基于激光干涉的新型高精度绝对重力仪

本文介绍了一种自主研发的新型高精度绝对重力仪样机,它利用激光干涉原理测量落体自由下落时相对于参考棱镜的时间位移信息,通过振动误差补偿算法提取落体下落轨迹上的时间位移坐标,然后基于最小二乘拟合法计算测点的重力加速度.在白家疃国家地球物理观象台国家重力基准点进行的对比观测试验结果与误差分析确定,样机经误差修正后的系统偏差为(-27.46～-30.59)±3.06×10-8 ms-2,2小时测量精度优于10×10-8 ms-2.     

基于激光干涉法的地表重力垂直梯度测量系统设计及试验

基于激光干涉法对新型地表重力垂直梯度测量系统进行了研究并初步构建了原理样机． 该测量系统利用双光路干涉测量法, 获取垂直向间距为50 cm且同步自由下落的两个落体相对于参考点的时间和位移信息, 并通过差分运算得到该测点的重力垂直梯度值． 在系统设计过程中, 主要解决了双落体自由下落的同步自动控制和双干涉测量光路的垂直性调节问题． 试验结果表明, 本套测量系统可以获取双落体同步自由下落运动时的干涉条纹信号, 并完成重力垂直梯度测量, 且梯度测量精度优于100 E．      

绝对重力仪中3种数据处理方法比较

绝对重力仪中对激光干涉信号的采集和处理是测量绝对重力加速度的基础。对激光干涉信号进行数字信号处理,其结果可以构建绝对重力仪中自由落体的运动轨迹,讨论3种基于该重建运动轨迹的数据处理方法,分别为整体最小二乘拟合,局部最小二乘拟合以及遗传算法。处理结果表明局部最小二乘拟合方法的处理效果最好,对落体位置的平均拟合误差在4 nm范围内,满足测量精度要求。     

绝对重力仪设计中的一种新型落体控制方式

为了将绝对重力仪在真空筒中自由下落落体的运动传动控制结构在大气压条件下实现,便于检修和维护,我们提出了一种全新的落体控制方法:焊接波纹管法.从理论计算上升段和下降段电机对拖架控制过程的速度、位移曲线以及试验结果可以看出,这种焊接波纹管驱动拖架的方法实现了对落体伺服跟踪的同时,也满足了对落体自由下落时间的设计要求.     

绝对重力仪测量结果的振动划线处理方法初步研究

针对自主研发的高精度绝对重力仪样机测量结果中引入的振动误差, 提出了一种全新的振动抑制算法．本算法利用一簇斜率相同的平行直线与记录到的参考棱镜振动曲线相交, 通过提取这些交点的时间信息, 确定落体下落轨迹上进行重力加速度计算的时间和位移坐标． 然后, 利用最小二乘算法获取测点的绝对重力加速度值．对不同重力加速度值的适用性和不同类型振动干扰的抑制效果模拟计算发现, 对于优势频率大于0.2 Hz, 峰峰值小于500 counts的干扰, 算法可以有效提高测量结果的系统偏差和测量精度．最后, 实际实验样机的测量结果表明, 本算法使最终测量精度提高了一倍, 为绝对重力仪的小型化和流动测量提供了软件技术支持。      

激光干涉绝对重力仪干涉信号处理算法的动态适应性及其船载应用评估

激光干涉绝对重力仪干涉信号处理算法的动态适应性研究是进行动态绝对重力测量的基本前提。本文基于希尔伯特变换、直接正交法、过零点法三种瞬时相位处理算法,提出了基于背景振动物理量的合理动态约束条件,即反向的振动速度不能超过落体的下落速度。构建的单频振动信号仿真实验表明:在满足约束条件时,采样频率为60 MHz,希尔伯特变换算法的精度优于10^-13 m/s²,过零点算法的精度优于10^-9 m/s²,直接正交算法的精度为(-7.9±2.0)×10^-8 m/s²。基于海浪模拟平台的实测试验表明:满足约束条件时,这三类瞬时相位处理算法均适用于动态环境,并获得了标准差为4.6×10^-5 m/s²的绝对重力测量值。更进一步,基于本文动态适应性结论对系泊和海面船载动态环境进行评估,结果表明:测量船在3级以下海况可以进行10^-5 m/s²量级绝对重力的测量;在3—4级海况下,需根据振动信号对...     

基于InSAR技术的淮南矿区DEM重建及精度分析

对于易发生地表形变的区域,传统DEM模型如SRTM,逐渐失去其时效特性,不能准确的描述地质特征,亟待更新重建.本文基于合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)采用SAR影像复数据相位信息提取地面三维信息的新技术,介绍了合成孔径雷达干涉测量数字高程模型建立的原理和方法.在此基础上,选取研究区,获取了Envisat ASAR SLC雷达影像数据,采用InSAR算法对研究区的数字高程模型进行了重建.并在研究区的形变区内外分别选取控制点,对重建DEM和SRTM进行比较分析.结果表明:对于易发生形变的特殊区域,传统DEM因失去其时效性,无法准确的描述地形特征;合成孔径雷达干涉测量可以作为此类地区DEM定期重建的有效手段.最后对重建的DEM实现三维可视化,提高了读图效率和成图质量.     

绝对重力仪研制中几种干扰因素的实验研究

利用观测精度可达1～2×10-8ms-2_,的FG5 绝对重力仪,开展了空气阻力、有无隔震弹簧以及仪器自震对重力观测影响等观测实验.通过在环境干扰较小的九峰站观测实验,得到如下结论:在正常大气压状态下所观测到的空气阻力影响约500×10-5ms-2,比理论估算值大近30×105ms-2, 若在低真空状态测量空气阻力也将产生2.3×10-5 ms-2观测误差;落体室真空度维持系统(离子泵)工作不正常,空气阻力也将对重力观测造成0.1～4.1×10-5ms-2的观测误差;在地质条件比较稳定,环境震动干扰较小的基墩上测量,隔震弹簧的作用对观测结果影响不明显,但对测量精度影响较大.上述观测实验的进行,为自由下落法绝对重力仪的研制提供可靠依据.     

利用FG5绝对重力仪观测数据确定重力垂直梯度

本文建立了利用FG5实测数据求解重力垂直梯度的数据处理模型与算法.通过对多次自由落体实验的下落距离拟合残差叠加求均值,发现下落距离观测量中存在明显的有色噪声.通过对有色噪声的建模,并以剩余残差为依据选取可靠的下落时段,解算测站点的重力垂直梯度.利用本文所提出的数据处理方法分别对FG5-214绝对重力仪在两个测站上的观测数据进行处理,以相对重力仪测量的重力垂直梯度结果为参考值,本文处理得到的重力垂直梯度结果相比于未考虑有色噪声并依据经验选取下落时段的解算方法得到了显著改善.

     

激光干涉绝对重力仪参考棱镜隔振系统仿真

在激光干涉绝对重力仪中,参考棱镜在背景振动和系统自振的作用下呈现复杂的振动模式,严重影响了整机的测量准确度.针对此问题,本文基于磁悬浮原理设计了参考棱镜的反馈式两级振动隔离系统,建立了系统的动力学模型,在不同的反馈方式下推导了相应的传递函数,进行了Matlab仿真分析以确定最优的反馈方式.系统仿真结果表明绝对速度反馈方式的隔振效果可达100 dB,与自主研发的Age-110型激光干涉绝对重力仪的联合测试结果表明,该隔振系统可将Age-110的测量精度再提高1.5倍.

     

改进高分辨率遥感影像测量断裂错动空间尺度的探讨研究

为避免在进行高空遥感影像活动断裂空间尺度测量分析时采用较多的外业控制点,降低测量过程的繁琐性,提高测量精准度,提出利用空中三角测量的遥感影像空间定位方法。通过有理多项式系数模型精准表示平面坐标系中相应像点和地面点三维空间坐标之间的数学关系,选取活动断裂区域中重叠率较高（概率较高）的控制点,忽略其他控制点以减少外业控制点的需求量;以控制点地面坐标、像点坐标作为已知值,将活动断裂区域的地面坐标以及可以精确表达卫星影像物方的几何旋转关系的定向参数作为待定量,根据有理多项式系数模型的误差方程,以最小二乘为准则确定活动断裂区域的地面坐标,定位区域遥感图像主要活动断裂解译标志包括线性标志、垂直错动和水平错动标志;依据不同标志中的两侧色调反差、阴影色调以及扭曲变形程度,将活动断裂的活动性分成强、中、弱三个等级,实现对断裂空间尺度的分析。实验结果表明,该方法测量的空间尺度精准性较高,解译和判断的断层形态与实际相符。     

基于Fabry-Perot的中高层大气风速反演数据处理研究

中高层大气风速反演需要精确的确定法布里-帕罗干涉仪(Fabry-Perot Interferometer,FPI)干涉条纹的圆心和半径.本文针对FPI非闭合式干涉环条纹,提出了新的条纹圆心和半径确定方法:首先对所得到的条纹强度分布进行噪声去除预处理:包括均值滤波和自适应滤波;然后初步确定圆心,以该圆心为中心作n条射线得到n条干涉环剖线,利用高斯函数拟合得到干涉环峰值位置,再利用所得峰值位置进行圆拟合得到新的圆心和半径;最后以新的圆心为初始圆心重复上述计算过程直到圆心坐标收敛.利用上述方法对FPI仿真数据进行处理,并用于中高层大气风速反演,得到风速值为96.9537 m/s(对应实际风速值约100 m/s)和7.528.2 m/s (对应实际风速值约10 m/s),将其与理论实际值进行比较,得到反演绝对误差分别为-2.977 m/s和-2.465 m/s,相对误差分别为-2.98%和-24.67%,表明上述方法满足中高层大气风速(一般为每秒几十米到几百米)的反演精度要求,初步论证了圆心和半径确定方法的可行性.     

Curvelet reconstruction of non-uniformly sampled seismic data using the linearized Bregman method

Seismic data reconstruction, as a preconditioning process, is critical to the performance of subsequent data and imaging processing tasks. Often, seismic data are sparsely and non-uniformly sampled due to limitations of economic costs and field conditions. However, most reconstruction processing algorithms are designed for the ideal case of uniformly sampled data. In this paper, we propose the non-equispaced fast discrete curvelet transform-based three-dimensional reconstruction method that can handle and interpolate non-uniformly sampled data effectively along two spatial coordinates. In the procedure, the three-dimensional seismic data sets are organized in a sequence of two-dimensional time slices along the source–receiver domain. By introducing the two-dimensional non-equispaced fast Fourier transform in the conventional fast discrete curvelet transform, we formulate an L1 sparsity regularized problem to invert for the uniformly sampled curvelet coefficients from the non-uniformly sampled data. In order to improve the inversion algorithm efficiency, we employ the linearized Bregman method to solve the L1-norm minimization problem. Once the uniform curvelet coefficients are obtained, uniformly sampled three-dimensional seismic data can be reconstructed via the conventional inverse curvelet transform. The reconstructed results using both synthetic and real data demonstrate that the proposed method can reconstruct not only non-uniformly sampled and aliased data with missing traces, but also the subset of observed data on a non-uniform grid to a specified uniform grid along two spatial coordinates. Also, the results show that the simple linearized Bregman method is superior to the complex spectral projected gradient for L1 norm method in terms of reconstruction accuracy.     

Effect of transect location,transect spacing and interpolation methods on river bathymetry accuracy

Digital elevation models (DEMs) of river channel bathymetries are developed by interpolating elevations between data collected at discrete points or along transects. The accuracy of interpolated bathymetries depends on measurement error, the density and distribution of point data, and the interpolation method. Whereas point measurement errors can be minimized by selecting the most efficient equipment, the effect of data density and interpolation method on river bathymetry is relatively unknown. Thus, this study focuses on transect‐based collection methods and investigates the effects of transect location, the spacing between transects, and interpolation methods on the accuracy of interpolated bathymetry. This is accomplished by comparing four control bathymetries generated from accurate and high resolution, sub‐meter scale data to bathymetries interpolated from transect data extracted from the control bathymetries using two transect locating methods and four interpolation methods. The transect locating methods are a morphologically‐spaced and an equally‐spaced model. The four interpolation methods are Ordinary Kriging, Delaunay Triangulation, and Simple Linear, which are applied in curvilinear coordinates (Delaunay Triangulation is also applied in Cartesian coordinates), and Natural Neighbor only in Cartesian Coordinates. The bathymetric data were obtained from morphologically simple and complex reaches of a large (average bankfull width = 90 m) and a small (average bankfull width = 17 m) river. The accuracy of the developed DEMs is assessed using statistical analysis of the differences between the control and interpolated bathymetries and hydraulic parameters assessed from bankfull water surface elevations. Results indicate that DEM accuracy is not influenced by the choice of transect location method (with same averaged cross‐section spacing) or a specific interpolation method, but rather by the coordinate system for which the interpolation method is applied and the spacing between transects. They also show negligible differences between the mean depths and surface areas calculated from bathymetries with dense or coarse spacing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PS-InSAR技术在西秦岭北缘断裂带地壳微小形变监测中的应用

D-InSAR技术可以测得地壳垂直形变精度达到mm级,但由于其受空间、时间失相干和大气延迟的限制,导致其在监测地壳长期缓慢形变中的应用受到限制。而PS-InSAR作为D-InSAR技术的创新,在克服时间失相干的同时还可以计算并消除大气影响,使得干涉处理得到的结果更加精确。文中以西秦岭北缘断裂带甘谷地区为实验区,利用从2008年5月至2010年9月共14景ENVISAT ASAR数据,采用PS-InSAR技术对该实验区地壳微小形变进行探测。研究结果得到西秦岭北缘断裂带甘谷地区断裂带南北两盘的相对滑动速率约为5mm/a,点目标的形变速率和形变方向均与西秦岭北缘断裂的左旋运动特征相符,并与其他学者的研究结果有较好的一致性,表明PS-InSAR技术在监测地壳微小形变中具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的发展潜力。     

Estimation of geological dip and curvature from time‐migrated zero‐offset reflections in heterogeneous anisotropic media

Starting from a given time‐migrated zero‐offset data volume and time‐migration velocity, recent literature has shown that it is possible to simultaneously trace image rays in depth and reconstruct the depth‐velocity model along them. This, in turn, allows image‐ray migration, namely to map time‐migrated reflections into depth by tracing the image ray until half of the reflection time is consumed. As known since the 1980s, image‐ray migration can be made more complete if, besides reflection time, also estimates of its first and second derivatives with respect to the time‐migration datum coordinates are available. Such information provides, in addition to the location and dip of the reflectors in depth, also an estimation of their curvature. The expressions explicitly relate geological dip and curvature to first and second derivatives of reflection time with respect to time‐migration datum coordinates. Such quantitative relationships can provide useful constraints for improved construction of reflectors at depth in the presence of uncertainty. Furthermore, the results of image‐ray migration can be used to verify and improve time‐migration algorithms and can therefore be considered complementary to those of normal‐ray migration. So far, image‐ray migration algorithms have been restricted to layered models with isotropic smooth velocities within the layers. Using the methodology of surface‐to‐surface paraxial matrices, we obtain a natural extension to smooth or layered anisotropic media.     

考虑发射波形的瞬变电磁三维模型降阶快速正演算法

瞬变电磁响应受到发射波形的影响,正演计算中需考虑发射波形.基于位移逆Krylov子空间投影的模型降阶算法能够精确模拟三维全波形瞬变电磁正演响应,但该算法计算精确的on-time响应非常耗时.目前实际工作中多数情况下都是对off-time时间段的数据进行处理解释,因此可以将正演问题简化为精确模拟考虑发射波形的off-time时间段的响应.

本文实现了一种改进的基于位移逆Krylov子空间投影的模型降阶算法,能够实现任意发射波形的瞬变电磁off-time时间段的响应的三维快速正演.基于频谱分析理论实现了一种定量化的评价on-time采样波形精度的方法,能够在保证off-time响应精度的同时,极大的减少on-time波形采样点的数量,从而显著的减少正演计算时间.典型的半正弦波、梯形波和复杂的VTEM波的模型的正演结果表明,相比密集采样的正演结果,本文算法在保证off-time响应精度的同时,能够实现5倍以上的正演加速.

     

An efficient and adaptive approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates

The need to obtain more reliable Earth structures has been the impetus for conducting joint inversions of disparate geophysical datasets. For seismic arrival time tomography, joint inversion of arrival time and gravity data has become an important way to investigate velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle. However, the absence of an efficient approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates limits the joint tomographic analysis to only local scales. In order to extend the joint tomographic inversion into spherical coordinates, and enable it to be feasible for regional studies, we develop an efficient and adaptive approach for modeling gravity effects in spherical coordinates based on the longitudinal/latitudinal grid spacing. The complete gravity effects of spherical prisms, including gravitational potential, gravity vector and tensor gradients, are calculated by numerical integration of the Gauss–Legendre quadrature (GLQ). To ensure the efficiency of the gravity modeling, spherical prisms are recursively subdivided into smaller units according to their distances to the observation point. This approach is compatible with the parameterization of regional arrival time tomography for large areas, in which both the near- and far-field effects of the Earth's curvature cannot be ignored. Therefore, this approach can be implemented into the joint tomographic inversion of arrival time and gravity data conveniently. As practical applications, the complete gravity effects of a single anomalous density body have been calculated, and the gravity anomalies of two tomographic models in the Taiwan region have also been obtained using empirical relationships between P-wave velocity and density.