断层活动时间的同步性特点

断层活动是地壳应力释放等的一种表现。其主要应力一般通过区域性断层释放,小断层除释放剩余应力外也可是前者活动时的牵动。因此,在一个局部地区内断层活动时间常具有同步性特点。对化稍营地区大、小断层的研究表明,传统法确认油房断层被上更新统复盖,其最后一次活动时间在晚更新世以前;应用热释光、铀系法与显微构造分析结合,研究发育在基岩中的壶流河断层、F_(207)断层、F_(214)断层和F_(213)断层,确定其最后一次较强烈活动为距今20～30万年前。两者结果的吻合,证明了断层活动时间的同步性特点。     

弱震区断层泥ESR定年的适应性研究——以杭州地区为例

在杭州地区,根据系统采集的萧山——球川断裂、孝丰——三门湾断裂和昌化——普陀断裂的断层泥ESR年龄,以及地层的光释光年龄的统计分析表明,对同一断层同一段而言,断层泥ESR年龄大于地层光释光所给出的断层最后一次活动时代,并不能反映杭州地区各个断裂最后一次活动时代,而是反映了断裂历次较强活动的历史. 在距今100——58万年,各断裂均有活动;58——45万年断裂活动性减弱;45——20万年仅萧山——球川断裂活动;10万年以来杭州地区整体处于弱地震背景. 以孝丰——三门湾断裂为界,萧山——球川断裂第四纪的活动具有鲜明的分段性.      

大地切片——一种新的活动断层探测技术

如何减轻突发性直下型地震造成的城市地震灾害 ,其中一个关键的问题就是如何准确查明城市地区的活动断层分布 ,并在今后的城市建设中避开这些活动断层。由于城市用地等的限制 ,现在被广泛应用的一些活动断层调查和探测技术 ,往往难以适用于城市地区。文中介绍了一种在日本发展较成熟的活动断层探测技术———大地切片调查法。该技术的应用不仅仅限于活动断层研究 ,而且被广泛地应用于第四纪研究、滑坡、海岸工程等领域。文中列举的 3个实例展示了该技术在活动断层、砂土液化和海滨堆积构造调查中的应用。最后 ,对大地切片调查法的优缺点作了简单的总结     

断层活动时间的定量研究

在工程建设中,工地及其邻近地区的断层活动性质及最后一次活动时间是工程设计的一项重要依据。本文以我国西南地区拟建的某大型水电站坝址区的断层为例,讨论了根据断层物质揭示断层活动性质及最后一次活动时间的理论依据、工作方法及研究结果。研究表明,某工区内切穿二叠纪、三叠纪石灰岩的F_8断层的最后一次活动时间大约在20万年以前;在近东西向的主压应力作用下断层运动以右旋走滑为主;断层活动过程中的差异应力为5×10~7Pa,最大可达10~8Pa以上。     

云南蒙自五里冲水库区F1,F2断层新活动年代研究

五里冲水库地处侵蚀山区,缺乏第四纪地层作为研究断层新活动年代的对比标志。本文以F_1、F_2断层带内发育的多期方解石脉和断层泥为研究对象,采用显微构造分析,热释光(TL)测年法和扫描电镜(SEM)分析,石英溶蚀速率测年法,对库区F_1、F_2断层新活动的年代进行综合判定。确认:F_1、F_2断层最后一次明显活动的年代分别为(2.93±0.31)×10~5年和(2.33±0.26)×10~5年以前,为评估五里冲水库构造稳定性,提供了可靠的数据。     

云南某工区F1断裂断层物质特征及其意义

断层物质是断层活动的产物,采用多种测试技术从断层物质中必定能提取出与断层活动有关的信息。通过对F_1断裂断层泥中粘土矿物X射线衍射、热释光测年、石英碎砾SEM观测、断层泥显微构造分析等多种方法的综合研究,结果表明,F_1断裂最后一次活动时期在中更新世晚期,活动方式是以粘滑为主,且断层泥形成时温度小于200℃。     

重大工程场址断层活动的研究

研究重大工程场址断层活动（特别是断层的最后一次活动）对于工程的设计和建设十分必要．许多工程选址在基岩裸露区，缺乏能标明断层活动特征的新地层。为了在这些地区顺利地开展工作，笔者探索了一条新的途径，即利用变形岩石显微构造分析方法和多种测试技术对断层带物质进行综合分析测试，提取留存其中的有关断层活动规律的信息．本文论证了该方法的理论依据和可行性，并着重总结了应用该法在几个重大水电工程场址内进行断裂活动研究的成果．这些成果为工程设计人员提供了可靠的工程地质依据，也证明了该研究途径的有效性和实用性．     

关中地区近期垂直形变与现今活动特征

应用差分、回归分析、最小二乘法原理等方法,对泾阳地震前后关中地区跨断层形变资料进行了分析研究,结果显示:①所监测的各断裂活动震前存在着中短期形变异常,呈现出明显的阶段性活动特征,可能是区域大面积应力积累和调整的结果;②进入短期的异常标志是中短期异常出现转折或反向;③各断层活动速率呈准同步变化,曲线形态大都呈现典型的α、β、γ相变化。分析了陕西关中盆地的地壳形变特征以及与西部强震的关系,结果表明:①地壳形变特征存在时空差异性,不同地区地形变活动强弱与其主要边界断裂带的距离存在相关性,主要边界断裂带附近地区相对活动强烈,远处则减弱;②不同时期各断层地形变活动强弱变化不同,既和构造应力场的变化有关,又与地震活动关系密切,且不同区域地壳构造运动发生转折的时期不尽相同。同时,断层形变前兆异常又存在时空差异性,表现为形态、时间等特征的不同;③多场地、大范围的断层活动异常与强震活动相呼应。     

新书介绍——《西藏中部活动断层》

《西藏中部活动断层》是对西藏中部地区的活动断层、地震地表破裂研究的全面总结。书中详细论述了西藏中部主要活动断层及沿其分布的地震地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征;讨论了强震的发震构造;总结了西藏中部主要构造盆地类型及其特征,并探讨了拉分盆地和地堑系的发展演化;最后,根据不同方向活动断层、地震地表破裂的力学性质和运动特征,结合粘土实验、数学模拟结果,讨论了西藏中部的现今受     

2015年尼泊尔M_S8.1强震对中国大陆静态应力触发影响的初探

本研究基于地震危险性分析中地震重复原则和构造外推原则,以及一段时期内活动断裂上发生地震机制是相似或相近的假设,利用中国已发生的震级为MS5.0以上的地震震源机制解,将其中的一个节面视为实际地质断层参数和静态应力触发计算中的接收断层面,计算了2015年4月25日尼泊尔MS8.1地震对中国大陆地区的静态应力触发情况.研究结果表明:2015年4月25日尼泊尔MS8.1地震,触发了其后续的2次强余震的发生;本次地震对中国大陆产生的应力变化量值很小,其产生的应力加载主要集中在其邻近的西藏和新疆地区的部分断层上,而其余地区的断层则主要受到了应力卸载作用.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.