An integrated environment for developing knowledge-based spatial decision support systems

Knowledge-based spatial decision support systems (KBSDSS) incorporate heuristic reasoning, and analytical and spatial modelling capabilities to support decision making in resource and environmental management. They are able to provide the assistance for both the structuring and formulation of the spatial problem, and the design and execution of a solution process by automatically integrating different types of models and data. This paper presents a KBSDSS development environment, which connects a GIS tool (ARC/INFO) with an expert system tool (CLIPS) and a hypertext diagramming tool (HARDY). ARC/INFO provides capabilities for spatial data handling. CLIPS is used to develop knowledge bases and heuristic reasoning. HARDY is used to represent spatial problems in terms of diagrams that can then be translated into a CLIPS knowledge base for evaluation. The development environment allows users to structure their problems and develop models for particular requirements and domains.     

空间分析动态建模技术

业务系统开发过程中,为解决采用传统开发模式的专业空间分析模型与模型算法紧耦合而导致的复杂建模过程和难以有效复用的问题,本文提出一种空间分析动态建模技术,提出功能聚合的过程是空间信息模型实例化的过程:利用形式化语言和工作流建模规范构建业务规则,基于图论构建模型逻辑图的形式化转换规则,完成规则绑定;提出权限资源绑定模型,完成资源绑定。选取深圳市肾综合征出血热地理因素相关性定性分析专业模型验证空间分析动态建模技术的可行性。     

树模型的三维可视化研究

树的表达无论是在3DGIS，VRGIS还是在3DCM中，都是一个难点问题。与一般实体对象不同的是，树明显具有分形空间特征，因此用常规简单的建模方法很难表达一颗树。现在分形算法常用来生成树模型，具有逼真的可视效果，但所产生的数据量对于GIS环境来说太大，可视化困难；另外，用树的图像替代树模型也是一种常用的方法，但在近视点视觉效果差，同时也没有表达出树木所固有的空间特征。本文作者提出一种方法，使用LOD技术，将树的分形模型与其图像替代模型两者结合起来，初步解决树模型在GIS中的可视化问题，可达到逼真、高速的可视效果。     

基于框架的时空对象模型研究

空间数据模型反映现实世界中空间实体及其相互间的联系,但现有G IS数据模型主要表达某一时刻的空间实体及其相互之间的联系,没有考虑表示空间实体的时空变化,本质上是非时态的,无法满足各种用户的需求。本文分析了G IS应用的过程本质,系统地研究了地理信息系统过程建模的概念和类型,讨论了过程模型中的地理时空概念、空间数据模型的研究现状和存在的问题,以空间系统理论为依据,提出了空间数据模型结构,设计了适于表达G IS过程模型的基于框架的时空对象数据模型,并探讨了空间对象的时态表示和处理操作。     

Agent技术在分布式GIS中的应用研究

首先分析了分布式计算技术的发展，详细介绍了当今主流的分布计算技术——Agent技术、分布式GIS技术是以分布式计算技术为依托的，Agent技术将为分布GIS带来新的技术发展；随后，深入分析了Agent技术在分布式GIS中的应用，并结合已有的研究重点介绍了基于Agent的分布式GIS建模、空间信息查找与获取、WebGIS服务体系、空间辅助决策以及GIS互操作等。     

GIS专业“空间数据库”课程教学内容和方法探讨

"空间数据库"课程是GIS专业的核心课程,也是一门综合性交叉学科,为地理信息系统提供了重要的理论基础和技术基础。本文从GIS专业的学科专业性质、人才培养目标出发,结合实际教学经验,对"空间数据库"课程的定位与目标、教学内容与方法进行了探讨,以期提高GIS专业学生应用"空间数据库"基本理论、基本方法和解决现实问题的能力。     

Design Considerations and Evaluation of a Collaborative, Spatio-Temporal Decision Support System

Collaborative spatial decision support systems (C‐SDSS) have been used to help groups of stakeholders understand data and search for opportunities at resolving local and regional decision problems in various domains including land use, trans‐ portation, and water resources. The key issue in designing an effective C‐SDSS is the anticipation of user information needs. Knowledge of user information needs can guide system designers in achieving a C‐SDSS that fits the decision process. In this paper we present a design approach that is informed by stakeholder concerns, as part of a user needs assessment. The approach is based on the premise that knowing stakeholders’ concerns can help anticipate user information needs and consequently lead to a more usable C‐SDSS. We demonstrate the approach with the example of a spatio‐temporal decision problem involving conjunctive water administration in the Boise River Basin in southwestern Idaho. The spatial dimension of the decision task involves delineating the areas of conjunctive water administration while the temporal dimension involves selecting the year in which a given area will start to be administered. We show how the elicitation of stakeholder concerns leads to functional specification of a collaborative spatio‐temporal decision support system.     

空间关系的研究进展

空间关系是GIS的重要理论问题之一,在GIS数据建模、空间查询、空间分析、空间推理、制图综合、地图理解等过程中起着重要作用。目前国际上对空间关系的研究主要集中在空间关系的语义问题、空间关系描述、空间关系表达、基于空间关系的查询分析等方面。本文主要讲述了这几个方面的研究进展和成果。     

A Perspective on the Fundamentals of Fuzzy Sets and their Use in Geographic Information Systems

The development of fuzzy sets in geographic information systems (GIS) arose out of the need to handle uncertainty and the ability of soft computing technology to support fuzzy information processing. An overview of the fundamentals of fuzzy sets is used to illustrate its use in GIS. The use of some terms within both the GIS and fuzzy information processing community is clarified. Since one of the key problems when applying fuzzy sets to GIS problems is in the specification of grades of membership, the many methods used to specify memberships in fuzzy sets in GIS applications are presented. The α–cut is defined and shown to be of increasing importance in GIS. Non–compensatory and compensatory connectives are compared. Aggregation operators are reviewed and shown to be useful in a number of GIS studies. Fuzzy relations and fuzzy control systems are briefly discussed with reference to their use in GIS and in relation to the development of modern soft computing technology. Several features of fuzzy sets make that paradigm attractive for use in GIS. It is concluded that as GIS–related applications increase in their levels of complexity and sophistication fuzzy sets will play a major, cost effective role in their development.     

基于3维GIS的城市景观建模探究

城市是一种人地关系系统,数字城市是物质城市在数字网络空间的再现和反映。城市GIS是数字城市的核心,通过对3维GIS的介绍,主要探讨了3维GIS在城市3维景观建模中的作用和方法,并且对3维GIS在城市3维景观中的应用目标、功能、方法及其展望做了初步的探究。     

GIS面目标间拓扑关系的形式化模型

拓扑关系的描述和区分是建立在空间目标相互作用过程中目标集及其分量集合拓扑特性变化基础之上的.建立了GIS中拓扑关系形式化描述和区分的一种广义模型,并与已有的形式化模型进行了比较分析,结果发现现有的形式化方法和模型是广义模型的一些特例.在此基础上,进一步提出了面目标间拓扑关系形式化描述的基本模型,并根据定义的拓扑距离和拓扑复杂性概念,建立了一个新的拓扑关系概念邻域图.     

Modeling and Communicating the Conceptual Intent of Geo‐Analytical Tasks for Human‐GIS Interaction

One of the fundamental issues of geographical information science is to design GIS interfaces and functionalities in a way that is easy to understand, teach, and use. Unfortunately, current geographical information systems (including ArcGIS) remains very difficult to use as spatial analysis tools, because they organize and expose functionalities according to GIS data structures and processing algorithms. As a result, GIS interfaces are conceptually confusing, cognitively complex, and semantically disconnected from the way human reason about spatial analytical activities. In this article, we propose an approach that structures GIS analytical functions based on the notion of “analytical intent”. We describe an experiment that replaces ArcGIS desktop interface with a conversational interface, to enable mixed‐initiative user‐system interactions at the level of analytical intentions. We initially focus on the subset of GIS functions that are relevant to “finding what's inside” as described by Mitchell, but the general principles apply to other types of spatial analysis. This work demonstrates the feasibility of delegating some spatial thinking tasks to computational agents, and also raises future research questions that are key to building a better theory of spatial thinking with GIS.     

基于XQuery的GML查询语言研究

随着GML规范的不断完善及GIS软件厂商的广泛支持,越来越多的空间数据以GML格式存储,GML空间数据的查询已成为GIS研究的热点问题。传统的关系数据库查询语言SQL是针对平面的二维关系数据而设计的,并不适合XML/GML半结构化数据的查询;商品化GIS软件的查询系统只能查询自身的空间数据而无法查询其它GIS系统的空间数据;XML查询的研究为GML查询奠定了一定的基础。首先针对GML查询存在的问题,提出了扩展XQuery是GML查询语言实现的最佳选择;结合XML查询语言和空间数据查询语言,提出了GML查询语言的特征和GML查询语言系统框架;并根据GML空间数据的特点,以XML标准查询语言XQuery为基础,提出了XQuery空间扩展的内容;开发了GML空间数据查询语言GMLXQL,实现了GML空间数据的本原查询。     

空间数据库课程教学实践与思考

空间数据库课程是GIS专业的核心课程,对GIS人才培养具有非常重要的作用。但由于种种原因,空间数据库课程在课程体系、课程内容、教学模式等方面仍然存在许多问题和不足。本文首先分析了大学本科空间数据库课程在教学内容、实验与实习及教学手段等方面存在的问题,然后针对这些问题根据自己的教学体会提出了一些相应的解决办法与建议。     

Integrating GIS‐Based Geo‐Atom Theory and Voxel Automata to Simulate the Dispersal of Airborne Pollutants

Environmental processes are usually conceptualized as complex systems whose dynamics are best understood by examining the relationships and interactions of their constituent parts. The cellular automata paradigm, as a bottom‐up modeling approach, has been widely used to study the macroscopic behavior of these complex natural processes. However, the cellular automata models are largely restricted to the two‐dimensional spatial perspective even though the process dynamics they represent evolve in the three spatial dimensions. The objective of this study is to develop a voxel‐based automata approach for modeling the propagation of airborne pollutants in three‐dimensional space over time. The GIS‐based geo‐atom theory was used to manage the data within the automaton. The simulation results indicate the model has the capability to generate effective four‐dimensional (4D) simulations from simple transition rules that describe the processes of particle advection and diffusion. The application of voxel‐based automata and the geo‐atom concepts allows for a detailed 4D analysis and tracking of the changes in the voxel space at every time‐step. The proposed modeling approach provides new means to examine the relationships between pattern and process in 4D.     

三维城市模型的研究现状评述

三维城市模型（简称3DCM）的研究是近年来GSI领域内的一个研究热点，在交通、地质、帮山、测绘、尤其是在规划、建设、环保等方面有着十分重要的研究意义。就3DCM的发展及其目前的研究现状，从其理论角度进行较详细的评述，指出其目前存在的问题，以供相关研究者参考。     

Some thoughts on spatial data and structure analysis

The discussion is structured around two themes, namely spatial data analysis and spatial structure/process analysis. With respect to spatial data analysis, I concentrate on the issues related to geographical information systems (GIS), as well as spatial data mining and knowledge discovery in databases. With reference to spatial structure/process analysis, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of complex systems.     

多维动态GIS系统与应用评述

多维动态GIS一直是国际GIS学术界研究的热点问题之一。在总结ISPRS2008（北京）国际会议上与此相关的研究论文基础上,重点就GIS多维动态空间建模方法、球面可视化表达与拓扑描述、技术分析与应用等方向的研究成果及存在问题进行了评述与分析。     

空间数据库课程教学与实践探讨

通过分析本科空间数据库课程教学现状及存在的问题,指出进行教学改革研究与实践的必要性,针对空间数据库课程教学内容、实践环节及教学手段等方面提出了一系列教学改革方案和具体实施措施.将空间数据库理论教学与实践教学进行整合,对教学方法和教学模式进行了探讨,有利于提高教学效果和增强空间数据库课程建设.     

多维动态GIS空间数据模型与方法的研究

以地理空间实体及其相互间关系的抽象、表达与组织为主线,从三维、时空、尺度等角度出发,进行了多维动态空间数据模型研究。介绍了该项研究在空间铺盖建模、空间关系理论、多维建模、时空与动态建模、多尺度建模等方面取得的成果。