浅层人工地震和地质雷达在城市活动断层探测中的联合应用?以鹤壁市汤东断裂为例

浅层人工地震勘探是探查城市隐伏活动断层最有效的手段之一,然而受近地表探测盲区和探测分辨率的限制,该方法难以获取活动断层超浅层上断点的准确埋深位置。地质雷达探测方法在一定程度上可弥补浅层人工地震勘探的不足。为探索浅层人工地震勘探和地质雷达探测的联合应用效果,分析其在城市隐伏活动断层探测中的应用潜力,选取河南省鹤壁市汤东断裂西支为研究对象,并在冯屯村和前交卸村分别开展联合探测,获取高信噪比的浅层人工地震反射剖面和地质雷达剖面。浅层人工地震勘探揭示的冯屯村处汤东断裂西支上断点埋深为60～70 m,地质雷达探测揭示的上断点埋深约为2.5 m,结合平均沉积速率推测汤东断裂西支在冯屯村的最新活动时代约为25 ka。浅层人工地震勘探揭示的前交卸村处汤东断裂西支上断点埋深为50～60 m,地质雷达探测揭示出汤东断裂西支在前交卸村处未造成近地表约10 m以内的地层断错。研究结果表明,在城市隐伏活动断层探测中,采用浅层人工地震勘探和地质雷达探测相结合的方法,不但可有效确定活动断层的位置,且可进一步约束活动断层上断点的准确埋深,有利于指导后期地震地质勘探中的探槽和钻孔布设。     

隐伏断裂的活动时代与影响带宽度分析——利用浅层地震和钻探资料

在现场实验探测的基础上 ,获得了最佳浅层地震反射探测参数 .数据处理过程中采用了滤波、编辑切除、预测反褶积、初至时拟合静校正和速度分析等技术 ,得到了高质量的浅层地震反射探测剖面 .利用地震剖面中反射波组信息、测线附近多个钻孔的地层和新年代学资料 ,揭示出探测到的断层带上断点位于埋深 75～ 80m ,距今约 2 2万年的中更新世地层中 .从反射波组的连贯性、间断性、数量的增加或减少和形态变化等特点 ,结合钻探地质剖面等资料 ,认识到断层带上断点的宽度为 1 0 0m .从反射波组的数量在剖面中的变化推测 ,隐伏断层陡坎的宽度为 2 0 0m ,它在早更新世和中更新世早期是一条同沉积活动断层 ,中更新世晚期以来没有发生明显错断上覆地层的构造活动 .     

隐伏断裂的活动时代与影响带宽度分析-利用浅层地震和钻探资料

在现场实验探测的基础上，获得了最佳浅层地震反射探测参数. 数据处理过程中采用了滤波、编辑切除、预测反褶积、初至时拟合静校正和速度分析等技术，得到了高质量的浅层地震反射探测剖面. 利用地震剖面中反射波组信息、测线附近多个钻孔的地层和新年代学资料，揭示出探测到的断层带上断点位于埋深75~80 m, 距今约22万年的中更新世地层中. 从反射波组的连贯性、间断性、数量的增加或减少和形态变化等特点，结合钻探地质剖面等资料，认识到断层带上断点的宽度为100 m. 从反射波组的数量在剖面中的变化推测，隐伏断层陡坎的宽度为200 m，它在早更新世和中更新世早期是一条同沉积活动断层，中更新世晚期以来没有发生明显错断上覆地层的构造活动.      

高密度电阻率法在西藏日喀则地区隐伏断裂探测中的应用

以跨谢通门—青都断裂的两条高密度电阻率法探测资料为基础, 对高密度电阻率法在青藏高原日喀则地区隐伏断裂探测中的首次应用进行了详细介绍． 所获取的高密度电法剖面显示, 该断层的电阻率异常特征清晰, 其上断点埋深可达20—30 m, 较浅层人工地震探测所揭示的断层上断点埋深(50 m)更浅, 结合地层年代资料推测该断裂的最新活动时期为早—中更新世． 探测结果表明: 高密度电法剖面清晰地显示了断层在浅部松散层的延伸, 适用于日喀则地区的隐伏断层探测; 相较于浅层人工地震探测, 该方法对浅部松散层的探测具有明显优势, 一定条件下能够更好地揭示断层上断点埋深, 可与浅层人工地震探测形成互补． 需要指出的是, 在应用中需重视测区水文地质及地层发育情况对探测的影响．      

浅层人工地震精确探测隐伏断层方法研究

选取长治市某区区域性地震安全评价项目中宋家庄断裂和安城断裂等隐伏断层精确探测成果,从数据采集、资料处理和解释三方面,对浅层人工地震观测进行研究。在获得高精度成像地震剖面的基础上,结合区内地质资料,对新近系与第四系厚度,断层的位置、性质、产状以及上断点埋深等关键参数进行推断解释。结果表明,浅层人工地震能够精确探测目标区隐伏断层,并为其活动性鉴定提供可靠的基础资料,是区域性地震安全评价工作中目标区主要隐伏断层勘查的重要手段。     

利用井间地震层析成像方法探测隐伏断层

针对目前隐伏断层探测中存在的技术难题,提出了在地面反射地震勘探初步确定的断点附近,用井间地震层析成像方法探测隐伏断层及其上断点的埋深。首先介绍井间地震技术的应用现状和井间地震层析成像的基本原理,并结合实例讨论了井间初至走时层析成像的野外数据采集和室内资料处理方法。芦花台隐伏断层的井间地震层析成像结果表明,采用弯曲射线追踪方法反演得到的跨芦花台隐伏断层的井间纵波速度结构图像与钻孔联合剖面揭示的断层特征相吻合。      

西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地段浅层人工地震及钻孔联合探测

在地质调查与盆地区浅层人工地震初步勘探基础上,在西秦岭北缘断裂带漳县盆地隐伏段的盆地内布设了3条浅层人工地震详勘测线,用于精确定位该断层的空间展布,判定其浅地表活动特征。在此基础上,用钻孔联合剖面方法对人工地震探测结果进行验证,同时确定了各地震测线处断层上断点的位置和埋深,通过钻孔揭露断层错断地层的特点,认为西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地隐伏段错断全新统,指示该断层全新世以来活动性较强。     

基于浅层地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面探测的苏北盆地倪湖庄-七里墩断裂研究

浅层地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面探测是隐伏断层定位与活动性鉴定的基本手段,需在实际工作中不断总结完善。通过采用浅层地震勘探技术,查明了淮安市区附近隐伏断裂的基本格局,并结合钻孔联合地质剖面探测与第四纪年代学测定,确定了新发现的倪湖庄-七里墩断裂的最新活动时代及活动特征。倪湖庄-七里墩断裂为近南北走向、倾向西的高角度正断层,断层倾角72°～82°,探测断裂长度为43 km。浅层地震勘探揭示其断面具有近直立或呈S形的上下反倾特点,指示具有走滑性质。该断裂错断了北东走向淮阴-响水断裂与北西走向无锡-宿迁断裂,最新活动时代为中更新世中晚期。本次探测工作对技术方法进行了探索,并提出以下建议:针对新发现的隐伏断裂,宜采用从已知点向外逐次探测的方式,即完成上一条测线的设计、施工与解译工作后,根据探测结果布设下一条测线;基于地震时间剖面进行钻探设计时,既要考虑断层两盘反射波组延伸与变形特征,又要考虑物探解译上断点与实际上断点的埋深差异;在河流下游开展钻孔联合地质剖面探测与地层对比时,需充分考虑局部地貌条件差异与第四纪海平面对陆域地表过程的影响。     

桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段活动特征

北西走向的桥头集-东关断裂与郯庐断裂带南段相交切，横跨合肥盆地及其东缘的隆起区，在合肥盆地内呈隐伏状态。本研究跨桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段布设3条浅层地震勘探测线，揭示断裂浅部构造特征。解译出的F_P1、F_P2和F_P3断层性质相同，倾向一致，上断点深度相近，反映出桥头集-东关断裂合肥盆地段是一条走向NW、倾向SW、具有逆断分量的断裂。3条浅层地震反射剖面中第四系的底界面反射波组T_Q呈连续近水平展布，表明桥头集-东关断裂两侧的第四系厚度无明显变化。在浅震剖面解译的基础上，布设了1条跨断层钻孔联合剖面，剖面揭露出的第四系没有被错动。结合本区第四系地层发育情况及钻孔地层年龄分析，认为桥头集-东关断裂中更新世以来不活动。根据本文探测结果，尚不能排除桥头集-东关断裂早更新世有一定的弱活动。     

浅层地震勘探在沿海地区隐伏断层探测中的应用

中国沿海地区的第四系厚度变化较大,在大部分地区存在淤泥、黏土和砂层的多重互层情况,这种地层结构对地震波的传播十分不利,容易造成对高频信号能量的强烈耗散。沿海地区又具有人口密度大、工业干扰强烈的特点,地震波的激发、接收条件较差。文中给出了在粤东、天津和唐山覆盖层厚度变化较大的地区,利用浅层地震勘探开展隐伏断层探测的应用实例。较系统地介绍了野外工作、资料处理和解释方法。阐述了在强干扰环境下提高信噪比和分辨率的有效技术途径。所给实例中的反射波组能量强,隐伏断层的反应明显,经跨断点钻探验证,结果证实地震勘探确定的界面深度、断点位置和基岩错距等参数都是可靠的。所述技术方法对类似地区的城市活断层探测和工程物探工作都有较重要的参考价值     

Mechanism on Moho offset induced by aseismic slip of deeply buried faults

Recent high-resolution deep seismic reflection profile across the Kunlun fault in northeastern Tibet shows clearly that the Moho is cut off by a complex thrust fault system. Moho offset is a general phenomenon, but little is known about the dynamic mechanism. In this study, contact models with Maxwell materials are used to simulate the mechanical process of Moho offset induced by the aseismic slip of deeply buried faults. Based on the seismic reflection data, we project a single fault model and a complex fault system model with two faults intersecting. The deformations of the Moho, the aseismic slips, and contact stresses on faults in different models are discussed in detail. Results show that the Moho offset might be produced by aseismic slip of deeply buried faults, and the magnitude is influenced by the friction coefficient of faults and the viscosity of the lower crust. The maximum slip occurs near the Moho on the single fault or at the crossing point of two intersecting faults system. Stress concentrates mainly on the Moho, the deep end of faults, or the crossing point. This study will throw light on understanding the mechanism of Moho offset and aseismic slip of deeply buried faults. The results of complex fault system with two faults intersecting are also useful to understand the shallow intersecting faults that may cause earthquakes.     

Comprehensive Multi-Level Exploration of Buried Active Faults： an Example of the Yinchuan Buried Active Fault

The paper introduces the steps and methods of multi-approach,multi-level exploration of buried faults in thick Quaternary sediment regions by taking the test exploration of the Yinchuan active fault as example.Based on the comprehensive analyses of previous data,we choose the Xinqushao Village of Xingqing District of Yinchuan City as the test site for the comprehensive exploration.Firstly,we adopted shallow seismic investigation with group intervals of 10m,5m and 1m to gradually trace layer by layer the master fault of the Yinchuan buried fault from a deep depth to a shallow depth where drilling could be used.Then,with composite geological profile drilling,we determined the precise location and dip angle of the fault.The drilling show the buried depth of the upper offset point is 8.3m.Finally,large-scale trenching revealed that the actual buried depth of the upper offset point of the fault is 1.5m from the ground surface and there are paleoearthquake events of 5 stages.Combined with the preliminary result of corresponding sample age,we conclude the Yinchuan buried fault is a mid to late Holocene active fault.     

日喀则城市活断层地球物理勘探方法和成果

日喀则地质资料匮乏,地球物理勘探资料更加稀缺,该地区在此之前没有开展过地震勘探的工作.本文针对日喀则地区活动断裂,采用夯源为人工震源的浅层地震勘探方法,结合小折射调查低速层,详细讨论工作中的关键性技术问题;提出在该地区地质条件下实施隐伏断裂勘探时的地震仪器选择、方案设计、参数选取、数据处理、断层识别的基本方法;查明拉堆—乃东断裂、抓各落断裂、毕定—甲舍拉断裂、甲岗—谢通门断裂的走向、产状、上断点埋深及其在地表的垂直投影位置等主要参数.为日喀则地区的深浅构造关系等研究提供基础资料,填补该地区地球物理勘探资料的空白.     

The movement age of hidden fault and analysis on width of its effect zone from shallow seismic sounding and drilling data

Introduction Artificial seismic sounding is a geophysical exploration technique developed in prospectingfor oil and gas and other mineral resources and consists of reflection wave and refraction waveexploration methods. With rapid development of computer techniques and sounding instruments,the reflection wave method became a high-resolution imagery technique for underground struc-tures and is widespreadly used in detection of underground caves and in engineering exploration.In previous se…     

城市活断层高分辩率地震勘探震源对比试验研究

国内外大量地震震例研究表明，巨大的城市地震灾害主要是由隐伏于城市之下的活动断裂上发生的地震造成的，因此，探测城市活断层是十分必要和紧迫的。高分辩率地震勘探是目前探测城市活断层较为有效的地球物理方法，它包括激发技术、接收技术、观测系统、地震数据处理与解释技术等。而震源是地震勘探的首要问题，城市特定的人文环境和城市活断层的特点对高分辩率地震勘探的震源提出了特殊的要求，较小的断距决定了要有较宽的震源谱，城市较严重的干扰决定了震源勘探的震源提出了特殊的要求，较小数点的断距决定了要有较宽的震源谱，城市较严重的干扰决定了震源要有较强的抗干扰能力。通过在福州市跨八一水库断裂进行的可控震源、真空加速落锤、锤击震源、枪震源以及炸药震源的试验研究，利用频谱分析技术，得到了各种震源谱的特征，并给出了可控震源、真空加速落锤和锤击震源叠加时间剖面对比，探讨了各种震源在城市活断层探测中的有效性。     

聊城-兰考隐伏断裂的第四纪活动性——中国东部平原区一条重要的隐伏活动断裂

在化探定位的基础上,通过浅层地震勘探、钻探地质剖面和新地层年代学等多手段探测研究,首次查明了聊考隐伏断裂晚第四纪以来的位错量和最新一期活动时代,厘定了断裂位错上断点达地表20m以下,最新一期活动在全新世早期,属浅埋的隐伏活动断裂。断裂第四纪以来的平均位错速率为0．12mm／a,在中国东部属中等倔强的一类隐伏活动断裂。     

The movement age of hidden fault and analysis on width of its effect zone from shallow seismic sounding and drilling data

Field experimental seismic sounding permitted us to obtain optimal shallow seismic reflection sounding parameters. In process of data processing, we obtained a high-qualitative shallow seismic reflection sounding profile by using the techniques such as filtering, edition surgical blanking, prediction deconvolution, fitting static correlation of first arrival time, and velocity analysis. Comprehensive analysis on the information of reflection wave groups along the seismic sounding profile and the stratigraphic and neogeochronological data obtained from many drills near the sounding line reveals that the upper termination of the detected fault zone is located at depth of 75–80 m, in the Middle Pleistocene deposits dated to be about 220 ka BP. The continuity, discontinuity, increasing and decreasing amount of reflection wave groups and change of their configurations, in combination with geological columns of drills, permitted us to know that the width of upper termination of the fault zone is 100 m. It can be inferred from the variation of number of reflection wave groups along the profile that the scarp of hidden fault is 200 m wide and the fault is a synsedimentary active fault in the Early Pleistocene and the early stage of Middle Pleistocene. No tectonic movement, which offset the covering deposits, had occurred since the late stage of Middle Pleistocene. Foundation item: A High-new Technique Project by State Development and Planning Commission of China (2001977).     

RESEARCH ON TIME-DISTANCE INTERPRETATION OF MULTIPLES AND GHOSTS BASED ON MARINE SEISMIC DATA

Currently, the study on the active fault in the land areas is relatively mature, while there is still lack of detection and research on active faults in the sea areas. Marine exploration, which is different from land areas, has a prominent problem due to the existence of strong reflecting interfaces such as water surface and seafloor in the sea, thus the recording is often accompanied by interference of multiples on seafloor reflections. In addition, because of the characteristics of marine seismic exploration, the source exciting in the water and the geophone receiving in the water, ghost wave usually can be recorded simultaneously during the reflected wave propagation. This phenomenon makes it difficult to distinguish the effective waves and the noise, and has always plagued the data and seriously affects the quality of records. In the offshore and other regions of complex structures, such as inclined interfaces, it is difficult to eliminate the interference of multiples accurately by traditional multiples suppression methods, which are based on the horizontal interface assumption. This paper combines the sea area seismic data and its acquisition method, uses simplified model to simulate the multiples based on the time-distance analysis of multiples and their ghost wave in inclined interface. The time-distance characteristics of the multiples and their ghost waves from different interfaces(including the inclined interface)are obtained, and they are consistent with the actual records. The multiples time-distance simulation can help to distinguish the causes of reflected waves, summarize the multiple-wave time-distance characteristics from different interfaces(including inclined interfaces), and analyze the relationship between the characteristics of multiple waves and primary waves. In particular, this simulation has a significant effect on characterizing the internal multiples that are difficult to identify due to inconspicuous periodicity and the multiples of the inclined interface which present the phenomenon that the vertex of the time-distance curve is shifted. On this basis, relying on the time-distance analysis of ghost wave, we analyze the travel time difference characteristics between reflected waves and their accompanying ghost waves. The differences of the travel time characteristics of different orders ghost wave and reflected wave are summarized and the symmetry of the travel time difference between inclined interface and horizontal interface of ghost waves and reflected waves is analyzed. We simulate the distraction of the ghost wave event with the event of the reflected wave and analyze the influence of the ghost wave on the sea area seismic records. These results can improve the practical interpretation of seismic data. At last, the time-distance information is used to synthesize sea area seismic records, which can help us carry out the effective data processing and understand the characteristics of the time-distance and velocity of multiples in different interfaces and the layer artifact caused by multiples. This study combines the time-distance simulation of multiples and their ghost wave with conventional seismic data processing to analyze the pre-stack and post-stack features of multiple waves and their ghost waves in the seismic records of the sea area. The results of this study are conducive to the effective identification of multiples in seismic records in the sea, provide a theoretical basis for multi-wave suppression and prediction, and may facilitate the future study of sea-area seismic activity detection.