浅层地震勘探在安阳市地震小区划中的应用

浅层地震勘探是城市地震小区划中不可缺少的重要勘探手段之一,本文介绍了浅层地震勘探在安阳地震小区划听应用实例,着重论述了不同地震地质条件下采取灵活多变的技术措施,获得明显的地质效果。     

地震测井在煤炭地震地质勘探中的作用

地震测井是求取地震波在地层中的传播速度的一种有效的方法,其主要用途是标定地震地质层位,判定终孔深度.该技术在龙家堡南部地区准确地标定了TY1、TY地震地质层位,确定了M12的终孔深度.     

地质雷达数据的拟浅层地震资料处理

本文提出用浅层地震资料处理程序系统，处理地质雷达数据的依据、方法和实例。为地质雷达处理技术共享地震处理程序资源提出可行的作法。     

煤矿地震数据管理系统的地质保障作用

煤矿地震数据管理系统是针对煤矿生产实际需求而开发的一套地质保障软件,是利用煤矿三维地震的数据体信息来实现地质保障功能的.它除了具有常规的三维地震资料解释功能外,还具有相干技术、方差技术、小波变换技术和提取21个属性参数等多种解决煤矿地质问题的手段.此系统在许厂煤矿430采区的实际应用中取得了良好的效果.     

珠江三角洲地区的地震地质与区域稳定性

本文以构造地质、工程地质与地震地质资料为基础,对珠江三角洲地区的地震地质环境进行初步分析,阐明了有关历史震害的概况,并进一步以工程地质条件优劣和地震震害程度密切相关来评价区域稳定性。这对本区的经济开发和工程建设的发展有重大意义。     

李四光论地震地质与他的中长期地震预测

本所的前身地震地质大队是由李四光部长亲自组建的。我作为一名建所初期来所工作的老同志,与李四光部长有过多次接触。他以巨大的热情和精力投入到地震预测预报工作中。在建所四十周年之际,我不禁缅怀起这位我们所的缔造者和他对地震工作的贡献。一、地震地质1965年1月19日,李四光在与地质力学所参加西南地震地质工作同志的谈话中提出地震地质工作是否应采取这样几个步骤:第一,要摸清这些断裂带中哪几点或哪几段现今还在活动;第二,确定这些断裂带的伸展地区、方向和范围;第三,参考历史地震资料,看是否沿现今还在活动的断裂带地震特别多而且…     

青海4·14玉树地震地质作用对地质环境影响分析

青海省玉树县Ms7.1级地震不仅造成了玉树县及其周边一定范围内的房屋变形破坏,而且还引发了地质灾害、地貌景观损毁、含水层结构破坏及地下水流场发生变化、地表破裂、岩土体物性指标改变等地质环境破坏现象.野外调查分析表明:(1)玉树地震地质环境破坏现象的表现形式可分为包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和潜在不稳定斜坡等地质灾害,地震地表...     

复杂地区煤田地震勘探效果分析

地表条件、浅层和深层地震地质条件的复杂,使煤田地震勘探难度加大。通过工作实例展示了复杂地区煤田地震勘探效果的差别,介绍了地震地质条件复杂程度的差异对地震勘探成果的影响,分析了野外数据采集应注意的一些问题,取得较好的效果。     

武汉阳逻长江大桥水域工程地震勘探

武汉阳逻长江大桥桥址区的工程地质条件复杂, 采用地震反射波法和地震映射波法, 在水域进行工程地震勘探, 查明了桥址区的地质构造、地层岩性分布等工程地质问题, 并对大桥的工程地质条件作出了评价, 为桥型方案的选择提供了重要的地质依据.      

地震地质工作的缘起与回顾

地壳应力研究所(前地震地质大队)于1966年4月正式成立,这标志自1962年广东新丰江6.1级地震发生后至1966年河北邢台发生6.8级地震期间,在李四光亲自指导和筹划下,我国首批地震地质专业队伍组建完成。这一支队伍的出现不是偶然的,故然与邢台地震的发生及其造成严重的损失直接相关     

经验勘查与理论勘查的发展趋势

经验勘查与理论勘查相互依存，互为补充，二者都会促进实际观测和资料收集，促进矿产勘查。建立模型是这2种勘查战略固有的工作，是指导资料收集和资料解释的手段，而不是目的，或者说建模是勘查工作中深化资料收集和认识的运行过程，而不是终结。理论勘查与经验勘查的交叉与融合，是通向矿产勘查的成功之路。成矿理论研究正步入第三个里程碑阶段，形成了以地球动力学为核心的众多生长点，如岩石圈构造不连续面、流体作用、超大陆旋回、地幔柱与成矿作用等，它们都处于快速发展时期，不断产生新的成矿理论和认识。新方法和新技术的不断出现和发展为经验勘查注入了活力，极大地促进了找矿工程学的发展。     

巨型矿床勘查新战略一一信息找矿

直接信息是最可靠的找矿信息,在矿产勘查中必须起先导的作用。直接信息与间接信息在一定条件和环境下可以互相转化的,只有在信息具有直接指示矿床存在和分布的特性时,它才会发挥实际的找矿效能。因此,多学科信息的收集和综合分析,是信息找矿战略实施的核心。信息找矿战略可以表述为“针对巨型矿床勘查,我们应当瞄准稳陷伏矿和难识别矿,以直接找矿信息（化探资料）为先导,综合地质和地球物理信息,迅速掌握全局,逐步缩小靶区     

开阳磷矿洋水矿区矿山开采与环境综合治理

本文就贵州省开阳县金中镇洋水矿区矿山开采现状，特点，引起的主要环境问题及综合治理对策提出了建设性意见。     

物探技术进步推动资源勘探技术框架重构

在我国新的能源经济形势下,资源开发正面临许多新的地质勘探问题,物探技术进步有力地推动着资源开发勘探方法的改变,促使技术框架重构.在一井一面高强度开采的煤矿生产组织新模式下,大跨度超前地质预测、现场处理解释和网络化技术支持等,是地球物理探测技术必然的发展方向.     

Subsurface structure exploration of wide landslide area by Aerial electromagnetic exploration

Aerial electromagnetic exploration obtains the ground resistivity of a wide area by measuring the intensity of a secondary magnetic field induced in the ground by a primary magnetic field. We conducted the AEM exploration in the Yamakoshi Village where was dameged by the Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004, for the landslide hazard assessment. The apparent resistivity distribution in the survey area differ between the Imogawa River Basin and the Asahigawa River Basin, and the former shows high resistivity and the later shows low resistivity with 30 -m as the boundary. In the high resistivity zone that corresponds to the sandy rock distribution area, the large landslide blocks show lower resisitivity than in the surrounding ground. In sandy rock distribution areas, it is possible for the relatively low resistivity parts to be an index of the instability of slopes, even in landslide blocks where deformation has not yet appeared.     

煤炭资源勘查中的煤层气兼探技术与方法

煤层作为煤层气的地质载体,煤层气与煤炭资源兼探是国家矿产资源管理的强制性规定。通过近年来兼探项目的实践,梳理了煤炭资源勘查过程中涉及到的煤层气资源评价规范。在此基础上,从勘查思路、勘查方法、工作任务、报告编制等环节,明确了煤炭资源勘查过程中煤层气勘查方法。根据煤层气勘查方法的特殊性,总结了兼探过程中煤层气地震、测井、钻井、录井、排采等技术及工程质量验收方法,提出了煤炭资源勘查全过程煤层气勘查技术体系。分析发现,现有兼探方法和技术存在若干需要解决的技术问题,如勘查规范滞后、煤炭与煤层气综合勘查缺乏技术标准体系、瓦斯采样方法落后、煤炭资源勘查实施方案审查中对煤层气兼探技术方案把关不严等。由此,进一步提出了相关的对策和建议,包括及时修订DZ/T 0215-2002《煤、泥炭地质勘查规范》、瓦斯采样采用绳索取心技术、将瓦斯地质工作纳入煤层气地质工作体系、在低含气量矿区先期进行煤层气资源潜力评价等。     

综合物探在海石湾地区地热勘查中的应用

在兰州海石湾地区进行地热勘查,在分析地热形成条件的基础上,结合可控源音频大地电磁测深、大地电磁测深、伽马能谱测量等物探方法,查清了区内盖层厚度、热储层埋深及断裂构造位置,避免了单一方法的片面性和盲目性,为钻探提供了依据。经钻探验证,井孔地层、含水层与物探推断基本吻合,井口水温60℃,涌水量90 m3/h,主要为断裂型带状热储。研究结果为今后在类似地区进行地热勘探提供了有参考价值的经验和实例。     

Geochemical hydrocarbon exploration — a new/old exploration tool

The search for petroleum has evolved into a highly sophisticated technology where today almost every scientific discipline known is being brought to bear upon the endeavour. Yet, the use of geochemical hydrocarbon exploration remains a peripheral exploration tool. The trend toward scientific integration has led the petroleum explorationist to the point of being a specialist. It would seem that our petroleum scientists have focussed their interests mainly on the investigation of principles and less on their ultimate purpose of discovering new and larger oil and gas reserves. So, it is not by chance, that leading geochemists have been speaking more and more freely of the necessity to integrate our tools of exploration and thereby do a better job. The theoretical basis for hydrocarbon geochemistry is complex, and, as with all exploration tools, the problems and difficulties of interpreting the data will never be completely eliminated.This article considers the importance of using the ΔC method in geochemical hydrocarbon exploration which has been employed successfully for over 40 years. The addition of carbon-isotope ratios and trace-element analysis to this method has added a new dimension to geochemical hydrocarbon exploration. The theoretical basis of the ΔC method has been presented earlier by the author and will only be touched upon briefly here.Very simply, the basis of all geochemical hydrocarbon exploration is based on the much debated premise that the lighter hydrocarbon gases and their components migrate vertically from a trap through the overlying sedimentary pile to the surface. Upon reaching the surface, through oxidation, they leave their signatures in one form or another that can be detected by physicochemical methods. These physicochemical signatures are discernable as “geochemical haloes”.From soil samples, collected from 2–3 m deep, what is measured is the result of absorption and adsorption by soil particles that are altered to CO₂ by oxidation and form a unique, stable, carbonate system with the surface and near-surface material. This is unlike other carbonate systems and when subjected to a differential thermal technique, dissociates into CO₂ surface material is cumulative and indicates where maximum hydrocarbon leakage has taken place over the life span of the material sampled. It is durable and unaffected by pressure and temperature variation or recent hydrocarbon contamination.Values are expressed in terms of millivolts which are proportional to the CO₂ given off by the dissociation of the carbonate system under standard conditions. Frequency curves are constructed for all values for the determination of significant contour levels above the normal geochemical background for mapping.After significant ΔC anomalies are located, they can be further verified by use of carbon-isotope ratios. As methane migrates to the surface from underlying hydrocarbon accumulations, there is a progressive selection or fractionation that causes enrichment of the carbon-13 isotope. The methane, thus reaching the near-surface, is isotopically lighter. When oxidized in accordance with the equation CH₄ + 2O₂ → 2H₂O + CO₂, the carbon having been converted to carbon dioxide, is taken up in the pore-filling carbonate cements that are found in the near-surface soils and sediments.High carbon dioxide values (ΔC) in the geochemical halo are related the δ ¹³C carbon-isotope ratios from underlying hydrocarbon accumulations. This is observed over fields containing hydrocarbon accumulations where δ ¹³C values in the pore-filling carbonate cements become increasingly negative (lighter) toward the crests of traps (i.e. exhibiting lower ΔC values). This indicates enrichment of ¹²C relative to the PDB standard. Whereas, positive values of δ ¹³C indicate depletion in ¹²C or enrichment in ¹³C (i.e. exhibiting higher ΔC values away from the crests of the traps).The observed ΔC anomalies and δ ¹³C anomalies leave an indelible pattern in the near-surface sediments and soils which are herein referred to as geochemical hydrocarbon haloes.Trace-element associations, that form organometallic compounds, are found “haloed” or concentrated over or around underlying hydrocarbon reservoirs. These associations seem to have occurred from vertically migrating methane that has acted as a “carrier” sweeping up the trace elements on the pathways to the surface. Vanadium, nickel, chromium, iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, strontium, barium are various trace element ratios seen to also halo and indicate subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations.An example presented from the Ocho-Juan Field, a producing reef field, located in Scurry and Fisher Counties, Texas shows that the combination of ΔC, δ ¹³C and trace-element analysis from near-surface soil sampling is a significant step forward in improving geochemical hydrocarbon exploration methods.     

论找矿勘查的风险性和降低风险的预测性勘查战略

找矿勘查的高风险性表现在找到可赢利矿床的成功率低和找矿发现的成本越来越高,这不仅影响了矿业经济的发展,也影响了公众对地球科学的认识.根据国际找矿勘查的一些统计资料和实例分析了造成找矿勘查高风险性的原因,提出降低风险的预测性勘查战略.区域地质背景、成矿作用的复杂性和勘查者所具有的知识、思维能力、技术手段的局限性等客观因素使找矿勘查的风险不可避免,但不少找矿勘查的失败是由勘查者在资料使用、观察、思维等方面的主观失误造成的.勘查者可以通过增加尝试的次数来获取成功,更可取的是通过提高矿床预测的准确度,以预测性勘查促找矿发现,进而降低找矿勘查的风险.