碳酸盐岩储集层成岩作用中“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”研究进展、地质意义及鄂尔多斯盆地实例*

基于碳酸盐岩储集层成岩作用中受孔隙尺寸控制的矿物沉淀和胶结非均质特征的发现与思考,结合当今国内外有关多孔介质中流体—岩石相互作用及化学流体动力学研究进展的调研,对相关研究进展及其地质意义进行了简单的梳理和归纳。(1)地质环境中“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象广泛存在,表现为储集层孔隙的胶结非均质性及其最终形成的“大孔充填而小孔保存”特征。现今研究主要从不同尺度孔隙结构观察、流体—孔隙介质相互作用的数值模拟、矿物沉淀实验3个方面开展。(2)受孔隙尺寸控制的非均质沉淀特征可以利用与表面化学相关的动力学模型进行解释,即微孔隙中更大的界面张力和矿物晶体曲率导致矿物的有效溶解度更高,因而更容易保持过饱和状态而不发生沉淀。(3)“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象可使油气储集层发生微孔的选择性保存,在不同尺度孔隙共生的情况下,较大孔隙更倾向于被胶结充填而小孔则更易于被保存,不同的胶结模式对岩石整体渗透率的影响略有不同;该现象在地热储集层开发和二氧化碳地质封存研究中也值得重视。最后,结合鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层的非均质胶结特征和孔隙分布,分析总结成岩流体性质、来源及胶结模式差异对孔隙结构演化和优质储集层分布的影响。“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象的发现和重视对于理解流体—岩石复杂作用过程具有重要理论意义,也为储集层成岩作用和孔隙保存研究提供了新的视点和思考角度。     

东营凹陷下第三系流体-岩石相互作用研究

盆地内地层流体-岩石相互作用导致储层特征和流体性质发生变化,影响油气藏的形成与分布。本文分析了东营凹陷下第三系地层孔隙流体的化学和动力学特征及其分布规律,根据地层中矿物的组成和结构特征对成岩过程中地层古流体的地球化学特征进行了推测。并通过对典型油田泥岩层和砂岩层中矿物组合及其在地层剖面上的变化规律的实例剖析,揭示了东营凹陷下第三系储层中流体-岩石相互作用的基本特点,在此基础上,建立储层中流体-岩石相互作用的地质/地球化学模型。     

济阳坳陷古近系成岩作用及其对储层质量的影响?

大量的储层分析化验资料研究表明，济阳坳陷古近系砂岩储层经历了压实、胶结等多种成岩作用。压实作用以机械压实为主，压溶作用较少。胶结作用主要有十分普遍的石英次生加大胶结、碳酸盐胶结、粘土矿物胶结。碳酸盐胶结物有早、晚两期，早期泥晶方解石主要分布在浅层，连晶方解石充填的深度分布范围大，中深部最为发育。溶蚀作用主要有碳酸盐胶结物、长石颗粒和少量岩屑溶蚀。储层孔隙经历了由原生到次生的演化过程，在成岩演化过程中，长石的溶蚀作用、碳酸盐矿物的沉淀与溶解作用是影响孔隙大小的关键因素，早期方解石的胶结有利于后期次生孔隙的发育。不同凹陷次生孔隙发育的深度不同。在济阳坳陷西部的惠民凹陷次生孔隙主要发育于1500-2400m深度，向东至东营凹陷则主要发育于1650-2450m，再向东到沾化凹陷为2300-3500m，车镇凹陷为2200-2700m。从西向东、由南向北次生孔隙的发育深度逐步增大是受盆地沉积沉降中心的迁移规律控制的。     

Controlling Factors of Organic Nanopore Development: A Case Study on Marine Shale in the Middle and Upper Yangtze Region,South China

The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi and the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shales are the major targets for shale gas exploration and development in China. Although the two organic-rich shales share similar distribution ranges and thicknesses, they exhibit substantially different exploration and development results. This work analyzed the nanopore structures of the shale reservoirs in this region. Pore development of 51 shale samples collected from various formations and locations was compared using the petromineralogical, geochemical, structural geological and reservoir geological methods. The results indicate that the reservoir space in these shales is dominated by organic pores and the total pore volume of micropores, mesopores, macropores in different tectonic areas and formations show different trends with the increase of TOC. It is suggested that organic pores of shale can be well preserved in areas with simple structure and suitable preservation conditions, and the shale with smaller maximum ancient burial depth and later hydrocarbon-generation-end-time is also more conducive to pore preservation. Organic pore evolution models are established, and they are as follows: ① Organic matter pore development stage, ② Early stage of organic matter pore destruction, and ③ late stage of organic matter pore destruction. The areas conducive to pore development are favorable for shale gas development. Research results can effectively guide the optimization and evaluation of favorable areas of shale gas.     

Pore Characteristics and Factors Controlling Lacustrine Shales from the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,Northeast China: A Study Combining SEM,Low-temperature Gas Adsorption and MICP Experiments

To investigate pore characteristics and the factors controlling lacustrine shales,geochemical,mineralogical and petrophysical experiments were performed on 23 shale samples from the Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,China.A comparison of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and low-temperature N2 adsorption pore-size distribution showed that MICP has a higher pore-size distribution (PSD) line in its overlapping pore diameter range,which may be elevated by the higher pressure of MICP.Therefore,in the overlapping range,low-temperature N2 adsorption data were preferred in pore characterization.Negative correlations were observed between pore volumes and TOC content,indicating organic matter pores are not well-developed in the studied samples.This may be related to their low grade of maturity and type I kerogens.There existed negative relationships between pore volumes and S1,which illustrated that liquid hydrocarbons occupied some pore space.Micropore volume had a better correlation with S1 than mesopore and macropore volumes,which suggests that liquid hydrocarbons preferentially occur in micropores.No obvious relationships between pore volumes and quartz or feldspar were observed,while pore volumes increased with the increasing clay mineral content.These relationships indicate that intraparticle pores in clay minerals represent the principal pore type.     

博兴洼陷沙四上亚段滩坝砂岩次生孔隙形成机制

根据砂岩铸体薄片、扫描电镜、地层压力分析,研究了博兴洼陷沙四上亚段滩坝砂岩次生孔隙的形成机制.研究表明博兴洼陷地层中的上升流为滩坝砂岩次生孔隙的形成创造了条件,硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物在CO2和有机酸作用下的溶蚀是次生孔隙形成的主要因素,黏土矿物的转化也为次生孔隙的发育做出了贡献.在构造高部位碳酸盐胶结程度较低或断层较发育的区域次生孔隙较发育,在构造高部位侧翼的厚层滩坝砂岩次生孔隙也较发育.依据次生孔隙的结构特征、胶结物的性质和产状、碎屑颗粒的性质将博兴洼陷滩坝砂岩划分为4种成岩相:其中不稳定碎屑溶蚀成岩相控制的区域次生孔隙最为发育,可成为较好的油气聚集区;碳酸盐胶结和压实-溶蚀成岩相控制的地区次生孔隙发育次之,但也可以成为油气聚集区;压实成岩相基本不具储集性能.     

成岩作用对储层孔隙的影响--以辽河盆地荣37块气田下第三系为例

通过对岩芯、铸体薄片、阴极发光薄片观察及X－衍射分析,认为辽河盆地下第三系砂岩储层成岩作用中的压实作用和胶结作用减小和破坏储层孔隙,溶蚀作用则增加储层孔隙,且后者仅在一定深度范围内作用,并从沉积相、砂岩的成因及岩屑成份等方面探讨了成岩作用对储层孔隙度的影响。     

湖平面升降对混积咸化湖盆碳酸盐岩储集层的控制:以柴达木盆地英西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段为例*

以柴达木盆地英西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段(E_2-3xg²)为例,基于岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、测录井、X衍射及物性分析,探讨湖平面升降对混积型碳酸盐储集层形成及其分布的控制。英西地区E_2-3xg²整体为咸化背景下的湖相混合沉积,内部由多种结构类型的湖平面升降沉积旋回在纵向叠置而成,并伴随岩石结构产状及矿物组分的周期性变化。区内储集层类型多样,以混积型碳酸盐岩为主,各类储集层的纵向演化及物性分布与单个湖平面升降旋回具有良好的耦合关系,自下而上构成原生晶间微孔-溶扩晶间微孔-充填残余溶孔的孔隙组合,储集层物性具有向上变好的趋势。各类储集层的形成机理与空间分布受湖平面升降旋回控制,白云石晶间微孔型储集层形成于湖退早-中期,与准同生白云石化作用相关,物性一般,分布广泛;溶扩晶间微孔型和溶孔型储集层形成于湖退晚期,与地貌高部位的短暂暴露溶蚀相关,储渗性能优异,局部发育。     

塔巴庙地区上古生界砂岩成岩作用特征及其储集性分析

鄂尔多斯盆地北部塔巴庙地区上古生界发育一套低孔低渗致密砂岩储层，储集空间以溶蚀微孔、蜂窝状溶孔和高岭石晶间隙为主，孔喉以细——微细为主。成岩作用决定了砂岩内部储集空间特征和储集性能，主要表现在较强的压实作用和胶结作用使砂岩的原生孔隙很少得到保存；较弱的溶蚀作用和强的蚀变作用使砂岩储集空间以微孔、超微孔为主，具有孔径小喉道细的特征，这是砂岩储集物性特别是渗透率偏低的直接原因。     

鄂尔多斯盆地郑庄油区长6储层孔隙结构特征及影响因素

采用铸体薄片、扫描电镜,高压压汞等多种技术手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地郑庄油区长6储层的孔隙结构进行了分析和研究.该储层具有低孔、特低孔-特低渗的特征,以剩余原生粒间孔和次生孔隙为主,长石、岩屑及浊沸石胶结物的溶解是形成次生孔隙的主要原因.中孔和小孔是油气的主要储集空间,细喉、微细喉、微喉是长6的基本渗流通道.铸体薄片、扫描电...     

矿床地球化学应用

稳定同位素方法已成为现代地球科学研究的重要手段之一，稳定同位素体系的理论模式及其地球化学应用是国际上地球化学研究的前沿方向之一。本文概括了热液体系内成矿地球化学过程引起稳定同位素组成变化的定量理论模式，包括热液矿物之间的同位素平衡的判断、热液去气和矿物沉淀的储库效应、二元混合与矿床成因等。这些模型对于确定成矿温度、鉴定成矿流体源区和推测成矿地球化学机理提供了更为合理的同位素数据定量解释基础。     

鄂尔多斯盆地马岭油田长8_1储层不同成岩相类型可动流体赋存特征分析

针对鄂尔多斯盆地马岭油田长8_1储层微观非均质性强、微观孔隙结构复杂、流体分布特征差异性明显等问题,利用核磁共振技术对不同成岩相类型储层可动流体进行定量评价,辅助以常规物性、图像孔隙、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞和恒速压汞等微观实验,分析不同类型的成岩相可动流体赋存特征差异性及其主控因素。研究结果表明,研究区主要分成四种成岩相,分别为绿泥石+伊利石胶结-粒间孔相、伊利石+高岭石胶结-粒间孔+溶蚀相、绿泥石+伊利石胶结-溶蚀相和碳酸盐胶结致密相。四种不同成岩相类型的微观孔隙结构有着明显的差异,微观孔隙结构差异是造成可动流体饱和度差异的主要因素。不同成岩相类型的储层渗透率与可动流体参数的相关性较强,储层物性越好,可动流体参数变化幅度越大;孔喉半径大小、孔喉半径比、分选系数、孔喉进汞饱和度以及粘土矿物的充填是影响不同成岩相类型可动流体赋存特征差异的主控因素。其中有效喉道半径、孔喉进汞饱和度、孔喉半径比是影响可动流体饱和度的主要因素,分选系数对可动流体饱和度影响较明显,储层物性对可动流体饱和度的影响较小。     

碳酸盐沉积物的成岩作用

化学沉淀碳酸盐矿物在沉积后很容易受到各种作用的影响,其中最重要的是其在成岩阶段所经历的成岩作用.碳酸盐沉积物在成岩过程中主要受大气降水、海水和埋藏过程中孔隙流体的控制,经历一系列压实、溶解、矿物的多相转变、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用,逐渐转变为固结的岩石.在成岩过程中,由于孔隙流体与沉积流体之间的异同以及温度的变化,碳酸盐沉积物的原始矿物成分、地球化学特征可能会很好的保存下来,但在许多情况下,也可能会改变,从而使我们无法准确反演碳酸盐沉积物在沉积时水体的特征.因此,我们在应用碳酸盐岩重建相关古环境和古气候变化的时候,必须要通过有效的方法来对碳酸盐岩是否受到成岩作用的影响进行鉴定.     

Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shale Oil Reservoir Spaces in the Bohai Bay Basin

The Cenozoic continental strata of the Bohai Bay Basin are rich in shale oil resources, and they contain various types of reservoir spaces that are controlled by complex factors. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), automatic mineral identification and characterization system(AMICS), CO2 and N2 gas adsorption, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy(FIB-SEM), the types of shale reservoir spaces in the Bohai Bay Basin are summarized, the spatial distribution and connectivity of the various types of pores are described in detail, the microscopic pore structures are characterized, and the key geological mechanisms affecting the formation and evolution of the reservoir spaces are determined. Three conclusions can be drawn in the present study. First, the shale reservoir spaces in the Bohai Bay Basin can be divided into three broad categories, including mineral matrix pores, organic matter pores, and micro fractures. Those spaces can be subdivided into seven categories and fourteen sub-categories based on the distribution and formation mechanisms of the pores. Second, the complex pore-throat structures of the shale reservoir can be divided into two types based on the shape of the adsorption hysteresis loop. The pore structures mainly include wedge-shaped, flat slit-shaped, and ink bottle-shaped pores. The mesopores and micropores are the main contributors to pore volume and specific surface area, respectively. The macropores provide a portion of the pore volume, but they do not significantly contribute to the specific surface area. Third, the factors controlling the development of microscopic pores in the shale are complex. The sedimentary environment determines the composition and structure of the shale and provides the material basis for pore development. Diagenesis controls the types and characteristics of the pores. In addition, the thermal evolution of the organic matter is closely related to inorganic diagenesis and drives the formation and evolution of the pores.     

神府解家堡区上古生界致密砂岩储层特征及主控因素

神府解家堡区构造上位于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘晋西挠褶带,上古生界自下而上发育本1段、太2段、山2段和千5段等多套致密砂岩储集层.储层岩石类型以石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,自下而上储层石英含量呈递减、岩屑和长石含量呈递增趋势.储集空间类型以粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔和微裂缝为主,储层最大孔隙半径总体偏小,孔隙中值半径较小,排驱压力中等,储层孔隙以小孔—微孔为主.本溪组海相障壁—潮坪沉积、太原组浅水三角洲沉积、山西组三角洲沉积和石千峰组陆相辫状河沉积演化序列下,岩石成分成熟度和结构成熟度自下而上降低,储层空间展布呈层多而薄、砂—泥—煤岩交互特征.成岩作用类型以压实、胶结、溶蚀作用为主,局部发育高岭石化和微裂缝.以沉积相带、岩石类型和成岩作用类型作为3个控制端元,以孔隙度和渗透率为标准,上古生界致密砂岩储层可划分为4个大类和10个亚类,优势相和强溶蚀、弱胶结作用下的Ⅰ类储层孔隙度大于8%,渗透率大于0.5 mD,是最优质储层.     

川东北二叠系长兴组碳酸盐岩深埋成岩过程及其意义

上二叠统长兴组储层是川东北地区主力产层之一,储层岩性主要为结晶白云岩、残余生屑/砂屑白云岩、生物礁白云岩和亮晶生屑灰岩,储集空间以晶间孔、晶间溶孔为主,生物体腔孔、残余粒间孔次之,溶洞和裂缝少量发育。长兴组优质储层主要分布于台地边缘生物礁、台地边缘滩等沉积相带,该相带发育大量原生孔隙,易遭受大气淡水溶蚀改造。原生孔隙的发育为白云岩化流体与岩石相互作用提供空间,早期孔隙演变为晶间孔。白云岩抗压实能力较强,有利于高孔隙白云岩的保存。早三叠世快速深埋使长兴组迅速进入中深埋藏,深埋阶段,裂缝少量发育,部分被方解石充填,对储层贡献有限。晚三叠世油气充注隔绝了岩石与地层水的接触,抑制了孔隙内白云石的溶蚀和沉淀,储层先存孔隙得到较好的保存。快速深埋使孔隙迅速被埋藏封闭,深埋阶段水-岩反应处于近封闭的平衡状态,溶蚀-沉淀现象有限,深埋藏环境主要是储层孔隙保存和调整的场所,孔隙空间的位置可能重新分配。     

Pore Structure Heterogeneity of the Xiamaling Formation Shale Gas Reservoir in the Yanshan Area of China: Evaluation of Geological Controlling Factors

Micro-heterogeneity is an integral parameter of the pore structure of shale gas reservoir and it forms an essential basis for setting and adjusting development parameters. In this study, scanning electron microscopy, high-pressure mercury intrusion and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments were used to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the pore structure of black shale from the third member of the Xiamaling Formation in the Yanshan area. The pore heterogeneity was studied using fractal theory, and the controlling factors of pore development and heterogeneity were evaluated in combination with geochemical parameters, mineral composition, and geological evolution history. The results show that the pore structure of the reservoir was intricate and complicated. Moreover, various types of micro-nano scale pores such as dissolution pores, intergranular pores, interlayer pores, and micro-cracks are well developed in member 3 of the Xiamaling Formation. The average porosity was found to be 6.30%, and the mean value of the average pore size was 4.78 nm. Micropores and transition pores provided most of the storage space. Pore development was significantly affected by the region and was mainly related to the total organic carbon content, vitrinite reflectance and mineral composition. The fractal dimension, which characterizes the heterogeneity, is 2.66 on average, indicating that the pore structure is highly heterogeneous. Fractal dimension is positively correlated with maturity and clay mineral content, while it is negatively correlated with brittle mineral content and average pore size. These results indicate that pore heterogeneity is closely related to thermal history and material composition. Combined with the geological background of this area, it was found that the pore heterogeneity was mainly controlled by the Jurassic magmatism. The more intense the magma intrusion, the stronger the pore heterogeneity. The pore structure and its heterogeneity characteristics present today are a general reflection of the superimposed geological processes of sedimentary-diagenetic-late transformation. The influence of magmatic intrusion on the reservoir is the main geological factor that should be considered for detailed evaluation of the Xiamaling Formation shale gas reservoir in the Yanshan area.     

川西坳陷新场气田上三叠统须家河组须四、须二段储集层成岩-储集相及其成岩演化序列

通过对川西坳陷新场气田上三叠统须家河组须四、须二段储集层成岩作用类型及其特征研究,认为储集层主要经历了压实压溶作用、自生矿物胶结作用和溶解作用3种类型。储集层成岩-储集相可以划分成5种,即强溶解成岩-储集相、绿泥石衬边粒间孔成岩-储集相、压实压溶成岩-储集相、碳酸盐胶结成岩-储集相和石英次生加大成岩-储集相。不同的储集层成岩-储集相由于经历了不同的成岩演化序列,使得储集层中的残余原生粒间孔和次生溶孔的形成条件各不一样,储集层中孔隙的保存主要决定于孔隙被压实、自生矿物的充填、多期的溶解作用等因素,并与孔隙中发育的绿泥石衬边有紧密联系。在上述5种成岩-储集相中,有效的成岩-储集相只有两种,即强溶解成岩-储集相和绿泥石衬边粒间孔成岩-储集相,它们对须家河组须四、须二段优质储层的形成起着至关重要的作用,而其它几种成岩-储集相对优质储层的形成是无效的。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘克-百地区侏罗系成岩作用及其对储层质量的影响

准噶尔盆地西北缘克拉玛依—百口泉地区侏罗系砂岩、砂砾岩储层经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀等多种成岩作用,其中压实和溶蚀作用是控制储层物性的主要成岩作用,其次为胶结作用。压实作用以机械压实为主,是孔隙减少的主要原因。胶结作用主要为碳酸盐胶结,少量黄铁矿胶结,偶见方沸石胶结和硅质胶结。溶蚀作用导致碳酸盐胶结物、长石颗粒和少量岩屑溶解流失。储层孔隙经历了由原生到次生的演化过程。在成岩演化过程中,长石的溶蚀作用、碳酸盐矿物的沉淀与溶解作用是影响储层孔隙发育的关键因素,早期方解石的胶结有利于后期次生孔隙的形成。在克-乌断裂带上、下盘地层中,断裂带上盘埋深浅,一般小于1200m,原生孔隙非常发育;断裂带下盘埋深较深,压实作用强,原生孔隙所占比例明显减少,次生溶蚀孔隙相对发育。次生孔隙的形成受流体及断裂控制。     

Micropore structure characteristics and water distribution in a coalbed methane reservoir

Microscopic pore structure and water distribution are important and fundamental parameters for coalbed methane reservoir characterisation. These are closely related to the calculation/interpretation of other critical parameters, such as permeability and flow capacity. In this study, scanning electron microscopy, low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations were used to study the pore structure characteristics and water distribution of Zhaozhuang coal mine in the southeastern Qinshui Basin, PR China. The results show that the pore radius ranges from 2.066 to 594.045?nm, mainly classified as micropores and transitional pores. The micropores significantly contribute to the total pore volume. The adsorption pores (micropores and transitional pores) contribute the most to the total specific surface area. The T₂ spectrum distributions of saturated water samples show two peaks. The first T₂ spectrum peak is related to adsorption pores, whereas the second T₂ spectrum peak is related to seepage pores. The seepage pores were not well developed as the adsorption pores. Most adsorption pores are saturated with irreducible water that could not be discharged by centrifugation, whereas the seepage pores are saturated with movable water that could be completely discharged by centrifugation. The T₂ cutoff method was used to calculate the irreducible water saturation, and the irreducible water saturation of the sample was ≥90%. The irreducible water was mainly distributed in the micropores, and some of the irreducible water was distributed in the transitional pores. The irreducible water that remains in the pores can cause reservoir damage.