综合物探在水库渗漏探测中的应用

受右坝肩正断层F2的影响,某水库岩溶发育,一直存在渗漏问题,经多处防渗处理,问题依然存在且日趋严重。本文综合采用流场法、自然电场法、高密度电阻率法对该水库渗漏进行了探测。发现老隧洞封堵质量较差,存在渗漏问题,并导致其下游侧坝体集中渗漏和大面积散浸;大坝坝体中部存在从上游坝坡至下游渗漏通道,是坝体下游二级坝坡出现散浸的主要原因;大坝右岸低矮山体存在渗漏入口,并可能与下游山脚的泉水点相连通;大坝右坝肩F2断层带防渗性差,存在与下游断层露头集中渗漏点相通的渗漏通道。此次探测结果表明:综合物探法能较准确获得水库渗漏源、渗流通道等位置信息。     

热源法探测陡河水库左坝肩绕坝渗漏通道

通过热源法对陡河水库渗漏通道的探测发现,陡河水库左坝肩存在着绕坝渗漏通道。在左坝肩基岩10m高程附近存在低温场异常,通过对水库底部附近温度场分布测量,判定出低温水来自上游右支河水的补给,通过低温区分布确定出绕坝渗漏强渗漏通道的位置,在库水位保持在32m时,根据热源法计算出渗漏通道的渗漏量在3.59×105~4.74×105m3/d之间,钻孔发现水库边基岩中的水位比库水位低22m,水位差是造成了水库跌窝事故的主要原因,在11#钻孔中发现了来自河床的细砂,在11#和9#孔中的连通试验证实基岩中的强渗漏通道。     

岩溶水库渗透破坏型渗漏勘察与评价

以重庆市南川区肖家沟水库蓄水多年之后库首右岸发生的岩溶渗漏为例,探讨了岩溶水库长期运行过程中防渗体系因高压渗透破坏产生的岩溶渗漏的勘察与评价方法。通过地质分析、渗漏历史调查、钻孔、水文地质测试、物探及连通试验等方法,查明了水库右岸岩溶渗漏的范围及原因。水库渗漏边界清晰,渗漏范围主要是右岸可溶岩区的630 m高程以上,防渗体渗透破坏是水库产生渗漏主要原因。其渗漏途径一是沿原封堵堵头的薄弱区域或溶洞封堵体周边发生渗透破坏产生新的通道向下游溶洞出口集中的渗出,二是穿过右岸防渗线绕过右岸坝肩后沿岩体溶蚀裂隙或管道汇入下游右岸岸坡溶洞集中的渗出地表。通过此工程实例,提出了岩溶水库防渗体渗透破坏型渗漏的勘察与评价方法,宜以历史资料分析为基础,初判渗漏成因及范围,采用勘探、试验及物探等多种手段进行验证,为防渗处理提供可靠依据。     

水库岩溶渗漏及防渗研究综述

岩溶地区水库渗漏是可溶岩地区兴建水利枢纽的主要工程地质问题之一,尤其是在可溶岩广布、岩溶发育强烈、地形复杂地区,岩溶渗漏成为了该类地区水利水电工程的一个普遍问题.库区的岩溶渗漏不仅影响建坝后的正常蓄水,还将危及坝体的安全与稳定.因此,有必要对库区渗漏,特别是岩溶地区的库区渗漏进行渗漏机理、渗漏特征、渗漏条件等进行详细分...     

贵州省三宝水库岩溶渗漏分析

三宝水库区域出露地层主要为三叠系下统夜郎组,以泥岩和灰岩互层为主,岩溶十分发育,导致水库渗漏问题突出。在大量工程地质调查与测绘、钻探、物探等技术手段基础上,对水库渗漏条件及渗漏通道进行研究。研究表明:三宝水库库首存在绕坝渗漏和深部岩溶管道渗漏的可能,水库左岸存在地下分水岭且高于正常蓄水位,无渗漏之忧,水库右岸向低邻谷渗漏可能性较大,库盆通过落水洞向远距离深切割侵蚀基准面渗漏的问题突出。     

灰色关联度分析法在水库渗漏分析中的应用

利用水化学资料,针对某水库下游面和右坝肩渗漏水来源采用灰色关联度分析法进行了识别,并利用水化学分析方法进行对照,结果表明:水库右坝肩渗漏水主要来自水库水绕坝渗漏,而大坝下游面渗漏水则主要来源于地下水,其通过地下水腐蚀坝体形成渗漏在坝前渗出,其灰色关联度分析结果与水化学分析得出结论一致,为水库渗漏的进一步防治提供了参考依据。     

琅琊山抽水蓄能电站上水库副坝地段岩溶发育特征及渗漏分析

琅琊山抽水蓄能电站上水库位于岩溶区,水库的主要问题是副坝坝基深部的岩溶渗漏问题。本文简要分析副坝地段岩溶发育规律和特征,利用地下水渗流场分析岩溶渗漏特征和形式,并用岩溶管道水汇流理论分析和计算渗漏量,从而分析研究岩溶结构体的透水性,为岩溶渗漏分析和防渗处理提供依据      

滕口水库岩溶坝基灌浆堵漏工程实践

根据汝州市滕口水库坝基渗漏特性的不同有针对性地实施堵漏施工,坝体坝基结合部采取多孔联合灌注、速凝封闭待凝方法;坝基断层裂隙带采取聚丙烯酰胺-惰性材料与水泥-聚丙烯酰胺复合浆液灌注方法;坝前渗漏点与深部绕坝渗漏带采取速凝砂浆灌注、间歇待凝方法,堵漏工程的实施有效解决了该水库存在的岩溶渗漏问题。     

新安江右坝裂隙岩体渗流同位素示踪研究

应用同位素示踪方法对新安江右坝的裂隙岩体渗流场进行了研究。在单孔中应用同位素示踪技术可得到流速、流向、垂向流等水力学参数,结合相关的地下水井流理论,就可计算出裂隙等效水力隙宽、渗透系数等反映裂隙渗透性的参数,对其进行分析,就确定了渗流场的分布以及集中渗漏通道的位置。     

新安江右坝裂隙岩体渗流同位素示踪研究

应用同位素示踪方法对新安江右坝的裂隙岩体渗流场进行了研究.在单孔中应用同位素示踪技术可得到流速、流向、垂向流等水力学参数,结合相关的地下水井流理论,就可计算出裂隙等效水力隙宽、渗透系数等反映裂隙渗透性的参数,对其进行分析,就确定了渗流场的分布以及集中渗漏通道的位置.     

金沙江美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流对工程影响分析

金沙江美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流沟分布面积广、发生频率高;调查表明库区现有不同类型泥石流沟31条,其中属于高度危险的泥石流沟4条,中度危险的泥石流沟15条;这些泥石流不会造成严重的堵河问题。在施工期泥石流对水电站工程的影响突出,特别是靠近库首的泥石流对工程的安全构成威胁。水库蓄水后,库区泥石流对水电站工程影响有所降低,但位于大坝下游区的泥石流对水电站正常运行仍有较大的影响。     

Water losses risk assessment: an example from Carpathian karst

The multipurpose dam and reservoir “Bogovina” in the Crni Timok valley is one of several projects that have been initiated to improve water availability in Serbia. The site and height of the dam were initially proposed without consideration of risk factors such as water leakage or stability of the banks. Later, complex hydrogeological and speleological surveys and tests identified the potential of significant water losses from the reservoir area connected mainly to the karstic aquifer, and the nearby Bogovina cave system. The analyses show that once the reservoir is filled up, groundwater flow currently oriented towards the future reservoir would saturate the upper part of the karstified rocks, reactivate currently unsaturated pathways and form a reverse discharge outside of the reservoir area. In response to these findings, the dam design and technical details have been adapted accordingly: the dam height has been reduced by 9 m, and it is proposed that grouting and consolidation work be conducted both at the foundation of the dam and extensively on the embankments. It was concluded that although the proposed remedial measures cannot guarantee reservoir tightness, they can reduce the risk of large-scale leaking.     

自强水库库区工程地质评价与坝线选址研究

自强水库位于陕南秦巴山地中低山地貌区,水库为镇巴县备用水源地及旅游观光风景区,属小(1型水库。通过对库坝区地质构造、地层岩性、岩溶发育等工程地质条件分析可知,对工程建设及坝线选址有影响的工程地质问题主要为库区内发育逆冲叠瓦小断裂以及岩溶发育可能导致水库渗漏等。库区内无大型活动性断裂构造,构造较为稳定,且库区蓄水范围小,蓄水量不大,不易诱发地震。而拟选坝址位于自强河段,沟谷对称顺直,综合水库坝址区地形地貌、工程地质等条件进行坝线比选,推荐下游坝线为较为理想的坝线位置,可满足工程建设要求。     

孔间电磁波CT探测揭示水库坝基岩溶形态特征——以广西靖西大龙潭水库帷幕灌浆为例

广西靖西大龙潭水库枢纽,为浆砌石重力坝,坝轴线长249 工程于1963年竣工蓄水,同年坝基大量漏水,库内出现多处漏水漩涡,水从坝下穿流而过在下游涌出,当水库泄空后,发现库内有岩溶塌陷(落水洞)多处.以往采用常规的勘探方法仅能了解单个钻孔竖直方向的地质情况,不利于查清坝基横向连续发育的破碎带和溶洞空间分布.孔间电磁波CT探测技术与钻探相结合,正好可以弥补这方面的不足.孔间电磁波CT探测在大龙潭水库坝基的岩溶探测结果说明,这种方法可行有效,溶洞和破碎带探测结果还经过灌浆钻孔的验证.     

用稳定同位素(δD、δ18O)研究册田水库清泉洞补给水源

清泉洞穿过坝体,是大坝工程的隐患,搞清楚清泉洞流量的主要补给来源,是水库漏水还是左岸地下水的渗水可为加固工程提供重要依据。所以,从清泉洞、水库和左坝肩附近地区各取水样,用同位素δD和占δ¹⁸O进行对比分析。从分析结果看出,清泉洞水的流量主要是由水库水补给的,但也有一小部分从左岸渗入的地下水。     

复杂岩溶水系统势汇区建坝成库可行性研究

北盘江流域沿线山高谷深,岩溶水文地质条件复杂,局部区域水资源短缺,岩溶渗漏问题成为水利水电工程建设的瓶颈。文章综合地质调查测绘、钻探及物探、水文地质试验、岩溶水系统分析、地下水均衡分析等方法,论证了PCH水库不会发生邻谷渗漏及绕坝基深部的岩溶管道型渗漏,但发生溶隙型渗漏的可能性较大。采用有限元法模拟溶隙渗漏显示:随着T₁yn1-1灰岩溶蚀率的增大,坝基抗滑稳定系数稍有降低,潜在失稳模式为后缘剪断T₁yn1-2岩体,前缘沿T₁yn1-2层内岩屑夹泥型软弱结构面剪出;坝基渗漏量呈线性增加,T₁yn1-1灰岩溶隙密集带为坝基主要渗漏区。当溶隙密集带沿T₁yn1-1灰岩与T₁yn1-2泥灰岩接触带水平发育且集中分布时,坝基抗滑稳定系数将明显减小,坝基渗漏量将明显增大;当溶隙密集带垂直发育、分散发育或主要分布于坝后区域时,其对坝基抗滑稳定及坝基渗漏量影响微弱。岩溶水文地质分析及数值模拟均显示,复杂岩溶水系统势汇区下游区域多以溶隙渗漏为主,其工程影响有限,具备建坝成库条件。      

下伏采空区对水库坝基稳定性和渗漏性的影响

结合延安某拟建水库的工程地质条件及采空区赋存状况,在分析房柱式采空区变形破坏形式及机理的基础上,分析了房柱式采空区对拟建水库坝基的稳定性及渗漏性的影响。稳定性分析认为:拟建场地采空区处于不稳定状态,在坝体荷载作用下,将引起采空区"活化",采空区对坝基及泄水涵洞等附属构筑物的稳定存在严重影响。渗漏分析认为,下伏采空区对拟建水库渗漏存在严重影响。在采空区未发生大面积拱冒、切冒破坏的前提下,采空区引起拟建水库的渗漏量为1 671.9 m3/d,约占水库年平均流域径流量的17.9%。当采空区发生大面积拱冒、切冒破坏条件下时,采空区产生的切冒破坏将引起坝基及两侧坝肩的绕流,在切冒陷落区与不扰动区接触带出现台阶,垂直坝基轴线方向形成上下游贯通裂缝或空洞,形成管涌破坏,导致坝体失稳。鉴于此,应对坝基采空区进行有效治理,以确保建设工程安全。      

Identification of sources and causes of leakage on a zoned earth dam in northern Taiwan: Hydrological and isotopic evidence

Seepage through an earth dam body must be regulated as a well–planned process, if it is not properly managed, the abnormal seepage may cause dam failure. This study employed stable isotopic and statistical methods to identify the source and cause of an abnormal leakage on the zoned earth dam of the Xin–Shan reservoir located in northern Taiwan. Water samples from the dam area over a 2-a period were collected and analyzed for their stable O and H isotope compositions. In addition, a 4-a period of hydrological data, including rainfall, reservoir level, well level, seepage of filter drainage and leakage, were statistically analyzed with a stepwise multiple regression approach. Both the stable isotopic and hydrological results indicate that the abnormal leakage on the dam shell comes from the filter drainage in the dam. The reason for abnormal leakage is due to unexpected and significant precipitation–sourced water flowing into the dam’s body. The dam filter fails to drain out the incoming water sufficiently, thus generating the abnormal seepage. In addition, the defect in the dam filter may also cause the drainage filter to drain off reservoir seepage inadequately. Therefore, it is suggested that checking the filter function and preventing excessive precipitation–sourced water from flowing into the dam are the two top priorities for the follow-up remedial strategy of the dam.     

清华洞暗河堵洞成库与防渗技术

为解决富宁县城供水及其附近乡村农业灌溉问题,对清华洞暗河进行堵洞成库。水库设计总库容9934万m3,堵洞体高87.5m,最大蓄水深约116m。地质调查发现,库盆及四周均分布有较完整的相对隔水层、隔水层,山体雄厚,泉点出露均高于水库设计蓄水高程,但是,枢纽区地质构造较为复杂,岩溶发育,暗河进口左岸有溶洞和断层溶塌体分布,引起绕坝渗漏的可能性很大。根据枢纽区工程地质条件,选择附近有D3g隔水层分布并能避开溶洞影响,同时距暗河进口较近而利于施工的0+085坝址段对清华洞暗河进行封堵,并采用上下两层悬挂式半封闭帷幕灌浆对溶塌体和其他岩溶裂隙通道进行防渗处理。经多年实践表明,本防渗技术可行,坝址、防渗帷幕灌浆线路以及灌浆设计合理,水库造价低,有效地解决了县城供水和下游2.26万亩农田及21.5万亩热区作物灌溉问题。      

Method of leakage study at the karst dam site. A case study: Khersan 3 Dam,Iran

The excellent topographic condition of the limestone canyons for dam construction may be rejected if they are karstified. Karst features cause the reservoir not to be impermeable enough to permit the water to fill it and leakage occurs and often increases with time. Moreover, karst features may involve the stability of the dam itself. A few operated dam sites at the Zagros Zone encountered a leakage problem. Furthermore, more than 30 dams are presently under study for construction in the Zagros Zone. Karst conditions and leakage potential were investigated at an under-study site (Khersan 3 Dam) for assessing the general methodology for the study of leakage potentials. Conventional methods for studying karst features, geological mapping, geomorphology and extensive borings were applied before the dam was constructed. These methods are not efficient enough to precisely reveal the karst structure, especially hidden and paleokarst, nor the hydrological behaviour of the karst structure in different settings of groundwater flow. Based on the present case study and previous applied approaches by other authors, this paper introduces a methodology by means of karst structure and functioning approaches at local and regional scales that cover the conventional methods and overcome their shortages. The proposed methodology should be applied before construction of a dam and should include three steps (a) recognition of geological and hydrogeological settings, (b) delineation and functioning of the karst system related to the future reservoir, and (c) assessment of the leakage potentials. Following this methodology, the most probable leakage zone(s) and path(s) at the dam site can be highlighted.