稀疏台网反演区域地震偏量矩张量解的稳定性

使用区域地震台网的波形资料,研究了2010年2月26日台湾以东海域Mw5.4地震的偏量矩张量,所得结果与Havard CMT目录给出的解之间的Kagan角为9.5°,两者较为一致;反演得到这次地震的震源深度为41 km,接近USGS给出的定位结果,可能更接近真实的震源深度.选择不同的台站组合,分析了台站布局对矩张量解的...     

用全局反演方法确定地震震源的最佳和极端模型

本文发展了一种利用波形资料反演地震矩张量的全局方法．这种方法不依赖于初始解的选择，也不受目标函数和约束条件的具体形式限制．当以记录图与理论地震图的误差函数作为目标函数时，用该方法得到的是震源最佳模型；当分别以矩张量分量某种组合的最小或最大为目标，约束误差函数在允许的界限内，能够得到震源的极端模型．由于许多震源性质可以用矩张量分量的组合表示，因此极端模型能够估计出最佳模型的不确定性范围．我们利用一真实地震的波形资料反演结果，证明了这个方法的有效性．      

一种矩张量反演新方法及其对2008年汶川Ms 8.0地震序列的应用

本文利用全球地震台网（GSN）的宽频带与长周期地震波形资料,采用矩张量反演的新方法,反演得到了2008年5月12日四川省汶川县MS8.0地震及其7个较大余震（MS5.0-6.0）的矩张量解与震源时间函数等震源参数.文章首先简要叙述矩张量反演新方法的理论背景和技术途径,并以汶川大地震的一个余震为例阐述了具体的实现过程;然后给出包括主震在内的8次地震的矩张量解和震源时间函数;最后分析探讨这些结果的构造意义.本文提出的矩张量反演新方法,不但与全球矩心矩张量（GCMT）一样,可以给出点源矩张量解,而且还可以给出点源的震源时间函数. 反演得到的汶川大地震的7个较大余震的震源时间函数表明,即使是中等强度的地震也可能有复杂的震源过程;汶川大地震的多数余震发生在以逆冲为主、兼具小量走滑分量的龙门山断裂带的主断裂上,但很可能有些余震则发生在主断裂附近的次级走滑断裂上.      

2013年前郭MS5.8震群矩张量研究

2013年吉林前郭M_S5.8震群为爆发性震群,目前余震活动仍然在持续.基于吉林、辽宁、黑龙江、内蒙古四省地震台网记录的前郭震群波形资料,利用波形信噪比、震源类型、台站及速度模型组合的指标选择最佳的反演方案,应用矩张量的三种反演模式,对序列中5个M_S≥5.0地震进行矩张量反演研究,获得了全矩张量、偏矩张量和纯双力偶的矩张量.使用F-test对地震的三种模式的矩张量反演结果进行显著性检验来确定最佳反演模式.结果显示,5个地震的最优矩张量解均为全矩张量模式反演获得的结果,其双力偶分量仅有20%~65%,矩心深度位于地下3~4 km处,地震在Hudson震源类型图上的投影远离双力偶震源类型区域.这些结果表明,震源类型并非典型的构造地震,推断前郭地震可能是与人类活动有关的诱发地震.     

近震源宽频带记录的地震矩张量反演

以1985年4月18日云南禄劝地震(Ms=6.1)的15次余震为例, 使用简单介质模型进行近震源记录的地震矩张量反演, 并试图通过反演结果的讨论, 进一步明确有关方法的意义和限度。将DCS-302数字磁带加速度仪组成的小孔径流动台网获得的三分向近震源宽频带记录进行两次积分得到位移地震图, 对依据震相特征选出的信噪比较大的直达P波、直达S波和SP转换波波形在频率域进行矩张量反演。反演中采用均匀弹性半空间的格林函数。计算结果表明, 采用简单的介质模型, 选取信噪比较大的震相进行矩张量反演, 对MLL约为4-5的地震可以较好地给出震源机制解。在不十分了解详细结构的情况下, 用本文所发展的反演方法处理大量中小地震求震源机制和构造应力场是十分便利的。地震矩张量反演的结果给出禄劝地区的主压应力轴为近NNW向, 接近水平, 表明该地震与欧亚板块和印度板块边界的构造运动有关。      

地震矩张量及其反演

用地震矩张量描述一般类型的地震点源时,二阶矩张量是可以用来简明地表征震源特征的物理量。比如,可用它将震源表示为膨胀中心和双力偶的叠加。二阶地震矩张量可以分解成各向同性部分和纯偏量部分的相加,并且对偏量部分还可作多种形式的分解。本文通过对在主轴坐标系下的矩张量本征值的不同组合,给出了几种矩张量分解的形式及由它们所确定的等效点源模型,并根据本征值的大小,讨论了点矩张量所表示的震源机制解。本文还介绍了反演地震矩张量的方法。     

传统地震目录中增加矩震级及震源机制解的必要性分析

本文梳理了我国地震目录的产出现状,对于我国近几年应急机构和区域台网产出的震源机制解、矩震级进行了比较研究。结果表明:中国地震局地球物理研究所和地震预测研究所对于国内陆地地区6级以上地震的地震矩张量解的产出率为100%,5级以上地震的地震矩张量解产出率为81%。这两个研究所给出的3种矩张量结果和GCMT给出的矩张量结果较为一致,类型统计一致率分别达到71%、86%和66%,其中P、T轴空间夹角优势分布在15°左右。产出的矩震级和GCMT解得到的矩震级相差不大,偏差在0.1以内的比率分别为46%、86%和71%,偏差在0.3以内的比率分别为85%、100%和97%。结果表明对于我国内陆地区的5级以上地震,这两个研究所产出率较高、结果较为一致。而由各台网据震源参数得出的5级左右地震的矩震级和GCMT求解的矩震级比较起来明显偏小。由此探讨了在传统地震目录中增加震源机制解及矩震级的必要性。     

矩张量反演法在江苏及附近海域的应用

利用江苏区域数字地震台网宽频带地震计记录的Pnl波波形资料,采用TDMT_INV时间域地震矩张量反演方法,尝试反演2009-2011年江苏及附近海域7次中小地震(ML3.5以上,最大震级ML5.3)的地震矩张量解,并通过记录清晰的P波初动在震源球的下半球投影对反演结果进行评价.结果表明:反演结果与初动方向一致较好.由此说明在研究区域用矩张量反演法测定中小地震震源机制解具有一定的可行性.     

矩张量反演法在江苏及附近海域的应用

利用江苏区域数字地震台网宽频带地震计记录的Pnl波波形资料,采用TDMT-INV时间域地震矩张量反演方法,尝试反演2009—2011年江苏及附近海域7次中小地震(M_L3.5以上,最大震级M_L5.3)的地震矩张量解,并通过记录清晰的P波初动在震源球的下半球投影对反演结果进行评价。结果表明:反演结果与初动方向一致较好。由此说明在研究区域用矩张量反演法测定中小地震震源机制解具有一定的可行性。     

西藏高原及其周围地区地震的地震矩张量及震源参数的尺度关系

本研究根据 WWSSN 的长周期远震体波记录,采用广义反演技术确定了1966至1980年期间发生在西藏高原及其周围地区的11个主要浅源地震的地震矩张量,同时得到了震源时间函数和震源深度.部分地震的地震矩张量解明显地偏离双力偶模型,偏离的程度似乎与震源机制参数有关.所分析的地震具有较浅的震源深度,均分布在上部地壳范围内.由最佳双力偶模型所得到的震源机制解与印度洋板块向东北方向移动与欧亚板块相碰撞,以及西藏高原向东移动的假设相一致.尺度关系分析表明,板内地震的应力降系统地高于缝合线附近地震的应力降.地震过程持续时间随着地震的规模而增长,但对于相同规模的地震,缝合线附近地震的持续时间长于板内地震.以上结果反映了大陆内部地震的地震矩张量的特征,并暗示缝合线附近地震具有与板内地震不同的发震环境和震源过程.     

Full moment tensor inversion constrained by double-couple focal mechanism for induced seismicity*

In this study, we propose a new method to determine full moment tensor solution for induced seismicity. This method generalizes the full waveform matching algorithm we have developed to determine the double-couple (DC) focal mechanism based on the neighbourhood algorithm. One major difference between the new method and the former one is that we adopt a new misfit function to constrain the candidate moment tensor solutions with respect to a reference DC solution in addition to other misfit terms characterizing the waveform matching. Through synthetic tests using a real passive seismic survey geometry, the results show the new constraint can help better recover the DC components of inverted moment tensors. We further investigate how errors in the velocity model and source location affect the moment tensor solution. The synthetic test results indicate that the constrained inversion is robust in recovering both the DC and non-DC components. We also test the proposed method on several real induced events in an oil/gas field in Oman using the same observation system as synthetic tests. While it is found that the full moment tensor solutions without using the DC constraints have much larger non-DC components than solutions with the DC constraints, both solutions are able to fit the observed waveforms at similar levels. The synthetic and real test results suggest the proposed DC constrained inversion method can reliably retrieve full moment tensor solutions for the induced seismicity.     

2010年1月12日海地地震快速矩张量解

2010年1月12日21点53分9秒协调世界时(UTC),在加勒比海域的海地发生了MW7.2地震.作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球地震台网的宽频带P波波形资料得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向253°、倾角74°、滑动角17°的节面是本次地震的发震断层面.     

2009年12月19日台湾花莲地震快速矩张量解

2009年12月19日13点2分16秒协调世界时(UTC),在台湾花莲海域发生了MW6.7地震.作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球地震台网的宽频带P波波形资料得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向4°、倾角75°、滑动角76°的节面是本次地震的发震断层面.     

2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(L＇Aquila)地震快速矩张量解.

2009年4月6日1点32分42秒协调世界时（UTC）,在意大利中部地区发生了MW6.4地震．作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球台网的宽频带P波波形得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向132deg;、倾角53deg;、滑动角——103deg;的节面是地震发生的断层面．      

Uncertainty of moment tensor determination from surface wave analysis for shallow earthquakes

We treat the problem of the non-uniqueness of the moment tensor inversion for shallow earthquakes from long period surface wave data. We give an existence condition for double couples radiating the same long period surface waves as the deviatoric moment tensor obtained by such inversion. We describe the family of such double couples and show that they may provide better estimates of double couple mechanisms than the traditional “best double-couple” solution. We demonstrate the results of application to four large shallow earthquakes with different source signatures.     

The determination of the best fitting and the extreme source models by a global inversion method

In this paper, a global inversion method is developed for seismic moment tensor inversion by using the body wave forms. The algorithm depends on neither the selection of starting model nor the forms of objective function and constraints. When the error function, measure of the difference between the observed and synthetic waveforms, is chosen as the objective function, the best fitting source model is found; when a certain combination in seismic moment tensor elements is selected as the objective function and the values of error function are constrained in a suitable bound, the extreme source models can be produced by minimizing or maximizing this combination. By changing the form of the combination of moment tensor elements, a variety of different source characteristics can be considered. Therefore the extreme solution provides an estimation of the uncertainty in the best fitting source model. The seismic waveform data was used to evaluate the effectiveness of this algorithm. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

2018年5月28日吉林松原MS5.7地震发震构造分析

利用黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古三省数字地震台网的三分量宽频带波形资料对2018年5月28日吉林省松原市宁江区发生的M_S5.7地震进行了全波形矩张量反演,获取了此次地震的震源机制解和矩心位置;并使用震源-矩心方法讨论了该地震的发震断层。研究结果显示:松原M_S5.7地震的矩震级为M_W5.2,矩心位置为（45.225°N,124.685°E）,矩心深度为7 km。震源机制解参数显示:该地震为走滑型;节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为217°,82°和164°;节面Ⅱ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为309°,74°和8°;双力偶成分占96.4%,方差减少为93%。震源?矩心图显示震源更接近节面Ⅰ,与北东向的扶余—肇东断裂走向及倾角一致,因此,推测扶余—肇东断裂为发震断层。      

Discrimination of induced seismicity by full moment tensor inversion and decomposition

Human activities, including operations related to mining and reservoir exploitation, may induce seismicity and pose a risk for population and infrastructures. While different observations are commonly used to assess the origin of earthquakes, there is a lack of rules and methods for the discrimination between natural and induced seismicity. The inversion and decomposition of the full moment tensor and the observation of relevant deviation from a pure double couple (DC) model may be an indicator for induced seismicity. We establish here a common procedure to analyse a set of natural and induced events of similar magnitude, which occurred in Germany and neighbouring regions. The procedure is based on an inversion method and on a consistent velocity model and recording network. Induced seismicity is recorded during different mining and/or reservoir exploitations. Moment tensors are inverted using a multi-step inversion approach. This method, which was successfully applied in previous studies at regional and teleseismic distances, is further developed here to account for full moment tensor analysis. We first find a best DC solution and then perform a full moment tensor inversion, fitting full waveforms amplitude spectra at regional distances. The moment tensor solution is decomposed into DC, compensated linear vector dipole and isotropic terms. The discrimination problem is then investigated through the evaluation of distributions of non-DC source components for natural and induced data sets. Results illustrate the potential of the inversion and discrimination approach. Additional detailed analyses are carried out for the two most significant induced earthquakes, and rupture models are compared with the full moment tensor solutions.     

Moment Tensor Inversion of Regional Phases: Application to a Mine Collapse

—?The aim of our study consists of analyzing potentially non-double-couple seismic events recorded at regional distances. In order to define the nature of the seismic source, a moment tensor inversion is carried out as this method is general enough not to initially constrain the source mechanism. In this paper we present an application to a seismic event induced by a mine collapse which occurred near the town of Halle in Germany. Because of its induced nature, many parameters such as the location and geometry of this seismic source are known. This information allows us to test the influence of inadequate propagation modeling on the moment tensor obtained from the inversion. Green's functions have been computed with the reflectivity method in a flat layered medium, using the European model EurID (Du et? al., 1998; Dufumier et al., 1997). From the inversion of P-wave seismograms recorded by the German Regional Seismic Network will, we obtained a source time function which can be decomposed into two subevents. The first one has a large isotropic part and a deviatoric mechanism with near vertical nodal planes. No volume change is observed for the second subevent, but a deviatoric component opposite of the first one. The addition of S-waves does not change the results of the inversion which are stable. Surface waves were not used because of their poor dispersion curves. Based on the moment tensor obtained from these inversions, the physical process at the source is compatible with a large cavity collapse.