波浪力对深水桥墩结构在地震和冰荷载作用下的响应影响分析

考虑到波浪力对深水桥墩地震响应和冰振响应的影响,本文基于非线性Morision方程,同时考虑附加质量效应和流固耦合效应,通过建立深水桥墩结构有限元分析模型及动力平衡方程,对深水桥墩结构进行了波浪、冰荷载、地震3种环境激励荷载单独作用下,以及不同组合形式共同作用下的数值分析;进而对计算结果进行了比较,探讨了动水压力对深水桥墩结构响应的影响程度,可为今后深水桥墩抗震以及抗冰设计提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

冰荷载的实验研究与计算方法

本文阐述：（１）我国自１９８８年以来冰荷载实验研究概况；（２）世界各国冰荷载实验研究的概况及各国规范中规定的冰荷载公式；（３）我国在冰荷载研究中取得的成果；（４）现有冰荷载公式的特点与应用限制；（５）桥梁系统在冰荷载作用下的结构反应；（６）我国冰荷载的实验研究评价；（７）研究总结；（８）冰荷载作用下桥梁的计算。     

桥梁结构在地震和冰荷载作用下的响应

本文采用杆系有限元方法,研究了桥墩结构在地震和冰荷载作用下的响应问题。根据桥梁的结构特点,建立其力学模型,考虑柱墩受支座的约束作用,推导了桥墩结构的动力平衡方程,分别研究桥墩结构在地震和冰荷载作用下以及在其共同作用下的响应问题,比较了考虑柱墩受支座的约束作用与不考虑柱墩受支座的约束作用2种情况下桥墩结构的响应问题,为研究桥墩结构在多荷载作用下的响应问题提供理论依据。     

桅杆结构抗震、抗风和裹冰研究现状与展望

概述了国内外桅杆结构的工程应用与理论研究现状,介绍了桅杆结构的分类及其特点,分析了桅杆结构在地震荷载、风荷载、裹冰荷载的破坏机理与破坏工程实例,总结了钢管混凝土桅杆与网壳结构的组合形式及其特点,最后归纳了桅杆结构的研究方向和发展趋势。     

损伤和缺陷对海洋平台抗冰抗震性能的影响

现役导管架式海洋平台可能会存在裂纹、凹痕、腐蚀等缺陷和损伤,并可能受到海洋生物附着及地基土冲刷的影响,这些问题将减小构件强度或者放大荷载作用.取一座导管架海洋平台为例,应用动力时程及整体推进法进行分析,对比损伤前后动冰力作用下结构响应、结构抗冰能力曲线及剩余强度储备系数,并取3个地震波对损伤前后结构的地震响应、抗震能力曲线、抗震安全裕度系数进行对比.结果显示损伤和缺陷极大地降低了海洋平台抗冰抗震性能,对现役海洋平台的检测和维修也有一定借鉴意义.     

巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站用P300工程核级冷冻机组抗震力学性能计算分析

核电站中的结构、设备的安全可靠性是公众所关注的焦点,国内外的研究人员对此做了大量的工作。对于各种不同的荷载组合,针对某一类结构进行细致的分析研究是必要的。本文采用有限元法对巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站中采用的核级冷冻机组在地震动、结构内压及自重等多种荷载组合作用下的结构抗震性能进行了计算分析。     

巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站用P300工程核级冷冻机组抗震力学 …

核电站中的结构、设备的安全可靠性是公众所关注的焦点,国内外的研究人员对此做了大量的工作。对于各种不同的荷载组合,针对某一类结构进行细致的分析研究是必要的。本文采用有限元法对巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站中采用核级冷冻机组在地震动、结构内压及自重等多种荷载组合作用下的结构抗震性能进行了计算分析。     

基础隔震结构在竖向荷载作用下的内力分布特点

以一个3跨4排柱建筑为例,对非隔震结构和隔震结构在竖向荷载作用下的内力分布特点进行了对比研究,其中考虑了隔震层顶部梁板结构的荷载、刚度以及结构的梁柱刚度比等因素的影响.研究中发现,与非隔震结构相比,隔震结构一层柱子的柱端弯矩明显增大,隔震层顶部梁的梁端弯矩与其倚载成正比等规律.同时提出了基于非隔震结构的隔震结构在竖向荷载作用下内力的计算方法和“隔震影响系数”的概念.即,隔震结构的内力等于非隔震结构的内力乘以“隔震影响系数”.其中还进一步对“隔震影响系数”的影响因素进行了定量研究,得出了“隔震影响系数”的计算公式.本文所提出的计算方法与隔震结构在水平地震荷载作用下的内力计算方法思路一致,因此,该方法也进一步完善了隔震结构的设计理论.     

筒型基础系缆平台使用过程原型测试分析

本文介绍在国内首次开展的多筒筒型基础平台在使用过程中的原型测试分析研究。对所采用的测试系统和测试方法作了概要描述，对冰荷载、结构动力响应以及筒型基础反力等同步测量数据进行了初步分析。结果表明，本次采取的测量系统是稳定可靠的，其测量数据是可信的。这项成果的取得为筒型基础平台的计算理论和方法的发展提供了原型结构的印证数据，对筒型基础平台的设计具有直接的参考意义。     

巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站用 P300 工程核级离心通风机抗震性能计算及试验研究

核电中的结构、设备的安全可靠性是公众所关注的焦点，国内外的研究人员对此做了大量的工作。然而，对于多种不同的荷载组合，针对某一类结构进行细致的分析研究是必要的。本文对巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站中采用的离心通风机在地震动、转子离心力、结构内压及自重等多种荷载组合作用下对结构进行如下几项分析：（１）对结构建立有限元计算模型，并通过大型振动台试验验证模型的合理性与准确性；（２）减振后结构的动力特性研究。     

乌梁素海冰封期湖泊冰盖组构特征对污染物分布的影响

为探究富营养化浅水湖泊季节性冰盖污染物分布规律,于2013-2014年冰封期,钻取乌梁素海湖泊冰盖冰芯试样,观测冰厚并对冰芯晶体结构、气泡含量、污染物浓度(总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr))进行分析.结果表明:冰盖可分为4层,中间2层冰晶体粒径较大且气泡含量较少,为冰盖热力生长区.冰盖以柱状晶体居多,粒径随深度增加而增加,气泡含量随冰盖密度增加而减少.冰盖结构特征与污染物分布具有相关关系,冰芯密度及气泡分布与总氮、总磷和COD_(Cr)相关关系分别为0.8965、0.8718、0.8184,并建立多元回归模型揭示冰封期湖泊水质特征,为季节性湖泊冰盖研究及冰封期湖泊水资源规划和管理提供理论依据.     

The role of GPR techniques in determining ice cave properties: Peña Castil ice cave,Picos de Europa

The structure and ice content of ice caves are poorly understood. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can provide useful insights but has only rarely been applied to ice caves. This paper interprets GPR images (radargrams) in terms of internal structure, stratification, compaction, thickness and volume of the ice block in the Peña Castil ice cave (Central Massif of Picos de Europa, northern Spain), providing the endokarst geometry of the ice cave in GPR data reflections. Eight radargrams were obtained by applying a shielded ground‐coupled antenna with a nominal frequency of 400 MHz. Although the radargrams do not depict the ice–basal bedrock interface, they suggest that the ice block is at least 54 m deep and similarly thick. Some curved reflection signatures suggest a potential vertical displacement in the block of ice, and thus certain dynamics in the ice body. Other images show numerous interbedded clasts and thin sediment layers imaged as banded reflections. In this particular cave a direct visual inspection of the ice stratigraphy is a difficult task but GPR provides clear reflectivity patterns of some of its internal features, making GPR a suitable instrument for this and future studies to achieve a better and broader understanding of the internal behavior of ice caves.     

Ice processes on medium‐sized north‐temperate lakes

Lake ice supports a range of socio‐economic and cultural activities including transportation and winter recreational actives. The influence of weather patterns on ice‐cover dynamics of temperate lakes requires further understanding for determining how changes in ice composition will impact ice safety and the range of ecosystem services provided by seasonal ice cover. An investigation of lake ice formation and decay for three lakes in Central Ontario, Canada, took place over the course of two winters, 2015–2016 and 2016–2017, through the use of outdoor digital cameras, a Shallow Water Ice Profiler (upward‐looking sonar), and weekly field measurements. Temperature fluctuations across 0°C promoted substantial early season white ice growth, with lesser amounts of black ice forming later in the season. Ice thickening processes observed were mainly through meltwater, or midwinter rain, refreezing on the ice surface. Snow redistribution was limited, with frequent melt events limiting the duration of fresh snow on the ice, leading to a fairly uniform distribution of white ice across the lakes in 2015–2016 (standard deviations week to week ranging from 3 to 5 cm), but with slightly more variability in 2016–2017 when more snow accumulated over the season (5 to 11 cm). White ice dominated the end‐of‐season ice composition for both seasons representing more than 70% of the total ice thickness, which is a stark contrast to Arctic lake ice that is composed mainly of black ice. This research has provided the first detailed lake ice processes and conditions from medium‐sized north‐temperate lakes and provided important information on temperate region lake ice characteristics that will enhance the understanding of the response of temperate lake ice to climate and provide insight on potential changes to more northern ice regimes under continued climate warming.     

神奇的球状冰(冰球、冰蛋)

大量球状冰集聚排列是自然界中较为罕见的现象,一般发生在浅滩、湖岸和河岸处.因球状冰形态特征的特殊性,常被称之为冰球、冰蛋.球状冰的形成与发展受气象、水动力和水滨地形条件等多因素共同控制,且具有一定的时空限制,必须在短时间内多因素协同干预才可能引发冰球集聚.正是凭借"制造"条件的苛刻性导致了冰球集聚现象的罕见,也造成了全球各地冰球出现的位置、形态和数量之间存在差异.已有来自于德国、俄罗斯、芬兰和加拿大等多个国家关于冰球现象的报道,但发生频率极少,约20～ 30年一次.近年来在吉林省的查干湖和四海湖发现了冰蛋现象,但关于球状冰从形成到大量集聚之间的定量研究依然缺少实测数据分析支撑.毫无疑问,来自大自然的神奇现象为科学探索研究提供了更多的动力和乐趣.     

Internal structure and sources of selected ice jams on the lower Vistula River

The lower stretch of the Vistula is the most ice‐jammed river section on the North European Plain. Since 1982, the structure of hanging dams has been studied by means of a mechanical non‐core sampler. In this article, a selected of field research results of the hanging dams' structure and the degree of filling of the cross section with ice obtained during surface ice‐jam events in the years 1995–2014 are presented, along with an explanation of their causes. Surface ice jams occurred during spring snowmelt surges and ice breakups and also during freeze‐up and ice‐covered periods. Their main cause was changes in the river flow and was also those affected by anthropogenic sources. A characteristic feature of the analysed cross sections was the considerable share of the underhanging ice dam's firm accumulation with ice floes, when the cross section would be filled with ice in excess of 70%. In most cases, due to low river discharge, there was no substantial flooding damage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南极冰盖内部结构特性研究——基于三维各向异性电磁波时域有限差分方法

冰雷达技术已成为目前探测南极冰盖内部结构的主要技术手段.近年发展起来的多极化雷达技术可根据不同方向雷达反射功率的变化推断冰盖内部冰晶组构特征和变化规律,进而推断冰盖内部应力应变历史,这对于理解冰流机制和动力过程以及解释冰盖过去、现在和未来的变化规律具有非常重要的作用.本文从Maxwell方程出发,推导出适于介电常数各向异性的三维电磁波时域有限差分方程,进而建立模型模拟各向异性介质的响应输出及其时空分布特征.模拟结果表明： (1) 电磁波在各向异性介质中传播时,波前面为椭圆形,长轴位于介电常数小的主轴方向; (2) 横向各向异性介质反射波振幅在水平面内具有180°的变化周期.通过对现场常用三种天线装置类型模拟对比分析发现,不同天线类型各向异性层底界面反射波存在“时差”现象,并且时差大小和正负与上下层介电常数差异以及同层各向异性差异有关.在模拟计算的基础上,作者讨论了由于介电常数各向异性导致的“时间延迟”和水平面内振幅“周期性变化”的原因.模拟结果和结论对于南极冰盖冰雷达数据处理和解释工作具有指导意义.     

Cryologic continuum of a steep watershed

Ice processes taking place in steep channels are sensitive to the thermal and hydrological regimes of upstream reaches and tributaries as well as to the local channel morphology. This work presents freezeup, mid‐winter, and breakup data from four channels of increasing order located in a cold temperate watershed during the winter 2010–2011. From headwater channels to the main drainage system, water temperature, ice coverage, and ice processes are reported and related to weather conditions and to channel characteristics. Headwater channels only formed ephemeral ice features, and their water temperature reached as much as 4 °C in mid‐winter. On the other hand, larger channels formed impressively large ice dams, some of them reaching 2 m in height. The development of a suspended ice cover partially insulated the channels; as a result, water temperatures remained above 0 °C even for air temperatures well below freezing. This work presents steep channels ice processes that have not been described in previous publications. The concept of a watershed cryologic continuum (WCC) is developed from the data collected at each channel order. This concept emphasizes the feedback loops that exist between morphology, hydrology, heat, and ice processes in a given watershed and can lead to a better understanding of ice processes taking place at any channel location within that watershed. The WCC can also contribute in improving our understanding of the impacts of climate change on the cryologic and thermal regimes of steep channels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dipole anomaly in the Arctic atmosphere and winter Arctic sea ice motion

Arctic sea ice, an important component of the cli- mate system, has received significant attention re- cently. Arctic sea ice variation is an important indica- tor of changes in the climate system, such as global change and polar amplification, and observation and climate modeling suggests that sea ice can itself be an agent of climate change[1―4]. Previous studies[3,5] have shown that sea ice influences the surface and atmos- pheric boundary layer temperature. Potentially more important is t…     

基于实测与模拟的青海湖冰厚时空变化特征

湖冰厚度是湖泊在封冻期的重要物理参数,明晰其时空变化特征对于认识气候变暖背景下的湖冰响应规律具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.基于ERA5 Climate Reanalysis气温数据集、MODIS MOD09GQ数据产品和2019年湖冰钻孔测厚数据及雷达测厚数据,重建2000—2019年青海湖冰厚时间序列并分析其时空变化特征.结果表明:①2019年3月实测青海湖湖冰厚度平均增长速率为0.30 cm/d,高于2月份(0.12 cm/d).基于度日法湖冰生长模型模拟的2018年11月—2019年3月青海湖冰厚平均增长速率为0.34 cm/d,与实际观测数据相比,模拟冰厚误差为±2 cm,但在河流入湖口处和湖区南侧误差较大,且冰厚模拟数值在3月中旬前高估而之后有所低估.②青海湖多年平均冰厚介于32～37 cm,其中2008—2016年湖冰厚度年际变化剧烈,呈现先增大再稳定后减小的趋势.冻结初期湖冰厚度增长迅速,12月和1月湖冰增长速率分别为0.45和0.41 cm/d,2月后冰厚增长速率放缓,2月和3月分别为0.29和0.14 cm/d.③2000—2019年冰厚整体呈现北厚南薄、东厚西薄的空间格局,多年冰厚变化幅度湖区西部较东部稳定,湖冰平均厚度与完全封冻时长及封冻期呈正相关.