查工作，加强老矿山周边及深渐找矿工作，建立矿业权市场、加大地勘投入，努力提高资源综合利用水平”等措施可应对社会经济可持续发展对锡铅锌勘查的挑战．     

Crucial control on magmatic-hydrothermal Sn deposit in the Tengchong block,SW China: Evidence from magma differentiation and zircon geochemistry

Magmatic-hydrothermal Sn deposits are commonly associated with high silica magmas, but why most global high silica granites do not bear economic Sn ore grades remains unclear. Two crucial factors controlling magmatic-hydrothermal Sn mineralization, including advanced fractionation and depressurization-induced rapid cooling, were revealed in the case study of the Guyong granitic pluton linked with the Xiaolonghe Sn deposit, in the Tengchong block, SW China. The Guyong granitic pluton comprises three petrological facies: less evolved biotite syenogranite, evolved alkali granite and leucogranite, and highly evolved facies (the protolith of greisenized granite). Similar crystallization ages (～77 Ma) and gradual contact between different petrological facies indicate the Guyong granitic pluton records a continuous fractionation process. Monte Carlo-revised Rayleigh fractionation model suggests the fractionation degree of the Guyong pluton is markedly high (>87 wt.%) that can only be achieved by a high initial water (≥4 wt.%) content in the parent granitic magma revealed by rhyolite-MELTS calculation. Advanced degree fractionation causes the first Sn enrichment but it also significantly increases the viscosity of evolved magmas, suppressing the exsolution and transport of hydrothermal fluids. Hence, it must be compensated by the second critical factor: depressurization-induced rapid cooling, reflected by the occurrence of highly metamict zircons in the greisenized granite. The highly metamict feature, indicated by the large full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of zircon ν₃(SiO₄) peak (>19.5 cm^?1), suggests these zircons do not experience thermal annealing but rapidly ascend into a shallow cooling environment. Depressurization-induced rapid cooling facilitates exsolution and transport of hydrothermal fluids, interacting with wall rocks and resulting in Sn mineralization.     

郴州芙蓉矿田锡矿类型及找矿远景

芙蓉矿田为一以众多锡矿类型为主的锡多金属矿田。矿脉 (体 )受北东向断裂控制 ,矿床类型有构造蚀变带型锡矿、蚀变岩体型锡矿、云英岩型锡矿、矽卡岩型锡矿及冲积型砂锡矿等 5种 ,其中以前两类锡矿为主 ,是湘南地区近几年新发现的具超大型前景的锡矿基地。     

夏塞地区银、锡多金属矿成矿规律新认识

夏塞地区是西南三江(金沙江、澜仓江、怒江)地区东缘的一个重要成矿带，带内银、锡矿产责源十分丰富。本文认为其成矿物质来源于花岗岩体和地层，构造和岩体是区内的主要控矿因素，地壳演化与成矿作用关系十分密切，矿床类型为分布于岩体内接触带的矽卡岩型矿床和分布于岩体外接触带的热液型矿床。