1993～2003年郑州市土地利用/覆被变化特征研究

以河南省郑州市为例,利用RS、GIS软件对1993年和2003年两时次TM、ETM 影像进行遥感解译,采用GIS空间分析和数理统计分析等方法,研究了10 a来该市土地利用变化过程尤其是土地沙化的变化过程及其社会经济驱动机制。结果表明:10 a来,西部山区、东部沙化地区以及黄河沿岸地区土地利用类型的变化比较大,特别是东部地区用地变化比较剧烈;旱地、草地、工交建设用地面积明显增加,沙化土地、水田、林地、水体面积呈现减少的趋势;沙化现象得到了有效遏制,草地面积的增加,改善了研究区的生态环境。此外,林地面积的大量减少,应引起重视,可实行退耕还林或植树造林以建立良好的生态环境。     

Assessment of Soil Erosion Susceptibility Using Empirical Modeling

Soil erosion is one of the most serious land degradation problems all over the world,causing irreversible land quality reduction.In this paper,we modify the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model by replacing the factors of slope length and gradient with Sediment Transport Index(STI).The Digital Elevation Model,terrain parameters,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and rainfall data are used as inputs to the model.Along with the application of remote sensing techniques and ground survey measurements,erosion susceptibility maps are produced.The revised models are then used to obtain the optimal estimate of soil erosion susceptibility at Alianello of southern Italy,which is prone to soil erosion.The soil loss estimated from the modified RUSLE model shows a large spatial variance,ranging from 10 to as much as 7000 ton ha 1 yr 1.The high erosion susceptible area constitutes about 46.8% of the total erosion area,and when classified by land cover type,33% is "mixed bare with shrubs and grass",followed by 5.29% of "mixture of shrubs and trees",with "shrubs" having the lowest percentage of 0.06%.In terms of slope types,very steep slope accounts for a total of 40.90% and belongs to high susceptibility,whereas flat slope accounts for only 0.12%,indicating that flat topography has little effect on the erosion hazard.As far as the geomorphologic types are concerned,the type of "moderate steep-steep slopes with moderate to severe erosion" is most favorable to high soil erosion,which comprises about 9.34%.Finally,we validate the soil erosion map from the adapted RUSLE model against the visual interpretation map,and find a similarity degree of 71.9%,reflecting the efficiency of the adapted RUSLE model in mapping the soil erosion in this study area.     

Global food futures and desertification

Assessments of the future of food supply and demand at global and regional scales must consider both the environmental and social constraints on agricultural production. Desertification is one of these constraints, and may actually be accelerated in the drive for agriculturally-based economic development or food self-sufficiency. In this paper we first consider two key studies of food futures—a 1981 study by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and a 1982 study by FAO-UNFPA-IIASA - and review their assessments of environmental and social constraints, climatic change and desertification. We suggest that the studies are somewhat optimistic in assessing both the social and environmental constraints on food systems, and note that the concern about desertification plays a small role in these studies.     

卫星遥感敦煌地区地表特征参数研究

卫星遥感在研究沙漠化地区非均匀地表特征参数时有其独到的作用。本文提出了一个基于Landsat-7 TM资料推算沙漠化地区地表特征参数的方案，并把其用于中国西北地区“我国重大气候和天气灾害形成及预测理论的研究”的敦煌试验区，并且利用3个景Landsat-7 TM资料进行了分析研究，得到了一些有关沙漠化地区非均匀地表区域地表特征参数(地表反射率、地表温度、修正的土壤调整植被指数MSAVI和植被覆盖度)的新概念。     

Radioisotopic evidence of perturbations of recent sedimentary record in lakes: a word of caution for climate studies

The rate of climatic change estimated from the gradient of signals recorded in lake sediments may be erroneous if post-depositional perturbations are overlooked. A smear out of a pulse signal, over a variable thickness of core section, due to physical or biological mixing, is a well known phenomena. Much less attention is paid to a possible overestimation of the rate of change when a part of record is missing due to an erosion event. In this paper we show a few examples of recent lake sediment perturbations and the resulting distortions in the time scale, as documented by short-lived radionuclides.Contribution to Clima Locarno — Past and Present Climate Dynamics; Conference September 1990, Swiss Academy of Sciences — National Climate Program     

A cost–benefit appraisal of coastal managed realignment policy

European coasts are coming under increasing threat as a result of climate change from erosion and flooding. While coastal defences such as sea walls have been constructed since Roman times to protect human settlements from the sea, it is now increasingly recognised that these defences are unsustainable. The security provided by ‘hard’ engineered defences has encouraged development on the coast, and the defences themselves have led to the loss of intertidal habitat and the natural protection it provides.An alternative to maintaining ‘hard’ defences (hold-the-line) to protect land from increasing sea levels is managed realignment, where the engineered defences are deliberately breached. By allowing the coastline to recede to a new line of defence further inland, intertidal habitat is created providing natural protection from flooding and erosion.The study evaluates the economic efficiency—using cost–benefit analysis—of various managed realignment scenarios compared to a strategy of holding-the-line within the Humber estuary in North-east England. The results of this analysis show that managed realignment can be more economically efficient than holding-the-line over a sufficiently long time period—generally greater than 25 years. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that results are more sensitive to the amount and value of intertidal habitat generated than they are to the amount and value of carbon stored by this habitat. Cost–benefit analysis is viewed as one component of a wider policy appraisal process within integrated coastal management.     

Desertification in reverse? Observations from northern Burkina Faso

The idea of degradation of arid and semi-arid lands, often termed desertification in its irreversible form, due to human impact and/or climatic change has been much debated since the mid-1970s. From the time of the United Nation's Conference On Desertification in Nairobi, 1976, certain areas of northern Burkina Faso have been pointed out as examples of severe desertification. Several studies demonstrated that revitalization of a series of E–W oriented fossille dunes in the Oudalan province was ongoing. The present study includes an analysis of the trends of vegetation development in the region, covering the period 1955 to 1994, with emphasis on the fossile dunes. It is demonstrated that desertification and revitalization of dunes were phenomena associated with the period between the early 1970s and the mid-1980s, and that the decline in vegetation cover on the dunes seems to have been reversed in recent years. The analysis is based upon time series of aerial photos and satellite images, field studies of vegetation, interviews with local people and review of relevant literature. The findings are discussed with reference to the debate concerning desertification and land degradation, as well as to the current revisions of the ‘range management paradigm’. The observations indicate that the environmental history of the region is complex and cannot be boiled down to ‘human-induced irreversible degradation’. Rather they support the idea of semi-arid cultural landscapes undergoing constant change in response to both human impact and climatic trends and fluctuations.     

基于MODIS-NDVI数据的西藏高原沙漠化信息提取

西藏高原是我国沙漠化发生发展较为强烈的地区之一,沙漠化的监测和防治非常重要。本文以MODIS-NDVI时间序列影像为基础数据源,辅以DEM数据及研究区1：400万土地利用矢量数据,采用按植被覆盖度分区和监督分类的方法,对西藏高原进行了沙漠化土地利用解译,得到西藏地区的沙漠化程度及沙漠化分布：西藏高原沙漠化土地面积为227034.65km2,占全区土地总面积的18.91%,程度以中度和轻度为主。沙漠化土地主要分布在阿里地区、那曲地区和日喀则地区。     

Potential of Desertification Control to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect

There is a strong link between desertification of the drylands and emission of CO₂ from soil and vegetation to the atmosphere. Thus, there is a strong need to revisit the desertification process so that its reversal can lead to C sequestration and mitigation of the accelerated greenhouse effect. Drylands of the world occupy 6.31 billion ha (Bha) or 47% ofthe earth's land area distributed among four climates: hyper-arid (1.0 Bha), arid (1.62 Bha), semi-arid (2.37 Bha) and dry sub-humid (1.32 Bha). Principal soils of drylands are Aridisols (1.66 Bha), Entisols (1.92 Bha), Alfisols (0.38 Bha), Vertisols (0.21 Bha) and others (1.27 Bha). Drylands occur in all continents covering 2.01 Bha in Africa, 2.00 Bha in Asia, 0.68Bha in Australia, 1.32 Bha in the Americas and 0.30 Bha in Europe. Desertification, degradation of soil and vegetation in drylands resulting from climatic and anthropogenic factors, affects about 1.137 Bha of soils and an additional 2.576 Bha of rangeland vegetation. The rate of desertification is estimated at 5.8 million hectares (Mha) per year. Desertification is a biophysical process (soil, climate and vegetation) driven by socio-economic and political factors. The principal biophysical processes involved, accelerated soil erosion by water and wind and salinization, reduce soil quality and effective rooting depth, decrease vegetal cover, reduce biomass productivity, and accentuate vagaries of climateespecially low and variable rainfall. Major consequences of desertification include reduction in the total soil C pool and transfer of C from soil to the atmosphere. Total historic loss of C due to desertification may be 19 to 29 Pg. The rate of C emission from drylands due to accelerated soil erosion is estimated at 0.227 to 0.292 Pg C y^–1. Therefore, desertification control and restoration of degraded soils and ecosystems would improve soil quality, increase the pool of C in soil and biomass, and induce formation of secondary carbonates leading to a reduction of C emissions to the atmosphere. Desertification control and soil restoration are affected by establishing vegetative cover with appropriate species, improving water use efficiency, using supplemental irrigation including water harvesting, developing a strategy of integrated nutrient management for soil fertility enhancement, and adopting improved farming systems. Adoption of these improved practices also have hidden carbon costs, especially those due to production and application of herbicides and nitrogen fertilizers, pumping irrigation water etc. Restoration of eroded and salt-affected soils is important to C sequestration. Total potential of C sequestration in drylands through adoption of these measures is 0.9 to 1.9Pg C y^–1 for a 25- to 50-year period beyond which the rate of sequestration is often too low to be important. In addition to enhancing productivity and food security, C sequestration in soils and ecosystem has numerous ancillary benefits. Therefore, identification and implementation of policies is important to facilitate adoption of recommended practices and for commodification of carbon.     

The relative role of climatic and human factors in desertification in semiarid China

Many previous studies have attributed desertification in semiarid China over the past 50 years to over-grazing, over-reclamation, land misuse, and population pressures. The present study, which covers the period from the 1950s to the early 2000s, includes an analysis of proxies for human activity, such as the area of arable land, number of livestock, and population size, and of variations in climatic indices, such as precipitation, evaporation, temperature, frequency of sand-driving winds, and drift potential, to evaluate the key contributors to desertification or rehabilitation in this region. We demonstrate that although human activities and anthropogenic pressures have both promoted desertification, two climatic indices (drift potential and the frequency of sand-driving winds) had a much stronger effect than has been appreciated in previous research. The impact of human activity on environmental change may thus have been overestimated in previous studies.     

极端天气气候事件变化对荒漠化、土地退化和粮食安全的影响

土地是人类赖以生存的重要资源,在受气候变化影响的同时其状况变化也在气候系统中起着关键作用。IPCC最新发布的气候变化与土地特别报告（SRCCL）系统反映了关于荒漠化、土地退化、可持续土地管理、粮食安全和陆地生态系统碳通量方面的最新科学认知,并探讨了如何进行更加可持续性的土地利用和管理以应对与土地相关的气候变化问题。文中从极端事件变化及其影响的角度,结合SRCCL与其他相关文献,予以分析和总结。结果表明,在全球变暖的背景下,极端天气气候事件的变化已经并将继续影响荒漠化和土地退化进程并对粮食安全造成冲击;而土地对气候系统的反馈作用,又会加剧气候变化并提高极端事件发生的概率和严重程度。面对气候变化尤其是极端事件给土地带来的巨大压力,必须坚持可持续的土地管理,通过减少包括土地和粮食系统在内的所有行业的排放,才有可能实现到21世纪末将全球平均升温控制在相对工业化前水平2℃以内的目标,以减轻气候变化对土地和粮食系统的负面影响。     

A numerical experiment study for effects of the grassland desertification on summer drought in North China

1IntroductionDManyobservationsandstudiesindicatethatthesummerrainfallinNorthChinadecreasessignificantlyduringrecenttwentyyears.Theobviousreductiontendencycanbeseenfromthevariationofpercentageofsummerrainfallanomaly(June--August)intheplainofNorthChina...     

京津冀4次重度污染过程的气象要素分析

利用2014年京津冀地区4次重度污染过程中的AQI数据及相关气象资料,分析了4次重度污染过程中相对湿度、平均气温、平均风速和海平面气压的一些特征。结果发现:京津冀中南部是重度污染发生的主要区域,是这4次过程中的共同点;就目前的排放水平而言,相对湿度持续高于60%时是出现重度污染并维持的重要指标;平均气温对于出现重度污染过程的指示意义不足;无论是在冬季、春季还是秋季出现的重度污染过程,平均风速小于2.0 m·s~(-1)是污染物堆积的必要条件;海平面气压的高压和低压区位置对于污染范围有着明显影响,高压区位于京津冀地区的偏东位置时,有利于该地区污染出现或维持重度水平。     

基于MODIS数据的西藏荒漠化遥感监测研究

基于MODIS卫星NDVI产品构建了西藏荒漠化监测模型,利用该模型分析了2000—2017年全区荒漠化时空分布特征和趋势变化,并利用实地调查的植被覆盖度及影像资料进行模型验证。结果表明:近18年来西藏主要以中度荒漠化土地为主,占全区面积的37.68%,非荒漠化区域面积占28.65%,轻度和重度荒漠区面积分别占全区面积的13.20%和12.64%。全区荒漠化总体趋势属微弱改善状态,继续退化区域主要集中在西藏中部,包括那曲地区东南部,拉萨市大部,日喀则市东部和山南市北部。阿里地区大部和那曲地区北部属改善区。整体上全区荒漠化态势以稳定为主,占45.79%。改善和退化区域面积分别占23.58%和22.52%。构建的荒漠化指数与实测植被覆盖度呈负相关关系,判定系数R~2=0.52(P0.05),表明实测样本与模型结果总体上趋于一致,反演模型可以作为研究区土地荒漠化监测方法。     

A survey of anthropogenic vegetation changes in West Africa during the last century — climatic implications

The extent of albedo change resulting from anthropogenic modification of the vegetation cover over the last century has been investigated in West Africa. The climatic implications of these changes are briefly discussed.West Africa spans a suite of vegetation zones ranging latitudinally northward from tropical rainforest to desert scrub, and comprises environmental problems from extremely rapid deforestation of the tropical forests in Ivory Coast or Ghana to desertification in the Sahel.Historical vegetation changes have been digitized on a 1° × 1° grid map based on a literature survey of government censuses, forestry and agricultural reports, supplemented by atlases, and other historical, economic and geographic sources.The principal processes of land cover modification during the last century include clearing of the natural vegetation for agriculture, grazing, logging, and degradation of marginal semi-arid to arid ecosystems by excessive grazing or cultivation. Forestry surveys for West Africa suggest clearance of around 56% of the forest zone; estimated losses for Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Liberia range between 64% and 70%. Estimates of total land conversion range between 88 million ha, from the digitized land use map (Figure 4) to 122.8 million ha, from extrapolation of forestry data (Section 3.1).The change in albedo corresponding to the land use modification is relatively small, using conservative estimates for desertification amounting to an increase of around 0.4% regionally over 100 yr and 0.5% since agriculture began. Thus 4/5 of the total albedo may have occurred within the last century. Additional assumptions regarding desertification and a lower albedo value for tropical forest compensate for each other and do not significantly alter the result of the initial calculation. The maximum zones of increased albedo are concentrated in the forest zone (4°–8° N) and savanna-southern sahel (10°–12°) which correspond to zones of maximum agricultural and population growth. Between 13° N and 17° N, the albedo change is small or negative due to both less intensive land utilization and replacement of scattered vegetation on exposed sandy soil by lower albedo irrigated crops.These estimates may represent a lower limit, particularly if desertification is more extensive than initially assumed. Under an extreme assumption that the entire Sahel zone between 14°–20° N has been desertified, the regional mean albedo could increase by as much as 4%. This represents an upper limit to likely historical anthropogenic disturbances of the land surface.Although historical climate records show three major droughts during the 20th century (1910–1920, 1940's, 1969–1975, possibly continuing into the 1980's; Nicholson, 1980a; Hare, 1983), and stream flow fluctuations which correlate well with precipitation (Faure and Gac, 1981;Palutikof et al., 1981), these records do not appear to indicate a regional secular decrease in precipitation as suggested by several climate models. Evidence for apparent desiccation or desert creep (= desertification) may be attributed, in large part, to adverse changes in soil and stream hydrology caused by anthropogenic disruption of the vegetation cover.     

近40a海西蒙古族藏族自治州沙漠化时空变化及驱动力分析

通过对海西蒙古族藏族自治州1975—2015年Landsat卫星遥感影像进行解译,获取了该州近40 a沙漠化土地动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)研究区近40 a沙漠化土地面积先增加后减少,1975—1995年为沙漠化发展时期,1995—2015年为沙漠化逆转时期,1995年沙漠化程度最高,沙漠化土地面积17 1591.42 km~2;(2)沙漠化变化集中在研究区高海拔地区,柴达木盆地内部一直以重度沙漠化为主;沙漠化明显发展和明显逆转分别集中在1985—1995年和1995—2005年;(3)各类型沙漠化土地重心迁移总体表现为1975—1995年向东迁移,1995—2015年向西折返。通过对海西蒙古族藏族自治州沙漠化时空变化的驱动因素进行分析,表明人为因素是造成20世纪90年代之前研究区沙漠化显著发展的主导因素,而气候因素和人为因素共同促进了之后的沙漠化逆转。     

Carbon Sequestration and the Restoration of Land Health

Carbon sequestration, the conversion of greenhouse gas CO₂ toorganic matter, offers a powerful tool with which to combat climate change. The enlargement of carbon sinks stored in soil and biota is an essential tool in buying time while mankind seeks means to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and to reduce the elevated levels of atmospheric CO₂. Carbon sequestration within the context of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) also has great potential as an incentive for combating land degradation and desertification and restoring fertility to degraded land.Decisions regarding carbon sinks during finalization of the operational details of the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 fit well the needs of countries facing land degradation and desertification. However, incentives for such mitigation through the Clean Development Mechanism of the protocol are limited to forestry issues. Iceland provides a good example of the multiple role of carbon sequestration in meeting national commitments to UNFCCC, conserving and restoring biological diversity, combating soil erosion, revegetation of eroded land and reforestation. Linking carbon sequestration with such goals has resulted in increased funds for soil conservation and restoration of degraded land in Iceland.     

How the aggressiveness of rainfalls in the Mediterranean lands is enhanced by climate change

Rainfall and overland flow are fundamental processes for Earth’s ecosystems but can also be land disturbing forces, particularly when triggered by extreme hydro-meteorological events. Examples of these extremes are rainstorms and related phenomena due to rainfall aggressiveness. They produce high-impact land processes such as soil erosion and nutrient losses. Economic and social consequences of these processes can be quite severe. However, hydrological extremes and their environmental implications are still poorly understood, particularly if analyzed in the context of climate change. Here, we analyze a 300 year long times series of historical rainfall patterns across the Mediterranean in the last three centuries and we investigate changes in the erosive forcing as related to climate changes. Our results show that the erosive forcing increased towards the end of the Little Ice Age (~1850) over western and central Mediterranean and that has been increasing in the recent warming period at low Mediterranean latitudes, due to a higher frequency of intensive storms. Such increased concentrated precipitation may lead to an intensification of land degradation processes triggered by soil erosion and transport across a range of scales from hillslopes to small catchments.     

Introduction to soil degradation processes in drylands

Two efforts by UN organizations to diagnose and map the distribution and trends of soil degradation in drylands are briefly described and compared.Soil degradation by water is greatly accelerated under poor vegetation cover in the Tropics and Subtropics, probably for two major reasons: high rates of decomposition of organic matter and high intensities of rainfall. The consequences of soil losses and high water runoff can reach far downstream in the river basin, causing damage by sedimentation on floodplains and in reservoirs.Damages by wind erosion and deposition are also much accelerated by overexploitation of the meagre vegetation cover of drylands. Overgrazing, overcultivation, firewood collection are the consequences of human and animal pressure, leading to more or less long-lasting desertification. The finer material, clay, silt, and organic matter, is blown by dust storms over long distances and can be deposited as dry or wet fallout in oceans or on land under the dust trajectories.Salinization often affects highly productive soils under poor irrigation practices. It is therefore a form of dryland degradation which causes particularly high losses of potential crops.     

青藏高原不同地表反射率对比试验

通过对2009年7月在高原主体上利用ASD公司的野外光谱仪FieldSpec3采集到的不同地表光谱曲线的分析,结果表明:不同的下垫面具有非常典型的地物反射光谱曲线,沙化地的反射曲线相对平滑,在350~1800nm区间除去在700nm和1400nm有两个吸收谷以外,其他地方都呈反射状态,沙化地根据地表状况不同表现出不同幅值的反射率;油菜地的反射特征为从350nm开始吸收,在550nm出现一个反射峰后开始反射,到700nm附近出现一个吸收谷,反射率开始急剧上升,到740nm上升到最大,反射率维持在一个高位值上变化,一直到930nm附近出现一个反射谷,在1130nm附近,反射率开始呈下降的趋势;草地的反射曲线兼具绿色植物和沙化地的特征。