中国干湿状况和干湿气候界限变化研究

选取全国616个地面气象台站1975-2004年的地面资料,通过Penman-Monteith公式计算的参考蒸散确定湿润指数（W）,按W为0．03、0．2、0．5和1．0把中国分为极干旱、干旱、半干旱、半湿润和湿润5个干湿区,给出了湿润指数的变化趋势和变异状况的地理分布,讨论了湿润指数的年代际变化特征。结果表明：湿润状况显著增加的地区主要为新疆西北部和中国的西南部,干旱化显著的地区主要在青海的东部、甘肃的南部和四川北部;干湿状况变化从中国的东部向西部逐渐增大,中国的西南地区干湿状况最为稳定;20世纪80年代初全国的平均干湿状况发生变化,由干旱趋向湿润,30a来半湿润、湿润地区干湿状况年际变化大,半干旱区和湿润区增多,半湿润区减少。     

干湿持续期随机模拟

该文应用数据建模技术, 实现干湿期随机建模。主要包括:利用历史气象资料, 从中采集干湿期数据; 应用实测数据, 创建干湿期经验分布函数; 应用Monte Carlo方法和经验分布参数, 随机生成干湿期序列, 通过和Markov链模型输出的对比分析, 讨论生成序列的统计误差, 测试结果显示, 与两状态Markov链方法相比, 所建模型性能更好。     

A GCM Simulation of Heat Waves, Dry Spells, and Their Relationships to Circulation

Heat waves and dry spells are analyzed (i) at eightstations in south Moravia (Czech Republic), (ii) inthe control ECHAM3 GCM run at the gridpoint closest tothe study area, and (iii) in the ECHAM3 GCM run fordoubled CO₂ concentrations (scenario A) at thesame gridpoint (heat waves only). The GCM outputs arevalidated both against individual station data andareally representative values. In the control run, theheat waves are too long, appear later in the year,peak at higher temperatures and their numbers areunder- (over-) estimated in June and July (in August).The simulated dry spells are too long, and the annualcycle of their occurrence is distorted.Mid-tropospheric circulation, and heat waves and dryspells are linked much less tightly in the controlclimate than in the observed. Since mid-troposphericcirculation is simulated fairly successfully, wesuggest the hypothesis that either the air-masstransformation and local processes are too strong inthe model or the simulated advection is too weak. Inthe scenario A climate, the heat waves become a commonphenomenon: warming of 4.5 °C in summer(difference between scenario A and control climates)induces a five-fold increase in the frequency oftropical days and an immense enhancement of extremityof heat waves. The results of the study underline theneed for (i) a proper validation of the GCM outputbefore a climate impact study is conducted and (ii)translation of large-scale information from GCMs intolocal scales using downscaling and stochasticmodelling techniques in order to reduce GCMs' biases.     

中国北方夏半年极端干期的时空变化特征

利用1951—2004年我国北方348个测站的夏半年逐日降水资料,首先整理出各站点的极端干期日数和无雨总日数两个序列,得到极端干期日数的空间分布,并将北方划分为A、B、C 3个区,其中A、B 2个区相对湿润,C区则相对干旱和半干旱,这种分布与地理环境有密切的联系。然后建立这3个区夏半年极端干期以及无雨总日数的时间序列,采用经验模态分解(EMD)方法,分析极端干期序列的多尺度振荡结构以及多年变化的总趋势。结果显示,北方各区夏半年极端干期变化主要由前2个较高频的本征模态函数(IMF)分量构成,这表明3～4年和6～7年的变化对整个极端干期的变化起主要作用。对较低频分量和总趋势的分析表明,近54年来东北和华北大部分相对湿润的地区极端干期延长,有变干的趋势;北方主要干旱半干旱地区的极端干期变短,干旱有所缓解。近10～20年来整个北方极端干期日数增加,干旱化加剧,但西北局部干旱地区的极端干期在缩短,干旱有所缓解。这说明,分析的时—空尺度不同,得到的结果会有所不同。     

中国干湿区变化与预估

本文采用干湿指数对1962~2011年中国干湿区范围变化进行了集中分析,并利用CMIP5（Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5）模式对其变化趋势开展了预估研究。结果表明,1962~2011年平均极端干旱区、干旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区和湿润区分别占中国陆地总面积的2.8%、11.7%、22.4%、32.6%和30.5%。期间,中国区域年干湿指数总体上呈现下降趋势,空间上表现为西部湿润化和东部干旱化的特征。显著缩小的是湿润区和极端干旱区,半湿润区、半干旱区和干旱区则显著扩大,这表明中国气候敏感区域在扩张。春季和秋季干湿指数变化趋势的空间分布与年平均的较为一致,冬季西北呈干旱化,夏季东南部地区为湿润化。相对于参考时段1986~2005年,在RCP4.5（Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5）情景下18个气候模式中位数的预估结果中,降水仅在东南南部减少,而潜在蒸散发在全区域增加,由于潜在蒸散发的增量超过了降水的增幅,中国区域将整体趋于干旱化,仅在西北地区呈湿润化特征;未来湿润区、干旱区和极端干旱区缩小,气候敏感性高的半湿润区和半干旱区仍将扩大。     

Monthly Synoptic Patterns Associated with Wet/Dry Conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean

Summary An investigation of the main features of large-scale synoptic patterns over Europe and the adjacent areas for extreme winter periods during 1980–1995 over the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) is performed. The NASA reanalysis data set is used to investigate composite sea level pressure (SLP), geopotential height of the 500 hPa surface (H-500) and precipitation–wet, normal and dry patterns for each month during the period October–March. It is found that the wet and dry cool seasons in the EM are associated with distinct SLP and H-500 anomaly patterns over Europe and the adjacent regions. During the dry spells large-scale positive SLP/H-500 anomaly areas prevail over Eastern Europe. A negative SLP anomaly is normally found during these periods over southwestern and Western Europe. During the wet cool seasons in the EM there are mainly negative SLP/H-500 anomaly areas over Eastern Europe to the north east of the EM. Positive SLP/H-500 anomalies are found over Western Europe. During wet months a trough zone between the Siberian and the Azorean Highs is positioned over the eastern part of the Mediterranean. During dry months the Siberian anticyclone is more intensive and the zone with low surface pressure is displaced to the central part of the northern Mediterranean. Received May 26, 1999 Revised August 26, 1999     

1961—2010年云南干湿气候变化

利用15个站点1961—2010年日照时数、降水量和平均温度等气候资料,计算云南5个区域各季节相对湿润度指数,分析云南干湿气候变化特征。结果表明,相对湿润度指数可定量、准确地表达云南各区域自然气候干湿程度,能客观反映云南干湿气候的波动变化和区域性差别。20世纪90年代中期以来,云南干季、雨季潜在蒸散量呈增大变化趋势,同期降水量有减小的趋势变化,从而在气候变暖背景下引发云南气候的干旱化趋势。干季各地相对湿润度指数年际波动变化大,年代际差异明显;雨季各地干湿状况年际波动相对较小,且呈现明显的周期性波动变化趋势。云南5个区域的干湿气候变化既有一致性也有差异性：滇中和滇西南比较一致,滇西北与滇东南差异明显,滇西北与滇东北雨季差异突出、干季较为相似。     

近300年来中国西部气候的干湿变化

利用冰川积累量和树木年轮代用资料，分析了中国西部地区近300年来气候干湿变化的时空特征。中国西部气候干湿变化存在显著的准70年尺度的周期变化。准30年和准110年尺度的周期变化在大部分地区也较显著。在准70年尺度的干湿变化中，1850年前，高原东部和新疆在干湿变化上基本同步，可划分到一个湿度带中，这就和高原西部有了一种偶极子的位相关系。在1850年后，这种位相型有些变化，新疆渐渐的和高原西部的位相趋于一致，但这个同位相关系不如1850年前新疆和高原东部的同位相关系那么好。这时候应该重新把高原西部和新疆划分到一个湿度带中，高原东部作为另一个湿度带，两者之间成为一种偶极子的关系。在最近十几年，似乎高原东西部又合为一个湿度带，而与新疆成偶极子的关系。但由于小波分析所固有的边界效应的影响，这一可靠性是值得怀疑，不过这三者之间两两组合的偶极子关系的漂移倒是一个有意思的研究方面。110年尺度的干湿变化中，青藏高原主体部分及华山地区为一个干湿分布一致的湿度带。1850年以前整个高原和新疆地区在准110年尺度上存在着比较一致的干湿变化，而19世纪末期突变发生后，高原北部和新疆地区的干湿变化存在偶极子的位相关系。在准30年时间尺度的干湿变化中，高原和新疆地区的干湿变化基本一致。     

西北地区干、湿夏季的前期环流和水汽差异

用西北地区夏季 (6、7、8月) 共19个站降水量观测资料以及NCEP/ NCAR 1958~1997年再分析全球月平均网格点前期 (春季) 资料, 选取西北地区周边范围内夏季干、湿年的前期春季各个物理量场进行相关统计分析, 结果表明前期春季影响西北地区夏季干、湿的相关区域环流特征和水汽特征有显著差异。     

1961—2014年我国西南地区干湿季变化特征

利用中国1961—2014年逐日降水观测等资料,分析了西南地区的干湿季变化特征。结果表明：西南地区东部和西北部最早进入湿季;干季由四川盆地、贵州南部开始。西南中东部以及南部等地的湿季长度较长,干季则与之相反。干湿季开始日期以及干湿季长度均具有明显的年代际变化特征,在1970年代中期到1980年代发生了气候突变,呈现湿季长度变短,干季变长的趋势。湿季降水呈现东南多、西北少的特征,并表现出中东部减少,西部增加的趋势;干季降水则表现为东多西少的特点,在东部呈增加,在四川等地呈减少趋势。进一步分析表明：湿季异常偏湿(干)年,开始日期易偏早(晚),结束易偏晚(早),长度偏长(短);干季开始异常偏早(晚）年,干季长度长(短),干季略偏湿(干);太平洋、印度洋海温异常影响东亚大气环流的异常是造成西南地区干湿季出现异常的主要原因。     

NDVI〖CDF*2〗ST特征空间及干湿边变化特征

为了更好地解释归一化植被指数（NDVI）和地表温度（ST）的各种存在关系及其相互转换过程,以及监测和评价陆表变化,尤其是根据描述地表植被覆盖和土壤水分含量的参数,解释NDVI达到饱和以后的情况,以便更有效地应用,该文从归一化植被指数和地表温度之间机理出发,分析了植被指数与地表温度之间关系的研究以及NDVI-ST特征空间的干旱监测模型应用情况。结果表明,在高植被覆盖度情况下NDVI-ST特征空间拟合随意性增大,影响干旱的监测精度;同时多种因素对下垫面温度及植被指数影响的不确定性也影响干旱及植被的监测精度。今后的研究当中要针对不同时相、不同分辨率数据,分析不同植被覆盖类型和水分状况条件下NDVI-ST空间的变化规律,进一步研究修正NDVI-ST空间特征及干湿边（冷热边）的变化特征及在干旱监测中的应用,特别是高植被覆盖度下的修正应用,使ST-NDVI特征空间方法在干旱监测中发挥更好的作用。     

南京北郊冬季大气气溶胶及其湿清除特征研究

利用WPS(宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪)、雨滴潜仪和雾滴谱仪测量了2007～2008年冬季南京北郊大气气溶胶数浓度谱分布和降水强度,分析了气溶胶粒子的分布特征以及气溶胶粒径与湿清除系数的关系.结果表明:气溶胶粒子具有明显的双峰型R变化特征,数浓度主要集中在0.02～O.2μm粒径范围内,受汽车尾气排放、混合层高度变化以及颗粒物水平输送的影响较大.降雨、降雪和雾过程都对气溶胶粒子有不同程度的清除,降雨和浓雾对核模态和粗模态的气溶胶粒子的清除能力显著,降雪对粒径小于0.03μm的气溶胶粒子的清除能力较强.     

北美和欧亚大陆冬季快速增温与地表干湿变化

采用东英吉利大学气候研究中心（CRU）提供的月地表温度和降水资料,分析了全球年平均及冬季地表温度变化趋势,发现在北半球中高纬地区半干旱区冬季快速增温。在此基础上通过分析帕默尔干旱指数（PDSI）研究了北美和欧亚大陆冬季地表干湿变化的时空特征和差异,并讨论北美和欧亚大陆冬季快速增温对地表干湿变化的影响。结果表明,北美大陆南部微弱变湿,加拿大北极群岛变湿明显,而在北美大陆的中西部有明显的变干趋势;欧亚大陆大部分地区在冬季有一定的变干趋势,其中尤以西欧南部,中国华北、东北,蒙古中北、东北部及俄罗斯远东地区变干最为显著。但北美和欧亚大陆1950-2008年冬季降水并无显著变化趋势,地表干湿变化主要受气温的影响,尤其是在冬季增温最为快速的地区。     

干湿球温度快速约算相对湿度

在日常地面观测工作中 ,将实测值与自记值加以比较是一个良好的习惯。而相对湿度的比较却要在数据输入计算机之后才能进行 ,颇感不便 ,广大观测员都希望能在观测场内就知道相对湿度值。本人在实践中总结出一个经验公式 ,既简单又较为准确 ,经多年使用 ,效果是令人满意的。现介绍如下 :Ｕ =1 0 0 - 1 0Ａ(Ｔ -Ｔｗ)式中Ｕ为相对湿度 ,Ｔ为干球温度 ,Ｔｗ为湿球温度 ,Ａ为订正系数 ,是干球温度的函数 (图 1 )。图 1　Ａ值曲线图为便于记忆和使用 ,下表给出干球温度为整十度时的Ａ值。　　表 1　　　干球温度为整十度的Ａ值Ｔ 0 10 2 0 3 0 40…     

Modelling Mean and Turbulence Fields in the Dry Convective Boundary Layer with the Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux Approach

The treatment of turbulence closure in atmospheric models is examined in the context of the dry convective boundary layer (CBL) and the eddy-diffusivity/mass-flux (EDMF) approach. The EDMF approach is implemented into a model called TAPM to use a coupled two-equation prognostic turbulence closure and the mass-flux approach to represent turbulence in the CBL. This work also extends the range of turbulence variables that can be derived from the mass-flux component of the model and uses these along with their values from the prognostic scheme to provide total turbulence fields that can be used to compare to data and/or to feed into other components of TAPM, including those needed to drive Eulerian and Lagrangian air pollution dispersion modules. Model results are presented for the afternoon of a simulated summer day and are compared to both laboratory and field observations in a mixed-layer scaled framework. The results show that the EDMF approach works well within TAPM and can provide good predictions of mean and turbulence fields, including in the upper levels of the CBL. The EDMF approach has several attractive features, including the potential to be one approach to unify the treatment of turbulence and dry and moist convection in atmospheric models.     

Differences in Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Characteristics Between Wet and Dry Episodes of the Indian Summer Monsoon

The differences and similarities in atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) characteristics, in particular the ABL height, evolution and wind field, between two contrasting episodes of the Indian summer monsoon have been studied using measurements from wind profilers and an instrumented 50-m tower at Gadanki in India. The observed differences are discussed in light of various forcing mechanisms, in particular the effect of soil moisture on the surface energy balance and ABL. The differences in ABL height, its evolution and the wind field between episodes are quite pronounced. Wet episodes not only have a shallower ABL but also the growth is delayed by 1–4 h when compared with that for dry episodes. Abundant soil moisture during the wet episodes (a factor of two greater than during the dry episodes) reduces the buoyancy flux, and thereby not only limits the ABL height but also delays the commencement of ABL growth. The low-level jet (LLJ) is stronger during the dry episodes and has a larger diurnal range than during the wet episodes. The highest occurrence and magnitude of LLJ apparent at a height of 1.5 km during early morning hours shift progressively with height and time till the afternoon, following ABL evolution. The weaker LLJ during the wet episodes is attributed to its southward migration from its mean position (15 \(^{\circ }\) N). Larger signal-to-noise ratio and spectral width values are observed during the early night to midnight, compared to noon-time, when the ABL is buoyantly turbulent.     

中国干湿变化的高分辨率区域气候模式预估

本文使用三个全球气候模式驱动下的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4的试验数据,首先评估了RegCM4对参考时段（1986～2005年）中国干燥度指数（AI）的模拟能力,而后根据典型浓度路径中等排放（RCP4.5）情景下RegCM4试验对中国未来干湿变化进行了预估研究。结果表明,RegCM4能够合理模拟中国区域AI的空间分布。两种潜在蒸散发计算方法得到的参考时段AI在空间分布和数值上存在一定差异,尤其是在中国西部高海拔地区和北方地区。在三个全球气候模式驱动场作用下的RegCM4预估试验中,21世纪中期（2046～2065年）和末期（2081～2098年）中国区域平均AI较参考时段分别减小2%～4%和2%～5%,其中西北中部变湿,其他地区均变干。不同地区未来干湿变化的主要影响因素存在差异,西北中部降水变化为主导因素,其他地区主要受控于升温所引起的潜在蒸散发变化。     

Dry/Wet Changes and Their Standing Characteristics in China During the Past 531 Years

Time series of the dryness-wetness(DW) index of 531 yr(AD 1470-2000) at 42 stations in regions A(most of North China and the east of Northwest China) and B(the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley) in China are applied to investigating the historical DW characteristics over various periods of the series with a relatively stationary average value using Bernaola-Galvan(BG) algorithm.The results indicate that region A/B underwent three drought-intensive periods(DIP;1471-1560,1571-1640,and 1920-2000/1501-1540,1631-1690,and 1911-1960) in the last 531 years.In the DIP of the last 130 years,the frequency of DW transition has increased in region A,but not obviously changed in region B in comparison with the other two historical DIPs.The dry period started in about 1920 in region A with severe drought events occurring from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.It lasted for about 50-70 yr in this century,and then a DW shift took place.The wet period in region B might maintain for the coming several decades.The variations of DW in region A are positively correlated with changes in temperature,but in region B,the correlation with temperature is weaker.It is found that the number of DW indices of various categories within a running window is an exponential function of the running window length.The dryness scale factor(DSF) is defined as the reciprocal of the characteristic value of the exponential distribution,and it has a band-like fluctuation distribution that is good for the detection of extreme drought(flood) clustering events.The results show that frequencies of the severe large-scale drought events that concurrently occurred in regions A and B were high in the late 12th century,the early 13th century,the early 17th century,and the late 20th century.This provides evidence for the existence of the time-clustering phenomena of droughts(floods).