地磁野外观测记录和回放软件的再研究

1　软件介绍本文软件的再研究设计和技术指标的编写是以《地震地磁野外测量规范》 (以下简称《规范》)为依据 ,并从地磁野外工作的特点和实用性出发。按要求地磁野外观测“组与组之间的时间间隔应不小于 5分钟”。为便于地磁数据的日变量图等进行通化处理 ,特规定每组地磁野外观测在一定的时间进行 (每时的 0 5分、 1 0分、 1 5分…… )。为达到这样的地磁野外观测的时间模式 ,地磁野外观测员或记录员就要准备能显示时、分、秒且走时较准确的电子表或其他电子时钟等。另外 ,时钟的时间和 PC-1 50 0 A的时钟要对准。PC-1 50 0 A所具有的ti…     

地电观测干扰地磁记录的原因及排除方法

1　地电观测干扰地磁记录地电供电观测干扰地磁记录 ,已成为全国既有地电手段又有地磁手段台站存在的通病 ,已严重影响这些台站正常记录 ,特别是垂直分量 ,其跳变幅度在 1～ 2 0 n T左右。超过《地磁台站观测规范》要求环境干扰水平小于 0 .1 n T,地电干扰已超出《地磁台站观测规范》要求几十倍甚至百倍以上* 。为解决地电供电观测干扰地磁记录 ,我们查阅了一些有关资料 ,图 1　蒙城台地电、地磁布局相对位置分布进行了大量的实验研究 ,试图寻找排除干扰的办法。图 1是我台地电和地磁布局相对位置图。图 1中 E为地电工作房 ;F为地磁仪器房…     

广东省数字强震动台网建设介绍

广东省在“十五”期间要建成一个具有一定规模的数字强震动台网。目前,强震动台网已经完成了大部分的基建工作和一部分的仪器安装工作。在建设过程中,强震动台网既满足《强震观测规范》的要求,同时又有创新之处。本文从台网的布局、观测环境、技术系统等几方面详细地介绍了强震动台网的建设情况。     

山西奇村水汞异常干扰因素分析

2002年5月，山西忻州奇村水汞观测出现短期高值异常变化，变化幅度是正常值的10倍左右。从变化时间上分析，比较好地对应了2002年9月3日太原ML50地震，但通过调查和对比观测等分析。认为此异常系仪器不稳定、试剂污染及所配试剂用的蒸馏水不符合规范要求造成的。     

试论水氡观测中仪器K值的使用

在水氡观测仪器标定中，关于标定K值的使用方法，《规范》规定：当新一原K值相对偏差小于5％时继续管用原K值。但在实际观测中，这样容易导致误差积累。本文从日常观测中出现的几个问题分析，认为在每年仪器标定后，无论标定的仪器新一原K值相对偏差是否大于5％，都应采用新K值。     

地热整时值观测资料处理程序

结合地热观测的要求和台站的实际情况，作者运用VB语言编写了本程度，输出图表与规范要求一致，处理结果与取位符合规范要求。本研究应用于台站实际工作，减轻了台站观测人员的工作量，提高了工作效率。     

形变标定格值计算软件

为提高地壳形变观测仪器格值标定的真实性、准确性和可靠性,根据《地震前兆台网运行管理办法》和《地震前兆台网形变观测与运行工作细则》,针对不同测项、不同仪器标定的规范要求及特点,应用Visual Basic语言编制了格值计算软件。本文主要介绍了软件的使用、格值计算、误差检查方法,结果以全国形变台网中心推荐的Word格式保存。对水管仪、水平摆、垂直摆仪直接从原始文件读取数据,提高了标定精度,实现了格值标定的半自动化。本软件已应用于河北省地震前兆数字化台站工作。     

山东数字化水位观测资料与模拟观测资料的对比分析

山东数字化水位观测开展了近3年时间，与模拟观测相比，具有数据传输快、数据量级大、人为误差少的优点，从而使地下水位的高频、短周期信息大量增加，为捕捉地震短临异常信息提供了有利条件。分析结果表明，数字化水位观测资料与模拟观测资料的变化特征一致，因而可以代替现有的模拟观测；数字化水位观测资料保存在SQLserver数据库，可通过地震前兆信息处理与软件系统（EIS2000）方便地联接，随时采用相关的数学处理方法分析，跟踪动态的发展变化；日常分析应用表明，数字化水位观测资料仍可延用以往模拟观测资料的分析处理方法，同时许多新方法（如潮汐分析、加卸载响应比法）也可在数字化水位观测资料分析中应用。     

临汾中心地震台“十五”前兆观测系统综述

对临汾中心地震台“十五”前兆观测系统运行情况进行了统计分析,结果表明：该观测系统工作状态稳定、运转情况良好,产出数据的连续率、完整率等指标达到了规范中≥95％的要求;3套形变观测数据“内精度”达到了国家“Ⅰ”类形变台的标准,对于全球7级以上地震和全国6级左右地震,石英摆倾斜仪能清晰记录到50％以上地震的前驱波现象;在同一地震前垂直摆出现的异常变化与石英摆存在截然不同的异常图像形态,这可能与两仪器自身之间的摆系、工作周期、频率等指标的差异性有关;大地电场有较好的远场异常效应,在青海海西等地震前记录到了明显的短临异常。     

宝鸡地震台地电阻率观测效能评价

根据中国地震局电磁学科技术管理组制定的《地电台站观测效能评估方案》,对宝鸡台地电阻率观测效能进行全面评价。从评价结果来看,宝鸡地震台地电阻率的台址结构条件、电磁环境、台站观测系统等均符合地电阻率台站建设规范要求;地电阻率观测精度不低于3‰测值,保证了准确测量不低于1％地电阻率异常的指标需求。宝鸡地震台地电阻率对本区及附近地区中等以上地震有一定监测能力,其观测数据在本区及附近地区地震监测、预报和地震科学研究及相关科学研究中有重要价值。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.