2023年度日本政府地震调查研究的主要经费申请概算

根据日本地震防灾对策特别措施法,日本地震调查研究推进总部于2022年8月底,对日本政府各相关行政机构2023年度用于地震调查研究的主要经费申请概算,进行了汇总和调整并对外公布。2023年度,日本政府用于地震调查研究的相关经费总概算额为100亿日元,相比较2022年度的64亿日元,增长了56%,这些经费主要分配于文部科学省、经济产业省、国土交通省及总务省等下属部门,但经费并不包括日本公立行政法人等的运维补助费用。     

日本2005年度地震调查研究经费预算93亿日元,增长2%

日本地震调查研究推进本部汇总有关部门的预算,提出日本2005年度地震调查研究政府预算方案,总额为93亿日元,比上年度增加2％。2005年地震调查研究方面投入巨资主要用于3个方面。     

日本提出今后10年地震调查研究基本计划的中间报告

1999年4月日本制定的“推进新的地震调查研究——推进地震观测、测量、调查及研究的综合性基本措施”,迄今已有10年。其问,日本地震调查研究的环境正在发生着变化。例如,预测今后30年中将以很高的概率发生造成重大灾害的东海、东南海、南海和首都直下型等地震。     

综述日本地震调查研究观测网

根据1995年制定的"地震基础调查观测计划",经过10多年的整合、建设、完善,日本地震调查监测工作取得了重要进展,基本上建成了现代化的地震调查观测研究综合网络,地震观测数据实现了统一集中处理和共享。这样就增强和提高了地震监测预测预报研究能力和水平。初步实践显示出它的先进性和有效性。本文就日本地震调查观测研究网络建设的计划设计思路和设计目标、地震调查观测研究网络的特点、地震调查观测研究网络取得的重要进展,以及地震观测网络建设时的举措等做以综述简评。     

日本2012年度地震调查研究项目计划

2011年9月30日,日本地震调查研究推进本部根据日本地震防灾对策特别措施法,对日本各有关机关2012年度地震调查研究项目及其预算等事务进行协调,并就2012年度日本地震调查研究项目及其预算要求进行汇总,初步结果如下.     

日本修改《关于推进新的地震调查研究的意见——关于推进与地震有关的观测、测量、调查及研究的综合性基本措施》

《关于推进新的地震调查研究的意见——关于推进与地震有关的观测、测量、调查及研究的综合性基本措施》(2009年4月制定)这一条例,是政府工作的纲领性文件.东日本大地震(东北地方太平洋近海地震)发生以后,日本地震调查研究推进本部对其进行了修改.经第31次中央防灾会议讨论,2012年9月6日正式通过修改意见,现将修改情况简介如下.     

2011年度日本地震调查研究主要项目与经费概算

日本地震调查研究推进本部基于地震防灾对策特别措施法,对有关行政机关2011年度地震调查研究项目与预算等进行了汇总和调整。2010年8月31日地震调查研究推进本部公布了2011年度日本地震调查研究的主要项目与经费概算。     

日本1999年度地震调查研究基本方针和研究项目及其特点

日本地震调查研究推进总部于１９９８年８月２８日召开总部会议,汇总了各地震调查研究部门１９９９年度计划,确定了日本１９９９年度地震调查研究基本方针,经费预算和研究项目及其计划。     

日本2006年度地震调查研究项目简介

日本地震调查研究推进本部于2005年8月30日召开第22次本部会议,汇总文部科学省、经济产业省、国土交通省等有关部门的2006年度地震调查研究预算,概算要求总额达131亿日元(不包括独立行政法人等运作经费),比2005年度预算额增加41%。在此之前,地震调查研究本部政策委员会的预算小     

有关日本地学方面的消息4则

1　 2 0 0 1年度政府有关地震调查研究的预算总额约为 1 60亿日元　　地震调查研究推进本部的统计结果表明 ,2 0 0 1年度政府有关地震调查研究的预算比上一年度减少约 4亿日元 ,总额为 1 60 .41亿日元。本年度预算将用于以下几个方面 :1 )为实现地震调查委员会 2 0 0 4年制成地震动预测图的目标 ,防灾科学技术研究所着手研究新的制作方法。2 )在有关地震的地基调查观测设施方面 ,防灾科学技术研究所还将不断添置高灵敏度地震观测设施和宽频带地震计。3 )政策委员会调查观测计划分会将建立一种更完善的高精度地震观测数据的流通体制。在上一…     

Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India

Seasonal and annual trends of changes in rainfall, rainy days, heaviest rain and relative humidity have been studied over the last century for nine different river basins in northwest and central India. The majority of river basins have shown increasing trends both in annual rainfall and relative humidity. The magnitude of increased rainfall for considered river basins varied from 2–19% of mean per 100 years. The maximum increase in rainfall is observed in the Indus (lower) followed by the Tapi river basin. Seasonal analysis shows maximum increase in rainfall in the post‐monsoon season followed by the pre‐monsoon season. There were least variations in the monsoon rainfall during the last century and winter rainfall has shown a decreasing trend. Most of the river basins have experienced decreasing trends in annual rainy days with a maximum decrease in the Mahanadi basin. The heaviest rain of the year has increased from 9–27 mm per 100 years over different river basins with a maximum of 27 mm for the Brahamani and Subaranrekha river basins. A combination of increase in heaviest rainfall and reduction in the number of rainy days suggest the possibility of increasing severity of floods. Such information is useful in the planning, development and management of water resources in the study area. Further, the majority of river basins have also experienced an increasing trend in relative humidity both on seasonal and annual scales. An increase in annual mean relative humidity for six river basins has been found in the range of 1–18% of mean per 100 years, while a decrease for three river basins from ? 1 to ? 13% of mean per 100 years was observed, providing a net increase in the study area by 2·4% of mean per 100 years. It is understood that an increase in areal extent of vegetation cover as well as rainfall over the last century has increased the moisture in the atmosphere through enhanced evapotranspiration, which in turn has increased the relative humidity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phosphorus dynamics in water and sediments in urbanized and non-urbanized rivers in Southern Brazil

Phosphorus flux models show that the removal tends to be a common feature in polluted estuarine systems whereas the release of P to the adjacent coastal area occurs in pristine environments. This study analyzes the distribution of P in water and sediments along six rivers in the south coast of Brazil. Three rivers located inside protected areas were considered non-polluted and used as a control of urbanization. The other three, situated within urbanized areas, were considered as having highly elevated concentrations of P. Results showed a different behavior of P in water and sediments located in urbanized and non-urbanized areas. The concentrations of dissolved organic (P-org) and inorganic (P-inorg) phosphorus in water, and the total phosphorus (P-tot) and polyphosphate (P-poly) in sediments where higher in the urbanized rivers compared to the non-urbanized ones. Both P of punctual origin and of diffuse origin contributed to the maintenance of elevated concentrations and disturbed the natural fluxes along the polluted rivers. The minimum and maximum concentrations in urbanized areas varied from 0.39 to 12.45 (microM) for P-org and 0.00 to 5.92 (microM) for P-inorg in water, and in sediments from 89.90 to 808.16 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 76.51 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. In non-urbanized areas concentrations in water varied from 0.22 to 1.20 (microM) for P-inorg and 4.43 to 5.56 (microM) for P-org, and in sediments from 45.91 to 652.26 (microM g(-1)) for P-tot and 0.00 to 8.61 (microM g(-1)) for P-poly. Using a hierarchical sampling design and a simple model of variation of P (K(d) model) it was possible to demonstrate that urbanized and non-urbanized estuaries may act as sinks or sources of P. The variation of P analysis in different points along each of the six rivers showed that release and removal areas may occur within a same river independently of its urbanization.     

Spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan

Although changes in rainfall characteristics have been noted across the world, few studies have reported those in mountainous areas. This study was undertaken to clarify spatial and temporal variations in rainfall characteristics such as annual rainfall amount (Pr), mean daily rainfall intensity (η), and ratio of rain days (λ) in mountainous and lowland areas in Taiwan. To this aim, we examined spatial and year‐to‐year variations and marginal long‐term trends in Pr, η, and λ, based on rainfall data from 120 stations during the period 1978–2008. The period mean rainfall () at the lowland stations had strong relationships with the period mean daily rainfall intensity () and the period mean ratio of rain days () during those 31 years. Meanwhile, was only strongly related to at mountainous stations, indicating that influences on spatial variations in were different between lowland and mountainous stations. Year‐to‐year variations in Pr at each station were primarily determined from the variation in η at most stations for both lowland and mountainous stations. Long‐term trend analysis showed that Pr and η increased significantly at 10% and 31% of the total 120 stations, respectively, and λ decreased significantly at 6% of the total. The increases in Pr were mostly accompanied by increases in η. Although stations with significant η increases were slightly biased toward the western lowland area, increases or decreases in Pr and λ were not common. These results contribute to understanding the impacts of possible climate changes on terrestrial hydrological cycles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic Matter and Its Transformation Rates in Spawning and Fattening Lakes in Kamchatka

The concentration of dissolved and particulate organic matter (OM) in Lakes Kuril'skoe and Azabach'e is shown to depend on the rate of its production by phytoplankton (and by macrophytes in Lake Azabach'e) and on the amount of allochthonous OM delivered by rivers. The rate of OM transformation in the production–destruction cycle and the regeneration of phosphates were evaluated based on the activities of redox enzymes of the electron-transport system and the hydrolytic enzymes of alkaline phosphatase and protease. The intense assimilation of allochthonous OM in lake ecosystems was found to take place due to active hydrolytic disintegration of the arriving OM.     

我国油气资源勘探开发中存在的主要问题及对策

本文对中国石油、天然气资源作了重点的介绍.强调了这些资源对我国国民经济和国防建设的重要性.目前,我国油气资源短缺的现象日益严重.作者指明了在前第三纪海相残留盆地中勘探这些资源,会带来光明的前景.     

Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous radiolarian zonation in Japan and in the western Pacific

Abstract A radiolarian zonal scheme for the entire Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous using biostratigraphic data from both Japanese Island sections and the western Pacific seafloor is documented. The zonation is applicable to low and middle paleolatitude portions of the Paleo-Pacific ocean. Radiolarian bio-events such as the evolutionary first appearance biohorizon, first occurrence biohorizon, and last occurrence biohorizon were used to define zones. The 11 zones proposed are, in ascending order, Parahsuum simplum, Trillus elkhornensis, Laxtorum(?) jurassicum, Tricolocapsa plicarum, Tricolocapsa conexa, Stylocapsa(?) spiralis, Hsuum maxwelli, Pseudodictyomitra primitiva, Pseudodictyomitra carpatica, Cecrops sep-temporatus, and Acanthocircus carinatus zones. Preliminary age assignments for these zones are presented.     

Variations in the loadings and riverine transport of nitrate and nitrite in Latvia

The intra-annual and long-term variations in the nitrate and nitrite concentrations and transport are considered for the years 1948–1990. The nutrient loading on the Latvian rivers is subject to considerable intra-annual variations. Weak direct relationships with the fresh water inputs were observed for nitrite, while inverse ones were characteristic for nitrate. The nitrate and nitrite concentrations have been increasing since the late 1950s followed by an increase of the year-to-year variability. Non-point sources of anthropogenic impact (fertilizers leaching from agriculture and the reclamation) increase riverine concentrations of nitrogen compounds, and in particular of nitrate from 300–500 to 1300–1500%.