鄂尔多斯盆地北岔沟砂岩沉积特征及其对天然气成藏的控制作用*

北岔沟砂岩为华北地台二叠系山西组与太原组划分对比的主要标志层,在鄂尔多斯盆地呈大面积连片分布,是上古生界重要的天然气储集层。依据地面露头调查结果与勘探资料,结合前人有关古构造和岩相古地理研究成果,笔者对鄂尔多斯盆地北岔沟砂岩的沉积特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,受益于物源区大量高石英含量的粗碎屑物质在短时间内的集中供应,北岔沟砂岩在地层中位置稳定,以含砾粗粒石英砂岩为主,石英含量高达90%左右,砂体叠置紧密,单砂体之间很少见泥岩隔夹层。这些砂体分别隶属于冲积扇、砾质辫状河和辫状河三角洲沉积体系,在鄂尔多斯盆地北部高、南部次高、中南部低的古地理背景控制下,由盆地南、北边缘向中部依次推进,沉积中心区以北发育4个规模宏大的三角洲沉积主砂带,以南发育6个规模较小的主砂带。受各主砂带砂体规模、矿物组分含量及其成岩作用差异影响,各砂带的储集物性具有较大变化,其中砂体规模最大、石英含量最高、长石等易溶矿物在酸性地层水作用下溶蚀彻底的杭锦旗—榆林—子洲—清涧—永和—吉县主砂带,储集能力最好,最有利于天然气的大规模聚集成藏,是鄂尔多斯盆地北岔沟砂岩天然气进一步勘探开发的有利场所。     

松辽盆地双城区块扶余油层高分辨率层序格架下沉积相及砂体发育特征*

随着致密砂岩岩性油气藏勘探开发程度的深入,拗陷型湖盆河流—浅水三角洲储集层已经成为勘探开发重点。以松辽盆地北部双城区块扶余油层为研究对象,运用岩心、测井、录井以及地震资料,系统地开展高分辨率层序地层研究,识别出多级次基准面旋回界面,将双城区块扶余油层划分为2个长期基准面旋回和7个中期基准面旋回。在此基础之上,深入分析高分辨率层序地层格架下的河流—浅水三角洲沉积相及储集层砂体发育特征。研究表明: 受长期基准面下降—上升的变化控制,垂向上,从MSC1到MSC7沉积充填响应呈现三角洲平原沉积—曲流河沉积—三角洲平原沉积—三角洲前缘沉积的特点,其岩性、沉积构造、旋回期次以及规模也随之具有明显变化;主要储集层砂体类型依次为分流河道、曲流河道、分流河道和水下分流河道,平面上的砂体呈条带状分布,顺物源方向由西南向东北砂地比逐渐变小,MSC4-MSC5时期砂体最为发育,储集层质量最好;在构造稳定拗陷湖盆背景下,湖平面升降是储集层砂体发育特征的主要控制因素。     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷北部石炭系—二叠系残留地层沉积*

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷北部石炭系—二叠系残留地层为近年来该地区油气勘探的重点领域。为明确古潜山储集层沉积相带与砂体展布规律,在地层划分对比的基础上,依据测井曲线、沉积构造、岩性特征及沉积序列等资料,对济阳坳陷北部石炭系—二叠系古潜山区沉积特征进行了系统研究。结果发现: (1)古潜山区石炭系—二叠系残留地层厚度变化很大,石千峰组被剥蚀殆尽; (2)石炭纪—二叠纪研究区经历了海陆交互相→海陆过渡相→河流相的演化过程, 其中本溪组及太原组沉积时期研究区发育潟湖、潮坪及障壁岛相,山西组沉积时期发育三角洲相,以三角洲平原亚相为主,可识别出分流河道、分流河道间、天然堤及泥炭沼泽等微相,而上、下石盒子组沉积时期以辫状河沉积为主,可进一步划分为心滩、河床滞留沉积及泛滥平原微相; (3)受沉积环境演化的控制,本溪组—太原组的砂体呈斑块状展布,山西组和上、下石盒子组的砂体呈近北东—南西向条带状展布。对济阳坳陷北部潜山区沉积相与砂体展布规律的研究,为该古潜山区的油气勘探提供了关键地质依据。     

浅水三角洲沉积体系与储层岩石学特征

浅水三角洲已经成为当前沉积学研究和油气勘探的重点领域,浅水三角洲常规和非常规砂岩储层中发现了丰富的油气资源。鄂尔多斯盆地中—古生界发育大型浅水三角洲沉积,结合岩芯、测井、分析化验等资料,对盆地西部地区山1—盒8段浅水三角洲的母岩特征、沉积充填、砂体展布与储层岩石学特征进行研究,为研究区常规砂岩储层和致密砂岩油气勘探提供地质依据。分析表明,研究区南部和北部砂岩重矿物组合相似,以锆石和白钛矿为主。综合La/Yb-REE与Dickinson三角图解、稀土元素配分模式和碎屑锆石定年分析认为,北部物源主要来自盆地西北部阿拉善古陆太古界和元古界花岗岩、片麻岩、石英砂岩,向南影响到陇东地区北部;南部物源主要来自盆地南部北秦岭地区太古界、元古界花岗岩、片麻岩和片岩,向北影响陇东地区中南部。山1段发育曲流河三角洲,盒8段发育辫状河三角洲,孤立型与垂向叠置型水下分支河道砂体是主要的砂体类型。盒8段沉积时期,古湖泊可能萎缩;南北物源形成的三角洲在研究区中部环县东南一带交汇混合。砂岩类型主要为岩屑质石英砂岩、石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,结构成熟度中等—较差。砂岩成岩改造强烈,水—岩反应复杂,压实作用是储层致密化的主因,多期胶结作用使砂岩的孔喉结构变得十分复杂。孔隙类型以微米—纳米级的岩屑溶蚀孔、剩余粒间孔和高岭石晶间孔为主,整体上属于非常规致密砂岩储层。砂体分布与“甜点”预测是研究区致密油气勘探的关键。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部下石盒子组盒8段辫状河三角洲沉积特征

中二叠统下石盒子组盒8段为鄂尔多斯盆地东北部天然气的主产层位,其储集砂体受控于沉积相带的展布。通过对野外露头、岩心及测井曲线等综合分析,笔者认为研究区内主要以发育辫状河三角洲为特征,并对其沉积特征、影响其形成和发育的机理,以及岩相和砂体的展布特征进行深入研究。认为该区盒8段三角洲为辫状河-浅水型湖泊三角洲,在三角洲平原相区储集砂体为分流河道沉积;而在三角洲前缘相区则为水下分流河道沉积,河口坝、席状砂及远砂坝等沉积微相不发育。     

鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上二叠统沉积特征*

基于野外地质露头观察、岩心描述、薄片鉴定和地球化学等分析测试资料的综合分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上二叠统石千峰组沉积岩石类型、沉积构造、沉积相类型及沉积体系空间展布等方面开展研究。结果表明,石千峰组主要发育冲积平原、三角洲平原、三角洲前缘、浅湖和南部海陆过渡的潟湖、沙坝等沉积环境,石千峰期,古气候干燥炎热,沉积古地形相对平缓,物源供给充足,形成了一套紫红色、棕红色泥岩和浅灰色中粗粒长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩、长石砂岩为主的地层。盆地北部三角洲规模大,以辫状河道发育沉积特征为主,砂体厚度大、横向分布稳定,而盆地南部三角洲规模相对较小。石千峰期,海水可能多次入侵盆地南部麟游—韩城—乡宁一带,发育海相夹层和沙坝沉积,一定程度上影响了南部的沉积环境和砂体展布。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部石炭系本溪组沉积微相特征及其对天然气富集控制作用

综合利用钻井、测井资料,结合邻区露头调查,深入分析鄂尔多斯盆地东南部天然气主要勘探层系石炭系本溪组沉积微相及其砂体分布特征,认为鄂尔多斯盆地东南部本溪组主要发育障壁海岸沉积体系及陆棚沉积体系,并进一步划分出砂坪、混合坪、泥坪、泥灰坪、障壁砂坝、泻湖泥、泥质陆棚7种沉积微相;障壁砂坝及砂坪砂体是天然气储集的骨架砂体,其发育完全受控于沉积相带的展布;本溪组主要产气层"晋祠砂岩"为障壁砂坝及潮汐砂坪成因,障壁主砂坝呈北北东—南南西展布;小砂坝则零星分布,砂坪呈北北西—南南东展布,2类砂体发育区是本溪组天然气勘探有利目标区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中—晚三叠世盆地原型及构造古地理响应

中—晚三叠世的鄂尔多斯盆地沉积了一套优质的砂岩储层,目前对该套砂岩的成因及其空间分布已经有了成熟的认识,然而在中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯原型盆地的确切边界位置、盆内古地理演化的构造成因机制等问题上依然存在不少争议。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆内及周缘57个露头及165口钻井的层序地层学与沉积学研究,厘定了鄂尔多斯盆地在中—晚三叠世的边界位置并在层序格架下开展了古地理演化研究,同时探讨了古地理演化的构造成因。研究表明:中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地的北部边界从内蒙古的达拉特旗向东延伸至山西大同,东部边界应在山西宁武—太原—太谷—永和—河南安阳—开封—登封一线附近,南部边界为北秦岭(NQT)与华北板块的缝合带(陕西西安—洛南—河南栾川—南召沿线以南),西南以六盘山的西部断层边缘为界,西北界位于贺兰山西部断层边缘带,西部边界延伸至河西走廊盆地的西部边界(甘肃马良沟附近)。在中—上三叠统延长组识别出4个沉积旋回(SQ1-SQ4),代表了从起始阶段(SQ1)到最大沉降阶段(SQ2和SQ3)再到后期关闭阶段(SQ4)的湖泊演化过程。中—晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地内呈现出北部/东北部的曲流河-三角洲沉积体系和南部/西南部冲积扇-辫状河-三角洲沉积体系汇聚的沉积格局,在空间上表现出明显的南北差异,在时间上呈现出沉积中心的东-西破坏分异的演化特征。这种古地貌差异和演化主要受控于秦岭—大别山造山带(QDOB)与兴安岭—蒙古造山带(XMOB)的不同构造演化过程。盆地南部的古地理演化主要受控于QDOB的活动,中—晚三叠世勉略洋闭合驱动的北秦岭造山带活化不仅导致盆地南部陡坡带的形成和盆地东南部古地貌的突变,也导致晚三叠世盆地西南部发育一个分隔内克拉通盆地及西南缘类前陆盆地的水下低隆。盆地西部的古地貌演化受控于多种构造机制,中三叠世现今六盘山地区发育一个南北向的低隆区,很可能是盆地东南部的强烈挤压下的远端效应;晚三叠世中期后该低隆区发生下沉,现今鄂尔多斯盆地与河西走廊地区连通,这很可能是由盆地西南方特提斯构造域挤压作用下的盆内挠曲沉降导致的。这些认识不仅是对盆山耦合理论的补充,也对鄂尔多斯盆地石油和天然气的后期勘探具有重要的现实意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部山西组-上石盒子组三角洲沉积及演化

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部二叠系山西组和石盒子组是重要的天然气产层。综合野外露头和钻井的岩石学、沉积构造、剖面结构特征,分析了鄂尔多斯晚古生代陆内坳陷盆地3个演化阶段沉积充填的差异性,认为盆地形成阶段以大型辫状河潮控三角洲向陆相曲流河三角洲转化为特征;发展阶段以大型陆相辫状河三角洲向陆相曲流河三角洲转化为特征;成熟阶段以发育陆相网结河三角洲为特征,建立了3种适合研究区储集砂体预测和评价的"大平原,小前缘"三角洲模式,提出辫状河三角洲或曲流河三角洲的分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝形成了粒度较粗、规模较大、厚度较稳定的有利于天然气运移聚集的砂体,是储层发育和分布的最有利相带,网结河三角洲和浅湖沉积了大量泥岩可作为盖层,加上太原组和山西组的聚煤作用,共同形成了该地区的天然气藏的生储盖组合。     

鄂尔多斯东部下二叠统山西组2段储层评价及勘探前景

针对鄂尔多斯东部下二叠统山西组2段低渗透油气藏的特点,通过高分辨率层序地层的划分对比,将研究区山2段划分为3个长期旋回。结合425块薄片观察、扫描电镜、阴极发光等储层微观特征分析研究,认为山2段是一套在岸线背景下具有强侵蚀作用的远源砂质辫状河沉积,受物源分异和水动力条件控制,榆林、神木、府谷3条河流的沉积储集特征差异明显,榆林河河道砂体为一套具有石英含量高、杂基和软岩屑含量较低、几乎不含长石的石英砂岩,储层的储集空间主要是以粒间孔为主的复合型孔隙,具有良好的储集性;神木和府谷河河道砂体与之相反,为石英含量低、杂基和软岩屑含量高、普遍含少量长石的岩屑石英砂岩,储层储集性差,仅见少量粒内溶孔。成岩演化分析认为山2段储层进入晚成岩B期,此期压实、压溶作用已非常强烈,榆林地区由于烃类的早期充注才使大量原生孔隙得以保存。通过对山2段储层沉积成岩演化分析,总结了石英砂岩与岩屑石英砂岩沉积储层特征的差异,预测出鄂尔多斯东部下步勘探方向即以榆林气田为代表的榆林河沉积区山2段高渗透石英砂岩发育的河道砂体。     

化石及现生真蕨类植物的根系:形态演化及古环境意义*

根是植物的重要营养器官,对维持植物生理活动及生态系统物质循环和能量流动极为重要。真蕨类植物的根系以可预测的方式起源于枝,被称为枝生根,通常也被称为不定根。相比于对种子植物根系的广泛研究,对真蕨类植物根系的认识较为薄弱。通过广泛收集各类文献中有关真蕨类根系的信息,以及观察大量化石、现生植物标本,对若干化石及现生真蕨类植物根系的形态学特征进行了综述。在繁盛于中、晚泥盆世的早期真蕨类植物中,密集的枝生根着生于茎轴、或推测的根状茎、或主干膨大的基部上;根系的分枝罕见,若存在,则仅表现为等二歧式分枝;而在真蕨纲冠群植物中,枝生根密集或稀疏,根系呈单轴式分枝,侧根发育,可达2级甚至更多。真蕨类根系统的形态演化可采用“顶枝学说”进行解释: 真蕨类植物的根系具有一定的演化保守性,均为枝生根;早期真蕨类的原始根系可视为不分枝的或偶见二歧式分枝的顶枝束;经历顶枝束的越顶生长,侧根系统在真蕨纲冠群中演化出现。真蕨类根系的构型、形态、解剖结构、生物量分配等信息可在化石记录中得以揭示,这些信息可为探讨植物根系的演化及研究地史时期的植物—土壤系统提供重要依据。最后,简述了这方面研究的1个案例,即北京西山侏罗纪地层中的真蕨类根系化石及根系—土壤系统。     

A review of some fossil plant compressions associated with Mississippian and Pennsylvanian coal deposits in the central Appalachians, Illinois Basin, and elsewhere in the United States

Fossil plant compressions and impressions are abundantly associated with coals of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age in the central Appalachians, Illinois Basin, and elsewhere in the United States. Remains of the aerial plant parts occur most commonly in shale directly overlying coal, especially in the vicinity of contemporaneous paleochannels. Most roots and a few stumps are found preserved in situ; however, most aerial plant fossils were transported prior to burial. There is good evidence that fossil plants preserved in roof shales are mostly the same types of plants from which the coal formed. Mississippian coal floras are lower in diversity than later ones. Quantitatively important plants include only 2 lycopod genera, 1 arthrophyte genus, 1 fern genus, and 5 seed fern genera. Pennsylvanian floras, on the other hand, include abundant representatives of 5 lycopod genera, 2 arthrophyte genera, 4 fern genera, 5 seed fern genera, and 1 coniferophytic genus. The swamp floras were never in equilibrium, though change appears to have been particulary rapid near the boundary between the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian.     

中生代主要植物化石的古气候指示意义

中生代植物群以真蕨纲、苏铁纲、银杏纲、松柏纲为主,另有苔藓类、石松纲、楔叶纲及其他种子植物等。从化石的形态和结构、埋藏特点、分布及与现生类型的对比等方面,概要地分析了中生代植物群常见分子的古气候指示意义。其中,反映温暖潮湿气候或生境的主要有苔藓类,石松纲的Lycopodites和Selaginellites属等,楔叶纲,真蕨纲的单缝孢类、早白垩世的蚌壳蕨科、海金砂科的Ruffordia属、紫萁科及可能相关的小羽片大型的Cladophlebis,银杏纲银杏目的主要类型,松柏纲杉科的Athrotaxoites、Cunninghamia、Cephalotaxopsis、Sequoia等,紫杉科的Taxus、Torreya等,苏铁杉科Ferganiella、Podozamites、Swedenborgia等以及形态属Elatocladus;反映温凉气候的主要有松柏纲的松科和银杏纲的茨康目;适应热带、亚热带气候的包括真蕨类的海金沙科、合囊蕨科、马通蕨科、双扇蕨科、桫椤科、里白科以及中国蕨科的Onychiopsis等,苏铁目和本内苏铁目的主要类型;指示偏干旱型气候的主要有石松纲的Pleuromeia和Isoetites, 真蕨纲的Weichiselia, 本内苏铁目的Otozamites、Zamites、Ptilophyllum等,松柏纲掌鳞杉科的Pseudoflenelopsis、Flenelopsis、 Hirmeriella和可能属于掌鳞杉科的Brachyphyllum和Pagiophyllum,柏科的Cupressinocladus以及买麻藤目的Ephedrites等。     

Paleoecology of Oligocarpia gothanii Halle from the Middle Permian of Southeastern Shanxi, North China

Fossil ferns are abundant and diverse in the Permian Cathaysian Flora of Shanxi, North China. Although plants assemblages of the Carboniferous and Permian have been extensively investigated, their palaeoecology and especially the paleoecology of ferns has not been studied in detail. Recent reinvestigation of Oligocarpia gothanii has revealed its growth habit and cloning reproduction strategy, but most previous studies lack integrated sedimentological and taphonomic data. In this study, new materials of O. gothanii have been collected from a floodplain setting in the middle Permian Lower Shihhotse Formation of southeastern Shanxi. These plant fossils were found in a lenticular claystone associated with rooting structures. They are characterized by aphlebia at the base of the penultimate rachis. Sedimentological, taphonomic and morphological analyses were conducted to understand the growth habit and ecology of the fern. The result indicates that the Oligocarpia gothanii had a prostrate, ground cover growth habit, and was dominant in pioneer floras that colonized disturbed floodplains.     

Paleoecology of Oligocarpia gothanii Halle from the Middle Permian of Southeastern Shanxi,North China

Fossil ferns are abundant and diverse in the Permian Cathaysian Flora of Shanxi, North China. Although plants assemblages of the Carboniferous and Permian have been extensively investigated, their palaeoecology and especially the paleoecology of ferns has not been studied in detail. Recent reinvestigation of Oligocarpia gothanii has revealed its growth habit and cloning reproduction strategy, but most previous studies lack integrated sedimentological and taphonomic data. In this study, new materials of O. gothanii have been collected from a floodplain setting in the middle Permian Lower Shihhotse Formation of southeastern Shanxi. These plant fossils were found in a lenticular claystone associated with rooting structures. They are characterized by aphlebia at the base of the penultimate rachis. Sedimentological, taphonomic and morphological analyses were conducted to understand the growth habit and ecology of the fern. The result indicates that the Oligocarpia gothanii had a prostrate, ground cover growth habit, and was dominant in pioneer floras that colonized disturbed floodplains.     

The Albian fern flora of Alexander Island,Antarctica

The Albian Alexander Island macrofossil flora from the Antarctic Peninsula preserves a diverse community of liverworts (Marchantiophyta), ferns (Polypodiopsida), Lycopodiales, Equisetales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, seed-ferns (Bennettitales and Pentoxylales), Coniferales, and the first representatives of angiospermous leaves in Antarctica. Despite the presence of angiosperms in this assemblage, ferns are the most diverse element of the flora and are also ecologically dominant, while angiosperms contribute a smaller component to floristic diversity and have low abundance. Here we describe 11 fern taxa from this assemblage. The fossils are assigned to Cladophlebis, Sphenopteris and two newly created genera. The new genera and species are described under Adiantitophyllum serratum gen. et. sp. nov. and Nunatakia alexanderensis gen. et. sp. nov., and the new species are recognized as Cladophlebis dissecta sp. nov., Cladophlebis drinnanii sp. nov., Cladophlebis macloughlinii sp. nov. and Sphenopteris sinuosa sp. nov. In total, there are 24 fern species known from Alexander Island. In comparison to older floras (Jurassic) there is a greater diversity of ferns, while latest Cretaceous floras preserve significantly fewer fern species and more angiosperms. Possible factors that might account for such high fern diversity are high rainfall or generally humid conditions, regular disturbances by flooding and occasionally fire, and the preservation of a diverse range of fern communities that represent several palaeoenvironments.     

Lower Permian stems as fluvial paleocurrent indicators of the Parnaíba Basin,northern Brazil

A comprehensive biostratinomic study was carried out with abundant stems from the Lower Permian Motuca Formation of the intracratonic Parnaíba Basin, central-north Brazil. The fossils represent a rare tropical to subtropical paleofloristic record in north Gondwana. Tree ferns dominate the assemblages (mainly Tietea, secondarily Psaronius), followed by gymnosperms, sphenophytes, other ferns and rare lycophytes. They are silica-permineralized, commonly reach 4 m length (exceptionally more than 10 m), lie loosely on the ground or are embedded in the original sandstone or siltstone matrix, and attract particular attention because of their frequent parallel attitudes. Many tree fern stems present the original straight cylindrical to slightly conical forms, other are somewhat flattened, and the gymnosperm stems are usually more irregular. Measurements of stem orientations and dimensions were made in three sites approximately aligned in a W–E direction in a distance of 27.3 km at the conservation unit “Tocantins Fossil Trees Natural Monument”. In the eastern site, rose diagrams for 54 stems indicate a relatively narrow azimuthal range to SE. These stems commonly present attached basal bulbous root mantles and thin cylindrical sandstone envelopes, which sometimes hold, almost adjacent to the lateral stem surface, permineralized fern pinnae and other small plant fragments. In the more central site, 82 measured stems are preferentially oriented in the SW–NE direction, the proportion of gymnosperms is higher and cross-stratification sets of sandstones indicate paleocurrents mainly to NE and secondarily to SE. In the western site, most of the 42 measured stems lie in E–W positions. The predominantly sandy succession, where the fossil stems are best represented, evidences a braided fluvial system under semiarid conditions. The low plant diversity, some xeromorphic features and the supposedly almost syndepositional silica impregnation of the plants are coherent with marked dry seasons. Thick mudstones and some coquinites below and above the sandy interval may represent lacustrine facies formed in probably more humid conditions. The taphonomic history of the preserved plants began with exceptional storms that caused fast-flowing high water in channels and far into the floodplains. In the eastern site region, many tree ferns only fell, thus sometimes covering and protecting plant litter and leaves from further fragmentation. Assemblages of the central and western sites suggest that the trees were uprooted and transported in suspension (floating) parallel to the flow. Heavier ends of stems (according to their form or because of attached basal bulbous root mantle or large apical fronds) were oriented to upstream because of inertial forces. During falling water stage, the stems were stranded on riverbanks, usually maintaining the previous transport orientation, and were slightly buried. The perpendicular or oblique positions of some stems may have been caused by interference with other stems or shallow bars. Rare observed stems were apparently waterlogged before the final depositional process and transported as bedload. The differences of interpreted channel orientations between the three sites are expected in a braided fluvial system, considering the very low gradients of the basin and the work scale in the order of tens of kilometers. The mean direction of the drainage probably was to east and the flows apparently became weaker downstream. This study seems to provide reliable data for paleocurrent interpretations, especially considering areas with scarce preserved sedimentary structures.     

早白垩世真蕨植物化石的四个新种

本文据产于内蒙古霍林河盆地早白垩世地层的生殖羽片材料建立了膜蕨科的Hymenophyllites linearifolius sp.nov.和铁线蕨科的Adiantopteris eleganta sp.nov.,并从植物形态、生殖器官和生态特征等方面与现生类别进行了对比。本文还描述了同一产地和层位的Cladophlebis latibasis sp.nov,及产自辽宁铁法盆地早白垩世的Sphenopteris liaoningensis sp.nov.。     

Frullania pinnata spec. nov. (Frullaniaceae,Porellales), a new leafy liverwort in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber from Myanmar

An inclusion in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar is described as a new fossil species in the extant liverwort genus Frullania. The name Frullania pinnata is proposed for the taxon that is characterized by entire underleaves paired with a conspicuous pinnate branching pattern, two distinctive and stable morphological features. Entire underleaves are known in several extant Frullania species but had not previously been documented in Frullania in amber. The combination of morphological characters in this new fossil species is unknown in any crown group lineage of Frullania, and may very well represent a stem lineage element of the genus. This discovery is important because it expands our understanding of the diversity of Frullaniaceae in the Burmese amber forest as well as important ramifications for the phylogenetic reconstruction of extant Frullania lineages.     

中国白垩纪植物群与生物地层学

早白垩世时中国可划分出北方、南方和藏南3个植物地理区。北方植物地理区可归入瓦赫拉梅耶夫的西伯利亚加拿大植物地理区,发育有热河、阜新和大砬子3个植物群。热河植物群产于辽西义县组和九佛堂组及其他相当地层,时代为早白垩世早期,以苏铁纲和松柏纲占主导地位。阜新植物群赋存于辽西的沙海组和阜新组及相当地层,以真蕨纲、银杏纲和松柏纲共同繁盛,苏铁纲和木贼目较丰富为特点。由早而晚可以进一步划分为Acanthopteris-Ginkgoco riacea组合、Ruffordia goepperti-Dryopterites组合和Ctenis lyrata-Chilinia组合,分别产于辽西的沙海组、阜新组中下部和阜新组上部。大砬子植物群产于吉林延吉盆地的大砬子组和松辽盆地的泉头组,被子植物占优势且掌鳞杉科丰富。南方植物地理区属于瓦赫拉梅耶夫的欧洲中国植物地理区的范畴,苏铁纲、鳞叶或锥叶型松柏和小羽片小而叶膜厚的真蕨类(主要是Cladophlebis)占主导地位,缺少银杏纲、真蕨纲的蚌壳蕨科及单缝孢类型等,为热带、亚热带植物群,可进一步划分为东部、西藏北部和中部3个亚区。其中,东部亚区滨邻古太平洋,以浙江、福建和山东莱阳盆地等的植物为代表,以鳞叶和锥叶型松柏与本内苏铁Ptilophyllum占优势。该亚区植物群可以进一步划分为3或4个植物组合,自早至晚包括Cupressinocladus-Pagiophyllum组合、Cladophlebis-Ptilophyllum组合、Ruffordia-Zamiophyllum组合和Suturovagina-Frenelopsis组合。西藏北部亚区邻近古特提斯洋东北岸,植物群与东部亚区的基本特点一致,但真蕨类更为繁盛,特别是海金沙科Klukia属和里白科的Gleichenites相当丰富,并有海金沙科的Scleropteris属和马通蕨科存在,裸子植物以苏铁纲为主,松柏纲相对较少,可进一步划分为两个组合。中部亚区介于上述两个亚区之间,由于气候干旱,植物群不发育,以甘肃酒泉盆地、民和盆地所产化石为代表,特点是鳞叶、锥叶型松柏类为主,掌鳞杉科较发育,其他类型罕见。藏南植物地理区属于澳大利亚植物地理区的范畴,只发现于喜玛拉雅地区。晚白垩世植物群只发现于东北、华南、西藏等地的少数地点和少数层位,研究程度较低,还不能进一步划分出植物地理区系和组合。以植物化石为主要依据,结合其他生物和非生物证据,建立了中国不同植物地理区白垩纪含植物化石的地层及相关地层的对比关系。