济南岩溶泉域泉群区水化学与环境同位素研究

本文通过对济南岩溶泉域排泄区地下水样品的分析,采用主要离子(Cl、NO_3、Mg、Ca、HCO_3、SO_4)、微量元素(Br、Ba、Sr)、氢氧同位素(~2H和~(18)O)、硫同位素(~(34)S)等示踪因子的综合研究方法,结合岩溶泉域实际水文地质条件,揭示了济南泉水的水文地球化学特征、枯丰期水化学动态和环境同位素特征,确定了泉水在枯、丰水期不同的补给来源及补给途径。研究显示,泉群区出流的泉水可以分为三组,黑虎泉出流的路径是经奥陶系灰岩直接出流,趵突泉是经奥陶系灰岩与第四系沉积层出流地表,而五龙潭泉、珍珠泉和53号井则是在灰岩和侵入岩体的接触地带及第四系沉积层较薄弱处涌出地表;在丰水期地下水是混合补给,包括来自奥陶系岩溶水直接补给和硅酸盐岩裂隙水的间接补给,而在枯水期地下水主要由奥陶系岩溶水直接补给;泉群区地下水中的S主要来源于燃煤,而且有不断增加的趋势。     

趵突泉泉域岩溶水典型污染组分变化特征及污染途径

济南趵突泉水闻名天下,自20世纪50年代以来岩溶地下水水质发生较大变化。利用收集与实测的近60年的水化学数据,选取矿化度、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-典型水化学指标,结合水文地质条件及人类活动影响,对山前三个典型富水地段岩溶地下水化学变化特征进行研究,并揭示泉域西部、中部、东部三个富水地段岩溶水水质污染途径。结果表明,1986年以前,三富水地段水质变化特征相似,均呈小幅增长趋势,而1986年以后差异显著。其中,西部富水地段除90年代以外,岩溶水中典型污染组分含量总体涨幅较小,地下水主要污染途径为点源—表流阶段入渗型;中部富水地段岩溶水中典型污染组分呈稳步增长趋势,地下水主要污染途径为面源—降雨间歇入渗型;东部富水地段岩溶水中常规离子组分涨幅最大,地下水主要污染途径为点源—开采越流入渗型。研究结果对泉域三个富水地段岩溶地下水保护具有重要指导意义。      

百泉泉域岩溶地下水水化学演化特征及成因

百泉泉域岩溶地下水是河北邢台市生产和生活的主要供水水源。近年来受到自然条件变化和人类活动的影响,泉域地下水流场明显改变,水化学场演变机制有待查明。本研究在水文地质调查和样品采集测试的基础上,采用统计学方法（描述性统计、Person相关系数）、饱和指数计算和水化学方法（Piper图、Stiff图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数）对泉域岩溶水化学特征展开了系统分析。结果表明:泉域岩溶水为弱碱性淡水,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、SO42- 是地下水中的主要离子,主要来源于方解石、白云石和石膏的风化溶解,Na+和Cl-主要来源于少量岩盐的溶解。沿着径流方向方解石相对于地下水由溶解状态转变为平衡状态,而白云石、石膏和岩盐一直处于溶解状态。补给区和北部径流区基本为HCO3-Ca·Mg型水,七里河、沙河附近和南部煤铁矿区岩溶水除HCO3-Ca·Mg型外,还多出现HCO3·SO4-Ca型、CO3·Cl-Ca·Mg型和HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水,煤铁矿区附近岩溶水中SO42- 的升高是受到了高SO42- 矿坑排水的混合影响。蒸发浓缩作用仅在水位埋深浅且地下水流动相对滞缓的排泄区较为明显,排泄点——百泉泉水为HCO3·SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型。此外,人类工农业活动改变了地下水的径流条件和水质,使局部岩溶水中NO3-、Cl-、Fe、总硬度含量升高甚至超标。      

Application of inverse modeling in a study of the hydrogeochemical evolution of karst groundwater in the Jinci Spring region,northern China

This study explores the hydrogeochemical evolution of karst groundwater in the Jinci Spring region, Shanxi Province, northern China. During 2015, karst groundwater samples collected from 24 sampling points along several profiles that follow the groundwater flow direction were subjected to hydrochemical analysis. Reaction paths and mineral phases for the hydrogeochemical modeling were determined based on the analysis results and in conjunction with the regional geology and hydrogeology. The PHREEQC hydrogeochemical modeling software was used to perform mass balance and reaction path modeling of the hydrogeochemical evolution of the spring region. The modeling results showed that from the recharge area through the runoff area to the drainage area, the hydrogeochemical processes occurring in the karst water vary widely between the northeastern, central, and southwestern parts of the spring region, and across the piedmont discharge area. Additionally, hydrodynamic fields and geological structures were found to have significant control over the hydrogeochemical reactions occurring within the spring region’s karst groundwater.     

Initial assessment of recharge areas for large karst springs: a case study from the central Zagros Mountains,Iran

Sousan Spring emerges from the Keyno Anticline, Zagros Mountains (Iran), and the mean annual discharge is ~24 m³/s. Geological and hydrochemical evaluations suggest that the spring recharge is from the limestone Ilam-Sarvak Formation (Cretaceous) but the Mafaroon Fault, a major thrust feature, influences the regional groundwater flow path by juxtaposing other strata. Geological, geochemical, stable isotope and water balance studies were employed to interpret this behavior. Using the isotope data, the sources and elevations of the recharge area were found. Temporal variations of the isotopic data were compared with variations of electrical conductivity (EC). Unexpectedly, high EC was associated with a relative increase of discharge and depletion of δ¹⁸O. Several hypotheses were investigated and approximate water balance studies employed for validation. It was found that an elongated catchment on the Keyno Anticline plus a lesser catchment on a pair of parallel anticlines recharge the aquifer. While the long groundwater flow path along the Keyno Anticline plus guidance by Mafaroon Fault and the adjacent Garou shaly strata lead to increased EC in the Sousan Spring at the end of the dry season, a flow pulse from two adjoining anticlines (Mahalbakh and Shirgoon) arrives at the same time to increase the discharge and deplete the δ¹⁸O signal. Apparently the spring did not experience true base flow conditions during the recorded hydrological year. Although the spring response to specific precipitation events was similar to typical karst aquifers, standard interpretation of recession curves and related coefficients will not be practical at Sousan.     

北方岩溶大泉流量动态模拟及其管理

在充分研究晋祠泉流量动态的基础上,分析了影响晋祠泉流量的主要因素,并利用时间序列分析方法,建立了晋祠泉流量动态的模拟模型,在此基础上,提出煤矿排水管理曲线图的方法来管理晋祠泉域岩溶水资源。     

天桥泉域岩溶水系统水动力场、水化学场特征分析

通过对天桥泉域岩溶水系统水动态和降雨量资料、万家寨水库水位与岸边岩溶水水位动态关系以及岩溶水化学成分进行研究分析,确定了研究区岩溶地下水的流动方向和强径流带的分布位置;总结出了动荡型、滞后型和消耗型三种类型的岩溶水动态变化特征,得出黄河岸边岩溶钻孔水位与水库水位变化同步等结论。在此基础上,对黄河进行了分段渗漏量计算,渗漏量可达6. 926m3 /s;绘制出了反映天桥泉域岩溶水化学成分变化的水化学三线图。      

Origin of the Danube-Aach system

The Swabian Alb formed by an Upper Jurassic carbonate sequence is the most extensive karst area of Germany. The western part is crossed by the upper Danube River. It represents an old, mainly Pliocene, drainage system that is now restricted by the young Rhine system. The low base level of the upper Rhine graben causes a strong headward erosion. Since the Upper Pliocene, the Danube has lost more than 90% of its headwaters. The underground Danube-Aach karst system of the western Alb represents the last capture of the Rhine, leading periodically to a complete loss of water in the upper Danube. The seepage of this water, together with the huge karst catchment area, supplies the strong discharge of the Aach Spring, forming the largest spring of Germany with an average discharge of 8.5 m³ s^–1.     

湖南保靖县白岩洞地下河流域水文地球化学特征研究

白岩洞地下河系统工程主要是解决保靖县城供水水源问题。本文通过三个时段的大量野外实测数据,分析了白岩洞地下河流域内岩溶泉、地表水体和地下河水的岩溶水文地球化学特征及其动态变化。结果显示,该流域内岩溶泉可分为两个主要类型,一类是与深循环有关、沿区域断层带分布,其水文、水化学动态相对稳定,水化学变化受深源CO2 浓度控制; 另一类为岩溶表层带泉,受地表环境、降雨量影响大,水化学动态变化较大。而地下河及其支流水的水化学变化特征介于表层带岩溶泉和地表水之间,其三个时段的变化规律跟表层带泉相似,主要水化学指标枯季( 12月) > 雨季1(次年4月)> 雨季2(次年7月) ,说明明显受降雨的稀释作用控制。      

Tracer tests, hydrochemical and microbiological investigations as a basis for groundwater protection in a remote tropical mountainous karst area, Vietnam

The Tam Duong karst area in NW Vietnam is among the poorest and remotest regions in the country. The local population largely depends on water from two main karst springs. Due to agricultural activity and untreated domestic wastewaters, the spring water is often microbiologically contaminated. In order to provide a scientific basis for groundwater protection in the area, different field methods have been applied including hydrogeological framework investigations, tracer tests, and hydrochemical and microbiological sampling and analyses. All methods had to be adapted to the conditions of a poor and remote area. These adaptations included, amongst other measures, the use of a portable microbiological water_testing kit and the involvement of the local population in the sampling campaign. The tracer tests showed simple and direct connections between two important swallow holes and the two main springs, and made it possible to determine the linear groundwater flow velocities, which are extremely high (up to 875 m/h). The hydrochemical and microbiological data confirmed the strong impact of the streams sinking into the swallow holes on the spring water quality. Future groundwater source protection strategies should consequently focus on the reduction of polluting activities near the sinking streams and within their catchment areas.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a typical karst spring system based on time series analysis in northern China

In order to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the karst aquifers in northern China, time series analyses (correlation and spectral analysis in addition with hydrograph recession analysis) are applied on Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring in Jinan karst spring system, a typical karst spring system in northern China. Results show that the auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 after 123 days and 117 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring, respectively. The regulation time obtained from the simple spectral density function in the same period is 187 days and 175 days for Baotu Spring and Heihu Spring. The auto-correlation coefficient of spring water level reaches the value of 0.2 in 34–82 days, and regulation time ranges among 40–59 days for every single hydrological year. The delay time between precipitation and spring water level obtained from cross correlation function is around 56 days for the period of 2012–2019, and varies among 30–79 days for every single hydrological year. In addition, the spectral bands in cross amplitude functions and gain functions are small with 0.02, and the values in the coherence functions are small. All these behaviors illustrate that Jinan karst spring system has a strong memory effect, large storage capacity, noticeable regulation effect, and time series analysis is a useful tool for studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of karst spring system in northern China.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

娘子关泉域岩溶水SO42-、δ34S特征及其环境意义

在分析区域地质、水文地质条件及水化学同位素的基础上,研究了山西娘子关泉域岩溶水的SO42-、硫同位素分布特征。研究表明:（1）泉域西北、西南地区岩溶水的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（2）泉域中部汇流区岩溶水的SO42-含量高而δ34S值低,其中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,这是因为温河、桃河及南川河沿岸的岩溶水接受了被矿坑水污染的河水的渗漏补给以及部分地区受到钻孔串层污染;（3）娘子关泉群中城西泉水中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,而五龙泉和集泉站水中的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（4）泉域东北部及东部河流沿岸以外的地区,岩溶水中的SO42-主要来源于大气降水、石膏溶解,并受到所处地层岩性的影响。      

古堆泉岩溶地下水系统特征及系统圈划

古堆泉是汾河流域内唯一的中低温地热泉,研究其水文地质特征、划定岩溶地下水系统边界是进行岩溶地下水资源评价和地热水成因研究的基础。通过对古堆泉岩溶地下水系统的地质结构特征、水文地质结构特征和岩溶地下水循环演化规律分析,初步圈划了古堆泉岩溶地下水系统及其子系统。研究结果表明：系统内地质结构复杂、火成岩侵入和隐伏断裂发育,总体上可以将其概括为南北和东西向均"三隆三陷"的地质格局;古堆泉岩溶地下水主要接受塔儿山、二峰山及中条山碳酸盐岩裸露区的降水入渗补给,南梁泉和海头泉是系统内2个岩溶地下水的局部排泄点,古堆泉是最终排泄点。根据水文地质结构特征和岩溶地下水循环特征确定了古堆泉岩溶地下水系统边界及其水文地质性质,圈定的古堆泉岩溶地下水系统面积为2 942 km²,并进一步将其划分为4个相对独立的岩溶地下水子系统：塔儿山-九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统、佛岭山-高显海头泉岩溶水子系统、中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统、侯马盆地深循环岩溶水子系统。     

北京西山岩溶水中硝酸盐来源及迁移特征

西山岩溶水作为北京市重要的供水水源,在区域水文地质调查过程中发现西山岩溶水补给区一些样品硝酸盐浓度偏高,然而其周围岩溶水中硝酸盐浓度并未见明显变化（浓度均值为18.81 mg/L）,具点状硝酸盐源特征。岩溶含水层中硝酸盐分布特征和影响因素具有重要的研究意义。文章利用岩溶水化学和同位素分析结果研究了岩溶水硝酸盐分布和来源,利用IsoSource软件计算各来源的贡献率。结果表明:军庄—永丰屯径流区和军庄—古城—玉泉山泉径流区岩溶水中硝酸盐主要来源于生活废水、土壤有机氮矿化和大气沉降,贡献率值分别为37.1%、36.3%、26.6%;潭柘寺—四季青岩溶水中硝酸盐在潭柘寺补给区有养殖场废水下渗影响,径流区中硝酸盐含量低并发生反硝化降解作用。永定河水源硝酸盐不是岩溶水硝酸盐的主要来源。研究成果对西山岩溶水中硝酸盐的控制具有重要参考价值。     

柳林泉域降水补给的时滞研究

柳林泉位于山西省柳林县东川河河谷,是中国北方最大的岩溶泉之一.1984～2005 年间的平均流量为 3.29 m3/s.流域内的大气降水是泉水的主要补给来源.根据柳林泉域水文地质条件的灰色系统特征,通过对泉域降水补给的时滞问题研究,提出了带有时滞的灰色关联分析模型.在此基础上,运用该模型对泉域不同地区的降水量与泉水流量进行了时滞分析.结果表明,柳林泉域不同区域的降水对柳林泉域的补给时滞存在差异.离石、中阳和方山的降水时滞分别为 3 a、4 a 和 6 a.该方法可应用于山西省其它岩溶大泉的岩溶水动态分析.     

广西灵水岩溶大泉水文地质条件

灵水泉为广西典型的构造型岩溶大泉,其泉域分布面积大,泉水具有出口多、流量大、动态较稳定等特点。近些年来,灵水泉出口流量呈现减少的趋势,而且水质也出现了轻微污染,引起当地政府的高度重视。为查明灵水泉含水介质特征与补给特性,综合采用地面调查、物探、钻探和地下水示踪等方法研究灵水泉岩溶管道分布特征,并圈定了灵水泉补给范围。研究成果表明: 灵水泉上游岩溶管道结构为网络状,管道规模不大,呈带状集中分布; 北部一带为该泉主要补给区,典型集中径流带长约8 km,宽200~700 m。根据同位素的高程效应,计算得出灵水泉补给高程为496 m,与圈出的补给范围高程相近,印证了调查结果。本研究可为制定灵水地下水资源的开发利用和保护方案提供依据。     

辛安泉岩溶水系统研究分析

辛安泉是山西省第二岩溶大泉,该岩溶泉水是长治市除漳泽水库外的主要供水水源。泉域为一完整的岩溶地下水系统,具有独立的补给、径流、排泄关系,为全排型岩溶大泉。通过对泉域岩溶地下水水文地质特征、岩溶水天然资源量、可开采资源量及开发利用现状的分析研究,为区域水资源的优化配置提供了科学依据。     

基于MODFLOW的岩溶管道水流模拟方法探讨与应用

针对岩溶管道水流特征,选取广西寨底岩溶流域为研究对象,分别采用三维有限差分地下水流动模型(MODFLOW)中的Drain和River模块概化模拟岩溶管道特征,结合管道内上游、中游及下游三个观测孔对比分析两种方法的适用性,结果表明:末期等水位线图中位于管道两侧处流线均有形状突变,符合实际管道水流动态特征,且能模拟出管道内水位变化趋势。最后分析两种方法模拟管道水流的原理,Drain模块中岩溶管道仅起排水作用,不允许管道内水流流向周围含水层,而River模块允许岩溶管道水与周围含水层水流交换,因而相对Drain模块而言,应用River模块概化模拟岩溶管道更加精确。       

川滇高原斜坡地带峡谷区岩溶水化学特征及演化规律

岩溶地下水不仅作为重要的生活和生产用水水源,而且作为一种重要的地质营力,对于岩溶演化史具有重要影响,对其进行水化学特征分析及演化规律研究,能够为岩溶水资源及岩溶生态环境保护提供科学依据。以川滇高原斜坡地带峡谷区岩溶地下水为研究对象,结合研究区水文地质条件,对比分析了龙爪坝河岩溶水系统和洛泽河岩溶水系统内地下水化学特征。通过常规地下水化学组分、氢氧同位素分析和水文地球化学反向模拟,识别了地下水化学类型,确定了岩溶水的主要离子来源和补给特征,判别了发生的水岩相互作用过程。研究表明：岩溶地下水以大气降水为补给来源,离子源于岩石风化作用,物质来源为灰岩、白云岩夹灰岩,水岩相互作用均受方解石、白云石和石膏沉淀及溶解作用控制,且龙爪坝河岩溶水系统内矿物饱和指数趋近饱和,岩溶发育趋于停滞,而洛泽河岩溶水系统内矿物饱和指数处于不饱和或饱和的波动态,岩溶仍然发育。     

Study on the characteristics and causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan

By comparing the testing data of the hydrochemistry components and organic pollution of karst water sample in Jinan with large amount of historical data, the author finds the long-existing problem of carbon tetrachloride pollution and the great change of hydrochemical characteristics of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan. Since karst water is the main water-supply source in eastern suburbs of Jinan, these problems have greatly affected the safety of water supply. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition in eastern suburbs of Jinan, this thesis discusses the causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation with hydrogeochemical theories so as to protect the precious karst groundwater and Jinan spring water. It is found that through research and analysis that there are mainly two causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation: the vulnerability of karst water in this area; the other being the serious pollution in this area caused by remaining pollution sources of the last century.