虚拟地理环境认知与表达研究初步

分析了地理学的地理环境与当前地理信息技术中的地理空间两者概念之间的差异,探讨了地图与地理信息系统空间认知的发展及特点,初步研究了虚拟地理环境认知与表达的对象、特征与主要内容。从基于虚拟地理环境的地理认知和基于地理认知的虚拟地理环境表达两个层面分析了虚拟地理环境的认知与表达;指出虚拟地理环境的认知与表达研究不仅需要进一步发展地理空间认知理论和方法,还需要拓展对地理过程及人类行为的认知与表达理论和方法研究;并着重探讨了地理过程的表达和人类行为的模拟,指出当前虚拟地理环境认知与表达研究的关键内容。     

城市设计本体模型构建及应用

针对城市设计存在的异构数据难以充分共享的问题,该文采用本体的方法和技术,按照空间布局、建筑形态、景观组织的数据组织方式构建城市设计本体模型,提出基于本体的城市设计数据集成应用方法:基于OWL实现城市设计数据语义信息共享,通过本体中间件技术实现异构设计数据和本体数据的映射,从而将多源本体数据片段集成为统一的城市设计语义视图。基于该方法开发的原型系统表明,该方法能够实现城市设计异构数据的一致理解和充分共享,促进设计成果在三维虚拟地理环境下的集成应用。     

虚拟地理环境下的地理空间认知初步探索

地理空间认知是人类获取地理空间知识、认知地理环境的重要方法和手段,虚拟地理环境VGEs（Virtual Geographic Environments）作为继地图和地理信息系统（GIS）之后的新一代地理分析工具,在地理空间认知方面具有显著优势,但目前相关研究尚处于概念探讨和框架搭建阶段,缺乏对地理空间认知内涵及相关技术方法的论述和研究。本文以经典的地理学6问题求解为导向,从地理本体认知、地理过程认知和地理行为认知3个层次,阐述了VGEs地理空间认知的内涵和基本内容;进一步重点探讨了实现VGEs地理空间认知的相关技术方法,包括城市空间表达与城市计算、多模式人机交互、地理知识图谱与空间推理、地理过程模拟、地理行为模式识别与情感计算等方面。以重庆为例开展了应用案例实践,展示了如何利用相关技术方法实现对地理环境和地理空间对象的认知和理解。本文提出的总体框架和技术体系为VGEs地理空间认知的深入开展和技术实现提供了新的思路和解决方案,有助于将该项工作从理论探讨阶段推向技术实现阶段。     

绝对空间定位到相对空间感知的行人导航研究趋势

相对空间比绝对空间更易于被人理解。行人导航本质是以相对于人的导航环境视觉与空间等相对语义来动态引导行人的过程,即相对导航。目前,GIS导航理论以绝对定位与空间建模为基础,没有充分理解人对相对语义的认知差异,缺乏基于相对语义的导航理论模型。首先,总结了以绝对空间定位与表达为基础的行人导航研究,提出了相对空间感知的行人导航研究新方向。然后,剖析了相对导航研究的理论研究需求,如:行人相对导航数据采集与建模、行人导航环境相对语义的提取、行人导航行为的自动感知分析、行人导航的多感官交互机制、行人导航路径选择与确认机制等。最后,展望了未来行人导航研究与重要创新的3个阶段。     

面向过程的城市公共安全风险监测评估建模方法

在虚拟地理环境（virtual geographic environments,VGE）的研究中,城市公共安全作为一种典型的应用,致力于实现风险的认知与表达。然而,针对城市突发公共事件风险评估的共享管理需求与即时性需求,尚缺乏一种面向过程的风险监测与评估的表达方法,难以提供快速、全面的决策支持。针对此问题,本文首先基于元对象设施（meta object facility,MOF）建模架构,提出统一时空框架下面向过程的风险评估建模方法,实现风险监测评估方法的共享与重用,并提供面向过程的即时风险评估个性化信息服务。其次,设计了风险评估过程管理原型系统,实现风险评估过程建模、注册、执行和可视化等功能。最后,通过试验模拟太原市燃气泄漏事件作为应用案例,验证了方法的可行性。     

基于描述逻辑本体的GIS多重表达

多重表达是地理信息弹性表达和弹性存取的一个内在要求,它实质上提供了一个多尺度、多应用主题的数据集成机制。多重表达的建模不能仅限于数据库中多重几何特征的一致性表达,还必须支持不同语义粒度、不同应用主题下语义特征的弹性描述。基于形式化本体的地理信息建模更贴近于认知模型,还有助于语义表达以及基于语义的信息集成和共享。通过经典描述逻辑中具体域以及context的扩展,满足区域拓扑和上下文语义形式化描述的需要;给出一个基于描述逻辑的多表达地理本体方案,该方案能够为数据库中几何信息和语义信息的弹性表达提供一个统一的基于逻辑的模型理论基础。     

面向地理分析模拟的城市小区场景数据组织方法

城市小区是城市人居环境的重要构成部分,与城市居民生活关系密切。面向城市小区环境综合分析模拟的需求,本文结合虚拟地理环境中虚拟场景和集成建模等概念,设计了可支撑分析模拟的城市小区场景数据组织方法。通过小区系统、小区系统要素和小区系统要素关系来对复杂小区环境信息进行对象化的描述,并按照层次化结构实现城市小区建模场景的组织。利用统一数据表达与交换模型UDX对小区系统-要素-关系中的数据内容进行统一的表达和存储,在此基础上设计了城市小区建模场景对象;利用可扩展接口的方式,实现从城市小区建模场景中抽取符合分析模型需求的数据内容,由此支撑将不同地理分析模型与城市小区建模场景集成。试验结果表明,本文所设计的方法能够有效组织多源异构的城市小区环境数据,并可以便捷地为不同研究方向的城市小区分析模型提供所需建模数据。     

虚拟地理环境的地理学语言特征

在比较分析传统地图和GIS的地理学语言功能基础上,指出了虚拟地理环境对现实世界抽象表达的多维特征、多视点和多重细节的多模态可视表现、多种自然交互方式和跨时间、空间与尺度的地理协同以及多感知的空间认知能力等。说明虚拟地理环境提供了一种综合表意系统和更接近自然的多感知的空间认知能力,使得从现实世界到人类大脑的信息带宽最大化,提供了超越现实的抽象表示与解析理解能力,达到了增强现实的目的。虚拟地理环境作为继GIS之后新一代地理学语言的显著特征是以用户为中心、提供最接近人类自然的交流方式与表达形式。     

虚拟地理环境对空间认知方式的影响

虚拟地理环境是一种新的空间认知工具,文章介绍了虚拟地理环境的特点并分析了这些特性对人的空间认知方式所造成的影响。虚拟地理环境的多感觉通道拓展了人的空间认知手段,为没有制图和G IS使用经验的用户提供了一种有效的复杂信息表示方法,并从更深的层次上改变了人的空间思维方式,使得人的空间思维方式由原来的形象思维为主转变为抽象思维与形象思维并重,极大地提高了人的空间认知能力。     

基于虚拟地理环境的空间认知分析

地理空间认知是认知研究的重要内容,虚拟地理环境作为一种新的空间认知工具,是地图功能的延伸,因而对虚拟地理环境的空间认知分析具有现实意义。本文通过分析虚拟地理环境中地图知觉过程与地理表象的生成,以及同心象地图的对比,阐述了虚拟地理环境中的空间认知过程。     

Assessing representation error in point-based coverage modeling

 Accurately representing geographic space in a digital environment continues to confound and challenge researchers. Carrying out spatial analysis in a setting where geographic representation is subject to change poses problems to be addressed. In this paper we examine spatial representation in the context of coverage-based location modeling. A geographic region can be represented in a variety of ways. We present an evaluation of spatial representation in the location of facilities that provide coverage oriented services. The analysis shows that the modeling results are sensitive to how spatial demand for service is represented in a digital environment. We develop an approach for evaluating representational appropriateness. This research contributes to spatial analysis integrated in geographic information system environment. Received: 10 January 2001 / Accepted: 8 April 2002     

基于小波分析的线状特征数据无级表达

利用小波分析提出了线状特征空间数据的多尺度一致性无级表达模型，研究了基于该模型获取整数尺度上的地理信息，以及通过增量、连续地增补细节来获取分数尺度上的过渡地理信息，从而获取任意尺度上不同详细程度的地理信息的方法，动态地实现了线状特征空间数据的无级表达，并给出了实验结果。     

基于POI数据的模糊地名空间范围估计

在信息检索中常用地名作为空间参照,因此确定模糊地名的空间范围备受关注。由于模糊地名不存在确切的边界,评估模糊地名空间范围十分困难,但人们对模糊地名的认知区域可以提供参考。本文分析了模糊地名空间的基本特征;以案例形式,讨论了利用POI数据和认知实验确定模糊地名空间范围的基本方法和特点,并分析这些案例地名空间的特性。从这些案例研究可以得出以下结论:影响模糊地名空间范围的因素有道路、熟悉程度和地名借用;用POI数据对模糊地名估计出的空间范围符合人们认知的空间范围。     

fsr: An R package for fuzzy spatial data handling

Spatial libraries are core components in many geographic information systems, spatial database systems, and spatial data science projects. These libraries provide the implementation of spatial type systems that include spatial data types and a large diversity of geometric operations. Their focus relies on handling crisp spatial objects, which are characterized by an exact location and a precisely defined extent, shape, and boundary in space. However, there is an increasing interest in analyzing spatial phenomena characterized by fuzzy spatial objects, which have inexact locations, vague boundaries, and/or blurred interiors. Unfortunately, available spatial libraries do not provide support for fuzzy spatial objects. In this article, we describe the R package named fsr, which is based on the Spatial Plateau Algebra and is publicly available at https://cran.r-project.org/package=fsr . Our tool provides methods for building fuzzy spatial objects as spatial plateau objects and conducting exploratory spatial data analysis by using fuzzy spatial operations.     

宽泛地理注记的投放模型

针对网络地图服务环境中的地理注记评价问题,对传统地理注记内容进行非结构化文本形式扩展,定义宽泛地理注记,用投放过程来模型化标注行为首先,依据词频分类方法确定地理注记文本内容分类,并根据Voronoi k阶邻近关系建立投放邻域的空间相关性定量收敛描述,进而结合地理注记文本与地理注记存在邻域构建基于地理注记类型与类型转化的投放模型实验结果表明,在已知两种类型地理注记集的实际情况下,投放模型能够有效地对新增地理注记进行合理性评价.     

Analysis of human spatial behavior in a GIS environment: Recent developments and future prospects

In recent years, comprehensive geographic data sets of metropolitan areas and individual-level, georeferenced data are becoming more available to social scientists. At the same time, tools for performing spatial analysis in a GIS environment have also become more available. These developments provide many new opportunities for the analysis and theoretical understanding of disaggregate human spatial behavior. This paper examines how these developments may enable the researcher to represent complex urban and cognitive environments more realistically, and to overcome the limitations of aggregate spatial data framework. It explores their implications for the theoretical and methodological development in geography and other social science disciplines.     

Geons – domain-specific regionalization of space

The design of methods and tools to build adequate representations of complex geographical phenomena in a way that spatial patterns are emphasized is one of the core objectives of GIScience. In this paper, we build on the concept of geons as a strategy to represent and analyze latent spatial phenomena across different geographical scales (local, national, regional) incorporating domain-specific expert knowledge. Focusing on two types, we illustrate and exemplify how geons are generated and explored. So-called composite geons represent functional land-use classes, required for regional planning purposes. They are created via class modeling to translate interpretation schemes from mapping keys. Integrated geons, on the other hand, address abstract, yet policy-relevant phenomena such as societal vulnerability to hazards. They are delineated by regionalizing continuous geospatial data sets representing relevant indicators in a multidimensional variable space. Using the geon approach, we create spatially exhaustive sets of units, scalable to the level of policy intervention, homogenous in their domain-specific response, and independent from any predefined boundaries. From a GIScience perspective, we discuss either type of geons in a semantic hierarchy of geographic information constructs. Despite its validity for decision-making and its transferability across scales and application fields, the delineation of geons requires further methodological research to assess their statistical and conceptual robustness.     

Extending F‐Perceptory to model fuzzy objects with composite geometries for GIS

When analyzing spatial issues, geographers are often confronted with many problems with regard to the imprecision of the available information. It is necessary to develop representation and design methods which are suited to imprecise spatiotemporal data. This led to the recent proposal of the F‐Perceptory approach. F‐Perceptory models fuzzy primitive geometries that are appropriate in representing homogeneous regions. However, the real world often contains cases that are much more complex, describing geographic features with composite structures such as a geometry aggregation or combination. From a conceptual point of view, these cases have not yet been managed with F‐Perceptory. This article proposes modeling fuzzy geographic objects with composite geometries, by extending the pictographic language of F‐Perceptory and its mapping to the Unified Modeling Language (UML) necessary to manage them in object/relational databases. Until now, the most commonly used object modeling tools have not considered imprecise data. The extended F‐Perceptory is implemented under a UML‐based modeling tool in order to support users in fuzzy conceptual data modeling. In addition, in order to properly define the related database design, an automatic derivation process is implemented to generate the fuzzy database model.