开封市地热系统特征

以28眼地热井水温资料为基础,研究了开封市地热系统的地温、地温梯度及地表热流值的分布特征及控制因素.结合钻孔柱状和地热水动态资料,划分了亚热储层,并说明了各亚热储层地热水之间的相互关系及水文地质特征.依据地热水水质化验结果,评价了各亚热储层地热水的水化学特征.利用放射性同位素14C法,估算了各热储层地热水的年龄和循环速率并确定了补给源.     

Isotopic-geochemical characteristics of the ore-bearing ultramafic-mafic intrusions of western Taimyr,Russia

The composition and isotopic-geochemical peculiarities of zircons from the ore-bearing ultramafic-mafic intrusions of western Taimyr that are promising for finding Pt-Cu-Ni mineralization were characterized for the first time. The similar U-Pb age of zircons from the Binyuda and Dyumaltei intrusions (248.3 ± 13 and 244.4 ± 2.4 Ma, respectively) indicates that the intrusions were formed almost synchronously with tholeiitic basalts of the Siberian Platform. The age and Nd-Sr data of intrusions of western Taimyr are distinct from those of economic ore-bearing intrusions of the Noril’sk province characterized by long-term magmatic evolution of the rocks and different material sources.     

Isotopic-geochemical characteristics of free gases of the South Sakhalin mud volcano and their relationship to regional seismicity

This paper discusses the results of long-term monitoring observations on the chemical and isotopic composition of free gases in gryphons of the South Sakhalin mud volcano on Sakhalin Island. It was shown that during seismic activation in the region, the chemical composition of free gases changes, whereas the isotopic composition of carbon in methane and carbon dioxide remains constant. A possible interpretation of the obtained data was suggested. The depth of the gas reservoir that supplies the South Sakhalin mud volcano was estimated as well.     

岩浆热场与热液多金属成矿作用

岩浆热场指的是很短时间内一个局部地区出现的岩浆活动使该区域地热梯度明显上升,形成局部区域的瞬间热场。热场的规模通常很小,离岩体约几米至几千米。范围、规模和形状与侵入体的温度、成分、形态、大小、侵入深度以及流体、构造、围岩性质等有关。岩浆热场最重要的意义在于它是流体赖以上升的场所。岩浆热场不同于地热场的一个重要区别是,岩浆热场往往伴有流体的活动,是流体循环、上升、汲取地壳中有用金属元素的场所。文中讨论了岩浆热场与热液多金属成矿之间的关系,讨论了岩浆热场在岩浆热液矿床、热泉型矿床、热水沉积矿床以及变质热液矿床成矿过程中的作用。岩浆热场对于热液多金属成矿作用的影响是非常明显的,它从一个新的角度解释了成矿为什么是多金属、多成因、多来源等问题。文中强调指出,岩浆热场说解释了为什么大规模岩浆活动与大规模成矿作用密切相关,指出大规模岩浆活动产生的热效应不是1+1=2,而是1+12的效果。即它可以在一个局部范围内把岩浆热场从一个开放体系变为封闭体系,在这个封闭体系内,固岩可以达到更高的温度,热可以持续更长的时间,促进热场范围内流体的对流循环,使流体可以从围岩中汲取尽可能多的有用金属元素,起到单个岩浆无法比拟的效果。许多大型一超大型的多金属矿床即可能与这种作用有关。从热场说角度来看,大规模岩浆活动的成矿潜力几乎是无可限量的。文中还讨论了岩浆热场说的原理及应用中存在的问题,指出岩浆热场说与成矿的关系非常值得关注,它也许可以改变目前对成矿作用的某些固有认识,开拓出一个新领域。     

Isotopic-geochemical evidence for crustal contamination of eclogites in the Kokchetav subduction-collision zone

This paper reports isotopic and geochemical studies of eclogites from the western ultrahigh pressure (UHP) and eastern high-pressure (HP) blocks of the Kokchetav subduction-collision zone. These HP and UHP eclogites exhumed in two stages: (1) The rocks of the western block metamorphosed within the field of diamond stability (e.g., Kumdy-Kol and Barchy); (2) In contrast, the metamorphic evolution of the eastern block reached the pressure peak within the stability field of coesite (e.g., Kulet, Chaglinka, Sulu-Tyube, Daulet, and Borovoe). The eclogites vary widely in the ratios of incompatible elements and in the isotope ratios of Nd (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.51137-0.513180) and Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.703930.78447). The Sulu-Tyube eclogites display isotope-geochemical features close to N-MORB, while those from the other sites are compositionally similar to E-type MORB or island arc basalts (IAB). The model ages T_Nd(DM) of eclogites vary between 1.95 and 0.67 Ga. The Sulu-Tyube eclogite yields the youngest age; it has the values of ε_Nd(T) (7.2) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70393) close to the depleted mantle values. The crustal input to the protolith of the Kokchetav eclogites is evident on the ε_Nd(T)-⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁷Sr and ε_Nd(T)-T plots. The eclogites make up a trend from DM to country rocks. Some eclogites from the Kulet, Kumdy-Kol, and Barchy localities display signs of partial melting, such as high Sm/Nd (0.65-0.51) and low (La/Sm)_N (0.34-0.58) values. The equilibrium temperatures of these eclogites are higher than 850 °C. The geochemical features of eclogites testify to the possibility of the eclogite protolith formation in the tectonic setting of passive continental rift margin subducted to depths over 120 km.     

承德北部茅荆坝地热田地热流体的水化学和同位素特征及其成因

承德北部茅荆坝地区地表出露的地热水温度高达98.7 °C,赋存于裂隙较发育的侏罗世中粗粒二长花岗岩热储,${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量较高,但关于该区地热流体的补给来源、循环演化过程与成因机制研究尚少。为了认识该基岩山区地热系统的成因以合理开发利用地热资源,在区域地热地质调查的基础上,测试分析了不同水体的水化学组分、地下水年龄（3H和14C）、硫酸盐硫、氧同位素（δ34S-${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $和δ18O-${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $）、碳酸盐碳同位素（δ13C-$ {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^-$）、锶同位素（87Sr、86Sr）等特征值。结果表明：（1）茅荆坝地区地热水化学类型以${\mathrm{SO}}_4 $—$ {\mathrm{Na}}$型为主,硅酸盐矿物的溶解及阳离子交换作用促进了地热水中${\mathrm{Na}}^+ $、${\mathrm{K}}^+ $和SiO2的富集,水中${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $并非来源于硫酸盐岩矿物溶解,推测为H2S气体从深部还原环境上升到浅部氧化后生成${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $,也可能来源于高温地热水与硫反应形成的硫酸盐;（2）地热水n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)均值为0.7092,与海相碳酸盐岩比值接近,揭示热储深部可能存在海相碳酸盐岩储层;（3）地热水属于古地下水,14C校正年龄为11.9～14.9 ka,循环更新能力差,由周边山区的大气降水补给,补给高程在1532～1632 m;（4）地热系统深部热储温度为142～144 °C,高温中心位于热田北部。研究结果对冀北山地地热资源的可持续开发利用具有重要意义。     

Isotopic-geochemical signs of coal and bitumen transformation in different-type ore mineralization: Communication 1. Isotopic-geochemical signs of structural transformation of coal and bitumen

Results of the study of natural organic matter (OM) represented by classes of solid and high-molecular-compounds (resin, ozokerite, asphalt, kerite, graphite, and others) are presented. They are developed as dispersed and concentrated segregations, interlayers, and independent accumulations and impregnation in the fracture-vein system and stratiform bodies. They also accompany ore mineralization. Combination of modern tic mineralogical, chemical, isotopic, infrared spectroscopic, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic) analytical methods provide insight into the OM transformation during oil formation and ore genesis. Variations in OM composition and properties define the concentration of ore elements and change mechanisms of their fixation (sorption, chemosorption, and reduction). Isotopic-geochemical signs of the structural transformation of Coal and bitumen allow us to elaborate a unified scale of catagenesis and metamorphism of the sapropel-and humus-type OM.     

Chronology of hydrothermal and magmatic activity in the Dukat gold-silver ore field

The previously published and newly obtained geological and geochronological (Rb-Sr and Ar-Ar) data show that the igneous rocks and products of hydrothermal alteration in the Dukat ore field pertain to two ore-forming magmatic-hydrothermal systems (OMHSs). The igneous rocks of the Early Cretaceous rift-related OMHS are represented by potassium rhyolites of the Askol’d Formation with Rb-Sr ages of 124 ± 3 and 119.3 ± 3.4 Ma and intercalating amygdaloidal basalts. The products of the hydrothermal activity of this OMHS are the metasomatic anatase-chlorite assemblage of the root zone, which replaces potassium rhyolites, and shallow-seated quartz-adularia and quartz-carbonate-feldspar veinlets retained in rhyolite fragments in Late Cretaceous conglomerate and breccia. The Late Cretaceous OMHS was related to the origination of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt and consists of calc-alkaline basaltic andesites of the Tavvatum Formation and moderately silicic K-Na rhyolites of the Nayakhan Formation with a Rb-Sr age of 84 ± 4 Ma. The Late Cretaceous postmagmatic hydrothermal activity in the Dukat ore field resulted in the formation of preore metasomatic rocks and orebodies of the unique Dukat Au-Ag deposit. The first stage of the Late Cretaceous hydrothermal activity gave birth to preore propylites with a Rb-Sr isochron age of adularia samples estimated at 85 ± 1 Ma and quartz-chlorite-sulfide and Ag-bearing quartz-chlorite-adularia orebodies with Rb-Sr isochron ages of adularia estimated at 84 ± 1 and 86.1 ± 4 Ma. The second stage was marked by the formation of garnet-bearing propylites and quartz-rhodonite orebodies with a Rb-Sr age of 73 ± 3 Ma. Further hydrothermal activity occurred after a break related to structural rearrangement of the ore field and was expressed in the replacement of propylites by products of argillin alteration and Ag-bearing Mn hydroxides. Paleogene basaltic dikes and related subeconomic mineralization concluded magmatic and hydrothermal processes in the Dukat ore field.     

相山铀矿田云际矿床碱交代型铀矿化蚀变作用及组分迁移规律研究

云际矿床是江西相山火山岩型铀矿田内最典型的碱交代型铀矿床,其矿体主要赋存于碎斑熔岩中。本文以两个典型矿化剖面为研究对象,系统研究了碱交代型铀矿化的蚀变分带特征、蚀变和矿石矿物组合以及热液蚀变过程中元素迁移变化规律。详细的岩相学观察表明,碱交代型铀矿化发育明显的侧向水平分带,由内到外可细分为矿化中心带、近矿强蚀变带、远矿蚀变带和新鲜围岩,各蚀变带之间并无明显的界线;发育的主要蚀变类型为钠长石化、赤铁矿化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化和磷灰石化;铀赋存状态主要以独立铀矿物(钛铀矿和铀石为主)、类质同象和吸附状态3种形式存在。Isocon标准化图解法表明,从远矿弱蚀变带到矿化中心带,CaO、Na₂O、P₂O₅、MgO、TiO₂、Fe₂O₃、U、HREE、Sr、Cr、Co、Ni、Zr、Hf的迁入量呈逐渐升高的趋势,其中CaO、P₂O₅、MgO、U、Sr在矿化中心带表现为强烈的富集,而SiO₂、K₂O、LREE、Ba、Rb、Cs则呈明显的迁出趋势;各蚀变带均呈现Na₂O的大量富集和K₂O的极度贫化,且均不伴有钍富集和钼富集。矿石中显著升高的Y/Ho值、δEu值以及Fe₂O₃/(Fe₂O₃+FeO)值暗示碱交代铀成矿流体具有较高的氧逸度,可能为多来源流体混合形成的复杂成因流体;矿石中强烈的“去硅”作用、Zr的富集以及极高的Na⁺/K⁺值和Zf/Hf值表明碱交代成矿流体具有较高的碱度。综合岩相学、蚀变带元素迁移特征及前人研究成果,本文认为碱交代铀成矿流体在演化过程中呈现氧逸度、pH值和温度逐渐降低的趋势,流体中的铀可能主要以碳酸铀酰络合物的形式迁移,CO₂挥发分的大规模逸散可导致铀矿物和大量磷灰石、碳酸盐的共同沉淀富集并形成富大矿体;此外,铀磷络合物可能也是本矿床成矿流体中铀的赋存、迁移形式之一。

     

Isotopic-geochemical peculiarities of gases in mud volcanoes of eastern Georgia

Isotopic-geochemical study revealed the presence of mantle He (³He/⁴He up to 223 × 10^?8) in gases from mud volcanoes of eastern Georgia. This fact confirms that the Middle Kura basin fill encloses an intrusive body previously distinguished from geophysical data. Wide variations in the carbon isotopic composition δ¹³C of CH₄ and CO₂ and the chemical composition of gas and water at a temporally constant ³He/⁴He ratio indicate their relation with crustal processes. Unusual direct correlations of the ³He/⁴He ratio with the contents of He and CH₄ and the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio can be explained by the generation of gas in the Cenozoic sequence of the Middle Kura basin.     

下庄铀矿田构造特征及与热液铀矿化的关系

下庄热液铀矿田位于贵东印支-燕山复式花岗岩体的东部,主要有北西西、北北东和北东-北东东向3组断裂。在前人工作的基础上,论文着重对断裂构造进行了野外考察和显微构造分析,初步查明了不同方向断裂自印支期以来的活动历史、性质以及所反映的区域应力场。运用花岗岩的原地重熔原理,提出了下庄铀矿田构造控矿规律。北西西向断裂由晚侏罗世剪切发展成早白垩世追踪张性活动,主要控制辉绿岩浆侵入,晚白垩世时转化为压性,形成北西西向挤压破碎带。北北东向断裂由晚侏罗世剪切发展成早白垩世张剪性活动,控制了粗、细晶石英脉及多种蚀变分布,早白垩世晚期发生了韧性剪切变形,晚白垩世时部分北北东向断裂控制了辉绿岩浆侵入。北东-北东东向构造侏罗纪主要发生褶皱、逆冲,早白垩世主要为左旋压剪活动,晚白垩世转化为拉张,控制了晚白垩世红盆发育。早、晚白垩世之交,主压应力方向由北西 南东转化为北东 南西。贵东岩体经印支、燕山早、中期的多次重熔,为铀的活化迁移及富集成矿准备了良好的前提条件。早、晚白垩世两次铀矿化,与花岗岩层的两次重熔相关。重熔界面上升时,花岗岩层熔化,断裂切割深度小,构成了岩浆热液的通道;重熔界面下降时,花岗岩层固结,断裂深切至重熔层下方,成为基性岩浆上侵的通道。北西西向断裂拉张强度大,是基性岩浆的主要通道,北东-北东东向断裂规模较小,构成容矿构造,而北北东向断裂规模较大,在早、晚白垩世主要作张剪性活动,构成含矿热液主要运移通道,是下庄矿田重要的导矿构造。沿北北东向断裂向上运移的含矿热液遇到北西西向基性岩脉时,铀被还原而富集,含矿热液进入北东-北东东向断裂时,铀被“拥堵”而滞留,两者均是成矿的有利部位。层状花岗岩+“成矿壳层”+断裂构造,是下庄铀矿田下一步“攻深找盲”的思路。     

Isotopic-geochemical features of rocks of the Middle-Upper Cambrian Verkhnyaya Lena formation in the Siberian Craton

Isotopic compositions of carbon and oxygen in carbonates and sulfur in sulfates of the Verkhnyaya Lena Formation (ε₂–ε₃), which terminates the Cambrian section of the Irkutsk Amphitheater of the Siberian Craton, are studied. Sulfates of the Verkhnyaya Lena Formation are marked by unusually low δ³⁴S values (4.6–12.0‰) relative to sulfates of the underlying Angara Formation. This is likely caused by variations in the facies-paleogeographic sedimentation at the transition of the Angara and Verkhnyaya Lena formations, as well as associated variations in the water and salt alimentation budget in sedimentation basins, due to their isolation from open sea and intensification of the continental and underground discharge. The δ¹⁸O(PDB) value in carbonates decreases from ?4.4‰ at bottom to ?10.4‰ at top, reflecting variation in postsedimentary transformations and probable continuous freshening of sedimentation basin. Isotopic composition of carbon in most samples shows normal marine δ¹³C values (0 ± 1‰). Only in some samples, does the δ¹³C value increase up to ?3.8 and 2.2‰ due to specific features of postsedimentary processes. The Rb-Sr systems of the clayey component of marls from the 500-m-thick section of the Angara Formation and bottom of the Verkhnyaya Lena Formation record an age of 512 ± 10 Ma, which is close to the assumed stratigraphic age of the Verkhnyaya Lena Formation. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial ratio is 0.7082 ± 0.0004.     

Sulfide minerals in the Menez Gwen nonmetallic hydrothermal field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

Mineralogy and geochemistry of the sulfide-bearing rocks and ores discovered in the Menez Gwen field are studied. Samples were taken during the expedition of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (cruise 49, R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. The mineral composition of rocks and ores were studied by the traditional methods of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (CAMSCAN), and microprobe analysis (EPMA SX-50). Contents of trace elements were determined by the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The Zn-Cu ore comprises zonal sulfide chimney intergrowths. Numerous Se-rich copper ore fragments occur in the volcanomictic layered gritstones and/or barite slabs. The mineral composition, zonality, and association of trace elements in ore are typical of “black smokers” formed at the basalt base near the Azores Triple Junction in the MAR. The results obtained make it possible to reconstruct formation history of the Menez Gwen hydrothermal field into the high-temperature (Cu-Se association in ore clasts), medium-temperature (Zn-Cu-As association in ore), and recent (Ba-SiO₂ association) stages.     

Geochemistry of a sediment push-core from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field,Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Hydrothermal sediment mineralogy and geochemistry can provide insights into seafloor mineralization processes and changes through time. We report a geochemical investigation of a short (22 cm) near-vent hydrothermal metalliferous sediment core from the Lucky Strike site (LS), on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The sediment was collected from the base of an active white smoker vent and comprises pure hydrothermal precipitates, mainly chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite and barite, with negligible detrital and biogenic inputs. Geochemically, the core is enriched in elements derived from high-temperature hydrothermalism (Fe, Cu, Zn and Ba) and depleted in elements derived from low-temperature hydrothermalism (Mn), and metasomatism (Mg). The U/Fe content ratio is elevated, particularly in the deeper parts of the core, consistent with uptake from seawater associated with sulphide alteration. Rare earth elements (REE) concentrations are low and chondrite-normalized patterns are characteristic of high-temperature vent fluids with an enrichment in light REE and a pronounced positive Eu anomaly. A stronger positive Eu anomaly associated with higher La_n/Sm_n at the core top is controlled by barite precipitation. The hydrothermal influence on the REE decreases downcore with some evidence for a stronger seawater influence at depth. Nd isotopes also exhibit an increased detrital/seawater influence downcore. Pb isotope ratios are uniform and plot on the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line in a small domain defined by LS basalts and exhibit no detrital or seawater influence. Lucky Strike sediments are derived from high-temperature mineralization and are overprinted by a weak seawater–sediment interaction when compared with other Atlantic hydrothermal sites such as TAG. The larger seawater input and/or a larger detrital contribution in deeper layers can be explained by variable hydrothermal activity during sediment formation, suggesting different pulses in activity of the LS hydrothermal system.