台风“利奇马”对湖州地震台VP型倾斜仪观测数据的扰动分析

基于小波分析方法,提取台风“利奇马”对湖州地震台VP型倾斜仪观测数据的高频扰动发现,扰动信号呈“纺锤状”,与台风中心风速、台风距离的相关性低;扰动信号主要是海浪到达近海,冲击海底和海岸产生振动,经过完整的地壳传导而被观测仪器记录到的信号。     

利用强震地震序列反演震区构造应力状态的方法研究

地壳的应力状态是地壳最重要的性质之一,地壳表面和内部发生的各种地质构造现象及其伴生的各种物理现象与化学现象都与地壳应力的作用密切相关。因此,了解大陆地壳应力分布状态,特别是地壳深部应力状态,是解决地球动力学有关科学问题的基础,     

用SP′震相计算乌鲁木齐台附近地壳厚度和地壳内纵波速度

0 前言 测定地壳厚度和地壳内纵波速度的方法很多,本文利用远震SP′震相来计算观测台站附近地壳构造的方法,在对乌鲁木齐基准地震台的资料分析与研究基础上,计算了乌鲁木齐台地区的地壳厚度和地壳内的纵波平均速度。此项工作为进一步研究乌鲁木齐台地区的地壳速度结构、地壳厚度以及介质的各项特征,打下一定基础。     

琼东南盆地区的地壳密度与岩石结构

地壳岩石组成是理解地壳岩石圈演化的重要约束.我们以琼东南盆地区地壳速度结构模型为约束,正演拟合布格重力异常分布,获得了琼东南盆地区地壳密度结构模型.然后,对地壳密度模型进行温压校正,结合地壳速度模型以及全球常见地壳组成岩石的高温高压实验成果,推断了琼东南盆地区5个凹陷上地壳岩石组成.研究结果表明:琼东南盆地区地壳岩石密...     

大陆地壳(一)

1.地壳研究的方法 2.大陆地壳的深部构造 3.全球地壳厚度 4.大陆断层带 5.地壳中的流体 6.大陆地壳的成分 7.大陆地壳的起源地质区:以相似的地质历史和演变过程为特征的大地壳区,例如造山带、台地、大陆弧、裂谷及扩展的地壳。岩石层:岩石层由地壳和壳下地慢     

青藏高原东缘的地壳流及动力过程

黏滞性地壳流对地壳及上地幔变形作用及动力机制,是大陆新生代造山带的一个重要研究内容.青藏高原中下地壳存在部分熔融或含水物质的黏滞性流体,已为一系列地球物理及岩石学研究所证实.为研究青藏高原东缘地壳流的动力作用,本文用密集的被动源宽频带地震台的观测数据,反演了地壳上地幔精细速度结构和泊松比.研究表明,川西及滇西北高原的中地壳内普遍存在低速层,而高泊松比的地壳只分布在川西北地区.位于中地壳的黏滞性地壳流从青藏高原腹地羌塘高原流出,自北西向南东流入青藏高原东缘.这些黏滞性地壳流带动了上地壳块体水平移动,当它们受到刚强的四川盆地及华南地块阻挡时将发生分层作用,地壳流将分为二或更多分支不同方向的分流,向上的一支地壳流将对上地壳产生挤压,引起地面隆升,向下的一支地壳流将使莫霍面下沉加厚下地壳·黏滞性地壳流的运动在地壳中产生应变破裂发生强烈地震活动,地震的空间分布与震源机制也受到地壳流动力作用控制.     

由地震折射的走时和振幅确定的美国西部地壳速度模型

由走时和振幅解释地壳震相,取得美国西部新的地壳P波速度—深度函数,其地震折射剖面为犹他州Delta以西的剖面和科罗拉多州Lamar以西的剖面,前者位于盆地山脉省北部地区,后者位于落基山脉南部Great Plains地区。新地壳结构不只证实了较早推断的地壳结构的主要特点,而且得到更为详细的地壳速度变化范围。盆地山脉省的地壳特点是地壳     

编制地壳垂直运动速率等值线图的有限元法

根据地壳垂直运动研究中的均衡理论,建立描述地壳垂直运动速率空间分布的数学模型,并提出应用有限元法拟合地壳垂直运动速率面的理论和方法。通过计算验证,说明有限元法可实现对地壳垂直运动速率面的精确逼近,是编制地壳垂直运动速率等值图的有效方法。     

中美地壳形变与地震学术讨论会在武汉召开

“中美地壳形变与地震学术讨论会”於十月廿九日至卅一日在武汉举行,参加会议的有从事地壳形变与地震研究的50多名中美地震学者(其中美方14人),还有30多名列席代表。 会议议题是:地壳形变研究进展;与强地震有关的地壳形变现象;地壳形变观测技术和仪器;与地震有关的地壳形变基础研究以及地壳形变资料分析处理等五方面内容。会上宣读论文共51篇,其中中方35篇,美方16篇。美方代表提交论文的共同思路着重于对地壳形变     

新疆巴楚和塔什库尔干地震台下方地壳结构研究

利用位于新疆塔里木盆地的巴楚地震台（BCH）和西昆仑山区的塔什库尔干地震台（TAG）多年记录的高质量远震波形数据,应用接收函数H-k叠加方法研究了台站下方的地壳结构。研究结果显示,BCH和TAG地震台下方地壳厚度差异分明,区域地壳厚度与地形有很好的对应关系;两个台都具有高的地壳平均波速比Vp／Vs值。BCH台下方的地壳厚度为44km、地壳内的平均波速比为1．849,在该台地壳中部21km处存在清晰的间断面,该间断面内存在低的平均P波波速和作／K值,该间断面的深度与邻近巴楚台的伽师震源区的精确定位的震源深度下界面一致,可能为地壳内的脆．韧转换带。TAG台下方的地壳厚度为69km,地壳内的平均波速比为1．847,较厚的地壳和高波速比可能表明该台下地壳的物质易于发生塑性流动,为地壳的变形和增厚创造了条件。     

Use of the standing wave method to study seismically insulated buildings

The use of the standing wave method to study seismically insulated buildings is substantiated. For two buildings of interest with different types of seismic protection (a “flexible” floor and rubber base insulators), the total field of standing waves is studied in detail. Effects that raise doubts about the reliability of seismic protection are found. Estimation of the role of nonlinear vibrations in standing waves has made it possible to establish that weak nonlinearity is recorded at high-frequency modes at small vibration amplitudes, due to discordant vibrations of the building components. The data obtained by the standing wave method are recommended for verifying models used to calculate seismic insulation of buildings.     

Spatial structure of standing wave electromagnetic fields at the lower harmonics of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator

During the multiband wave Pc1 event on March 7, 2001 the EISCAT UHF and VHF incoherent scatter radars operated simultaneously covering an exceptionally wide altitude range of the ionosphere ～90—2000 km. This made possible to test the ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR) model over a large altitude range. The three lowest IAR eigenfrequencies, where the most of the Pc1 pulsation signal bands occur, were selected for the spatial analysis of the standing wave electromagnetic fields, applying the full-wave numerical simulation method. The altitude spread of amplitude maxima and nodes together with polarization characteristics of oscillation maxima in the horizontal plane are presented. The comparison of the standing wave oscillations on the altitude profile with the signal amplitude observed on the ground is also presented.     

On the influence of reflection over a rhythmic swash zone on surf zone dynamics

The reflection of incident gravity waves over an irregular swash zone morphology and the resulting influence on surf zone dynamics remains mostly unexplored. The wave-phase resolving SWASH model is applied to investigate this feedback using realistic low-tide terraced beach morphology with well-developed beach cusps. The rhythmic reflection generates a standing wave that mimics a subharmonic edge wave, from the superimposition of incident and two-dimensional reflected waves. This mechanism is enhanced by shore-normal, narrow-banded waves in both direction and frequency. Our study suggests that wave reflection over steep beaches could be a mechanism for the development of rhythmic morphological features such as beach cusps and rip currents.     

A climatology of nonmigrating semidiurnal tides from TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) wind data

With the launch of the TIMED satellite in December 2001, continuous temperature and wind data sets amenable to MLT tidal analyses became available. The wind measuring instrument, the TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI), is operating since early 2002. Its day- and nighttime capability allows to derive tidal winds over a range of MLT altitudes. This paper presents climatologies (June 2002–June 2005) of monthly mean amplitudes and phases for six nonmigrating semidiurnal tidal components between 85 and 105 km altitude and between 45°S and 45°N latitude (westward propagating wave numbers 4, 3, 1; the standing oscillation s0; and eastward propagating wave numbers 1, 2) in the zonal and meridional wind directions.Amplitude errors are 15–20% (accuracy) and 0.8 m/s (precision). The phase error is 2 h. The TIDI analysis agrees well with 1991–1994 UARS results at 95 km. During boreal winter, amplitudes of a single component can reach 10 m/s at latitudes equatorward of 45°. Aggregate effects of nonmigrating tides can easily reach or exceed the amplitude of the migrating tide. Comparisons with the global scale wave model (GSWM) and the thermosphere–ionosphere–mesosphere–electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME-GCM) are partly inconclusive but they suggest that wave–wave interaction and latent heat release in the tropical troposphere both play an important role in forcing the semidiurnal westward 1, westward 3, and standing components. Latent heat release is the leading source of the eastward propagating components.     

Numerical investigation of infragravity wave amplifications during harbor oscillations influenced by variable offshore topography

The infragravity (IG) period oscillations inside an elongated rectangular harbor near the offshore fringing reef induced by normal-incident bichromatic short wave groups are simulated using a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model, FUNWAVE 2.0. Based on an IG wave separation procedure, this article presents a systematical investigation on how the maximum IG period component amplitude, the bound and free IG waves, and their relative components inside the harbor change with respect to the plane reef-face slope and the incident short wave amplitude under the condition of the 2nd to the 5th modes. For the given harbor and the ranges of the reef-face slope and the incident short wave amplitude studied in this paper, it is shown that both the maximum IG period component amplitude and the free IG wave component amplitude inside the harbor fluctuate widely with the reef-face slope, and their changing trends with the reef-face slope are almost identical with each other, while the bound IG waves inside the harbor seem insensitive to it. Both the maximum IG period component amplitude and those of the bound and free IG standing waves inside the harbor change cubically with the incident short wave amplitude.     

On steady and travelling waves over bottom topography in the model of homogeneous flow in a beta-plane channel

Abstract

A spectral low-order model is proposed in order to investigate some effects of bottom corrugation on the dynamics of forced and free Rossby waves. The analysis of the interaction between the waves and the topographic modes in the linear version of the model shows that the natural frequencies lie between the corresponding Rossby wave frequencies for a flat bottom and those applying in the “topographic limit” when the beta-effect is zero. There is a possibility of standing or eastward-travelling free waves when the integrated topograhic effect exceeds the planetary beta-effect.

The nonlinear interactions between forced waves in the presence of topography and the beta-effect give rise to a steady dynamical mode correlated to the topographic mode. The periodic solution that includes this steady wave is stable when the forcing field moves to the West with relatively large phase speed. The energy of this solution may be transferred to the steady zonal shear flow if the spatial scale of this zonal mode exceeds the scale of the directly forced large-scale dynamical mode.     

Research Note: Overpressure prediction from C‐wave seismic data

Recently, mode converted shear waves (C‐waves) have been shown to enable overpressure prediction in media where primary wave acquisition is inhibited by gas and fluid effects – C‐wave moveout is analysed and a long standing relationship between differential stress and primary‐wave (P‐wave) velocity is modified and employed. Though pore‐pressure prediction based on C‐waves is supported by empirical evidence from laboratory and field experiments, a theoretical justification has yet to be developed. In this research note, we provide a supporting algebra for the original relationship between pore pressure and C‐wave velocity.     

Seismic amplification—Mexico City

The large amplification experienced at Mexico City during the earthquake of September 1985 is shown to be due to a standing shear wave set up in the clay layer. The frequency and amplitude of this wave were controlled by the properties of the clay which led directly to such high accelerations. The response curve due to the clay layer is calculated from field and laboratory measurements of the properties of the clay. There is good agreement with that obtained from field observations of ground motion.     

Theory of azimuthally small-scale hydromagnetic waves in the axisymmetric magnetosphere with finite plasma pressure

The structure of monochromatic MHD-waves with large azimuthal wave number m 1 in a two-dimensional model of the magnetosphere has been investigated. A joint action of the field line curvature, finite plasma pressure, and transversal equilibrium current leads to the phenomenon that waves, standing along the field lines, are travelling across the magnetic shells. The wave propagation region, the transparency region, is bounded by the poloidal magnetic surface on one side and by the resonance surface on the other. In their meaning these surfaces correspond to the usual and singular turning points in the WKB-approximation, respectively. The wave is excited near the poloidal surface and propagates toward the resonance surface where it is totally absorbed due to the ionospheric dissipation. There are two transparency regions in a finite-beta magnetosphere, one of them corresponds to the Alfvén mode and the other to the slow magneto-sound mode.