2021年3月中旬东亚中部沙尘天气地面起尘量及源区贡献率估算

2021年3月中旬,东亚中部包括中国北方大部分地区,爆发了持续性的沙尘天气,引发了人们对于沙尘源区、防风固沙生态建设工程效益的高度关注.提出了一个新的地表起尘量估算方法,使用高精度、大范围的气象数据,计算了这次沙尘天气的地面起沙条件、大风过程中的输沙状况,估算了不同时刻的起尘量,获得了14、15日蒙古和中国北方荒漠地区...     

沙尘模式地表起沙参数不确定性分析

 起沙的参数化方法对沙尘天气的预报质量起着至关重要的作用。首先分析了目前应用广泛的沙尘模式中的参数土壤塑性压力P和cy对地表水平沙通量与垂直沙尘通量计算结果的影响,然后利用WRF-Chem3.0模式对2007年3月27—28日发生在我国西部地区的一次沙尘过程进行了模拟,分析了由于参数值选取的误差而造成沙尘模拟的不确定。结果表明,土壤塑性压力P对模拟结果有很大影响,P值的改变不仅影响PM10浓度大小的预测,而且还影响其浓度中心位置以及分布范围;cy值仅影响沙尘区域内PM10浓度大小的预测,对浓度中心位置和分布范围大小的预测没有影响。     

Dust source of the Holocene loess-soil and pedogenic environmental changes in the upper Huaihe River

Based on field surveys, soil samples were collected at the YPC site, Yuzhou City, Henan Province for analysis of contents of major and trace elements and their variations with XRF and comparison with the curves of magnetic susceptibility, pH value distribution, loss on ignition and particle-size distribution. It was concluded that the dust source of loess in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River Basin was different from that in the Loess Plateau. And the Holocene pedogenic environmental changes in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River Basin were revealed.     

淮河上游全新世黄土与成壤环境变化

Based on field surveys, soil samples were collected at the YPC site, Yuzhou City, Henan Province for analysis of contents of major and trace elements and their variations with XRF and comparison with the curves of magnetic susceptibility, pH value distribution, loss on ignition and particle-size distribution. It was concluded that the dust source of loess in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River Basin was different from that in the Loess Plateau. And the Holocene pedogenic environmental changes in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River Basin were revealed. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40571154; No.40471119 Author: Li Xinyan (1978–), Ph.D, specialized in resource exploitation and environmental science.     

连续强沙尘天气的发展和时空演变机制的数值模拟

2002年4月6-8日由蒙古气旋和地面冷锋引发了一次连续沙尘暴天气,特别是内蒙古中东部、华北和东北大部分地区沙尘持续影响时间较长,强度大。利用与非静力平衡中尺度气象模式完全耦合的区域沙尘数值模式,模拟研究这次强沙尘天气过程中沙尘浓度的空间分布结构和时间演变趋势。模拟结果与地面天气观测、定点沙尘颗粒物浓度观测资料进行对比和检验。结果表明:沙尘数值模式较逼真地刻画出这次连续强沙尘天气的形成、发展、移动、减弱的全过程;客观地揭示了强沙尘天气过程的垂直分布结构和沙尘浓度的时空演变机制;模拟的强沙尘以及输送至下游的浮尘天气范围、强度和出现时间与实况基本一致,特别是对我国华北和东北沙尘的模拟相当成功。高时空分辨率的数值模式对研究沙尘的发生、发展机制和预报预警有重要意义。     

黄土高原中东部沙尘与非沙尘天气花粉组成及来源范围

通过黄土高原两个不同地区(浑源、洛川)沙尘与非沙尘天气花粉组合的对比来探讨主要花粉类型最大传播距离。结果表明：沙尘天气花粉汇集量明显高于非沙尘天气,特别是蒿属和藜科花粉,沙尘天气平均是非沙尘天气的3倍以上。随风速增大,花粉可能的最大源区范围明显增大。风速低于3.3 m/s时,蒿属和藜科花粉多来自100 km范围内,其他类型花粉来源范围不超过20 km;风速大于5.9 m/s时,蒿属和藜科花粉源区范围增至300 km以上;其他类型花粉不超过100 km。风速达到12.5 m/s时,蒿属及藜科最大花粉源区范围可达1000 km,其他类型花粉不超过300 km。浑源地区不论平均风速还是最大风速均明显高于洛川地区,因此,主要花粉类型可能的最大源区范围达200 km,大于洛川地区(低于100 km)。     

降尘过程指示的沙尘循环过程

 大气降尘过程受诸多因素的影响,如沙尘源区的性质、输送距离、降雨量等。利用甘肃省10个城市15 a间(1986—2000年)的降尘监测资料与气象资料,主要分析了沙漠戈壁区与黄土区降尘的差异及原因。结果表明：①西北干旱区的降尘量主要与沙尘事件频次有关;②沙漠戈壁区的大气降尘量大于黄土高原区;③降尘量在强沙尘源区,呈现出显著的高值中心。随着沙尘自西向东输送,降尘通量随输送距离的增加而减少。     

沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度的试验观测研究

中国北方沙尘气溶胶的理化特征及其气候效应受到了广泛关注,但现有的研究大都是基于较短时段和典型事件的试验观测。本项研究利用大流量采样器和安德森采样器,对沙坡头地区沙尘气溶胶的质量浓度特征进行了长达3a的监测,获得了该地区沙尘气溶胶的年变化特征,并与背景气象资料和降尘观测结果进行了对比分析;针对典型天气过程的观测结果表明,不同天气条件(背景大气、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴)下TSP浓度存在倍数关系和量级的差异,其质量浓度随粒径分布特征也明显不同;两种采样器观测结果的对比分析也表明,局地沙尘释放是沙坡头地区大气气溶胶的主要来源,但在沙尘暴过程中,远源沙尘输送的贡献也不容忽略。     

新疆沙尘源状况及其沙尘气溶胶释放条件分析

沙尘气溶胶是干旱、半干旱区大气中重要的组成物质, 沙尘天气多发是该区域沙尘气溶胶含量高的主要原因。新疆1/4的土地被沙漠覆盖,塔里木盆地绝大部分地区沙土和沙壤土占地比率大于60%,沙漠沙以细沙为主, 特殊的下垫面为沙尘天气的形成提供了丰富的沙源;沙漠周围的边缘地带、河流两岸、古河道中的土壤类型中粒径小于2.5 μm和粒径小于10 μm的土壤颗粒物中细颗粒物分别达到了50%和20%,是大气沙尘气溶胶中细颗粒物的主要来源和潜在来源。沙尘天气的产生受大风、降水、植被覆盖度、下垫面性质以及大气环流等多种因素的影响。     

内蒙古中西部沙源地影响沙尘暴扩展过程的数值模拟研究

 通过对2002年3月18—22日沙尘暴过程进行的数值模拟及针对内蒙古中西部沙尘源地影响的敏感性试验研究，结果表明, 内蒙古中西部荒漠化草原生态的迅速恶化是2001年前后沙尘天气的频繁发生的部分原因。由于沙源地海拔高度的不同和风速随高度的变化，在沙尘远距离输送过程中可能出现两个不同高度而相互孤立的优势沙尘输送带，分别位于对流层和地面附近。其传输距离、传输速度、影响地区、影响时间存在巨大差异。内蒙古中西部沙源地的起沙主要通过地面附近的沙尘输送带向东、向南传输。其通过对流层的传输随沙尘区的不断扩展而越来越弱，进而被其他更高海拔高度的沙源地起沙所取代。     

Spatial pattern of ground water level changes in the irrigated agricultural region of Bist Doab,Punjab, India

Intensive irrigation causes major consumption of ground water resources especially in India. Due to a large population base, the extraction of ground water for mechanized agriculture has significantly increased during the last few decades in the Bist Doab region of Punjab, India. This study analyses the spatial pattern of changes in ground water levels in the Bist Doab region during the 1998–2011 period. Using spatial interpolation, the ground water levels were interpolated for the whole region for each year. Spatial data on the intensity of irrigation and tubewell density were also mapped to analyse their trends. The results reveal the emergence of a zone of deepening water table in the south west portion of the Bist Doab. The ground water levels have dropped more than 20 meters from the surface in this area. Using these results, we classified the Bist Doab region into three zones (Zone 1, 2, and 3) for prioritizing ground water management initiatives. While agricultural water consumption provides one possible explanation for falling ground water levels in the area, other non‐anthropogenic factors may also play a role in such trends. Further research at the same scale is recommended in other parts of the Punjab State.     

东亚沙尘气候效应对地面温度日较差影响的数值模拟

地面温度日较差（DTR）作为重要天气和气候指标,反映昼夜温差极值,比平均气温对地表辐射收支的变化更敏感,对环境变化和气候异常具有重要参考价值。沙尘气溶胶的气候效应是影响岩石圈-大气-海洋系统的重要因子,但目前的研究较少涉及沙尘气溶胶对DTR的影响机制。基于WRF-Chem模式（Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry）揭示2002—2005年沙尘气溶胶气候效应对东亚地面温度日较差的影响。结果表明：WRF-Chem模式可以很好体现东亚气象场和沙尘气溶胶的时空分布特征。沙尘气候效应导致东亚大陆大部分地区DTR减小,沙尘直接辐射效应在其中起决定性作用。在白天,沙尘直接辐射强迫加热大气、冷却地表,减小地面总净辐射而降低日最高温度,导致DTR减小。在中国青藏高原和东北部地区,沙尘气溶胶间接效应占主导地位,导致青藏高原地区积雪覆盖减少,东北地区云水含量减小,间接导致DTR增大。     

Detection of ground ice using ground penetrating radar method

The paper presents the results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) application for the detection of ground ice. We combined a reflection traveltime curves analysis with a frequency spectrogram analysis. We found special anomalies at specific traces in the traveltime curves and ground boundaries analysis, and obtained a ground model for subsurface structure which allows the ground ice layer to be identified and delineated.     

区域气候模式对中国沙尘天气气候特征的模拟研究

现有的沙尘天气数值预报模式多选用中尺度天气模式单向耦合起沙模式的方式,不适合用来模拟沙尘气溶胶的长距离输送过程,也无法研究沙尘气溶胶辐射效应对气象场的反馈及气候变化的影响。利用一个耦合沙尘模式的高分辨率区域气候模式,模拟了2001年中国北方沙尘天气爆发的时空分布特征。模拟结果与站点观测结果对比发现,模式能够较好地模拟出中国北方主要的沙尘源地分布及沙尘天气爆发的季节变率。分析不同粒径沙尘颗粒的垂直分布特征发现,沙源地表土壤粒子特征、地形对起沙颗粒的大小都有影响;直径超过5 μm的大粒子是北方沙尘天气的主要成分,而影响长江以南的沙尘天气主要以1 μm以下的小粒子为主。对沙尘传输路径的模拟结果和实况观测发现,来自于不同沙源的沙尘天气其影响的范围有显著差异,模式能够较好地模拟出中国主要沙尘传输路径。     

中国北方一次沙尘天气过程的数值模拟

选取中国北方地区2012年4月22-24日的一次沙尘天气过程,综合分析了多种地面与卫星观测资料,并在此基础上采用WRF-Chem模式（Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry）对本次沙尘天气过程的起沙和传输进行数值模拟,并与卫星遥感、地面激光雷达等观测数据进行对比验证。结果表明：此次过程是由地面冷锋和高空短波槽共同作用引起的。WRF-Chem模式模拟结果较好再现了此次沙尘过程的时空分布特征,与地面观测的沙尘天气发生地点基本一致。沙尘天气发生前后,地面观测站各气象要素有明显变化,表现出大风、降温、正变压。WRF-Chem模式模拟的气温和湿度变化趋势与观测基本一致。地面观测得到的PM₁₀质量浓度与消光系数在沙尘过程期间均上升达到高值,模拟能够很好地反映PM₁₀质量浓度的整体变化趋势,但峰值低于观测结果。采用HYSPLIT模式进行后向轨迹模拟,进一步表明本次沙尘过程的源地主要为塔克拉玛干沙漠与古尔班通古特沙漠。前向轨迹模拟结果表明沙尘传输路径自新疆起始,途经内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏、陕西。     

Grain Dust as an Energy and Food Resource

Grain dust is a by-product produced in large quantities from grain storage and milling facilities but as of yet is treated as waste locally and regionally. Based on the conviction that material properties determination is a necessary first step for the efficient handling, processing, and use of materials, this work was initiated with the purpose of characterizing grain dust in terms of its physicochemical and thermal properties. Grain dust as a special waste material is a complex, dry, grey powder, composed mainly of grain chips, soil, whole wheat and barley seeds, and straw. The material was found to have a bulk density of 362 kg/m³, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and gross calorific value were 1540 J/kg K, 0.27 W/m K, and 4120 kJ/kg, respectively. Nutritional composition showed low concentrations of protein, and ether extract, and high concentrations of carbohydrates, ash, and crude fiber. Mineral analysis showed that Ca, Fe, and K were available in significant amounts ranging from 30 to 135 ppm. The as-received material is dry enough to be stored very safely and burned for energy production in either its loose form or as pellets. Moreover, adjustments to the ash content and C:N ratio of the material deems it a promising candidate as an animal feed and as a substrate for composting and biogasification.     

“7.17”西北夏季沙尘暴数值模拟

 对2005年7月17日发生在西北地区近20 a来夏季最强的沙尘暴过程进行了数值模拟研究,结果得到:①沙尘暴发生前,沙源处于高温控制下;②起沙是水平低涡和垂直涡叠加而成的一种类似于Benard对流泡的系统扫掠沙源的结果;③起沙主要发生在水平低涡移动方向的右部。