长江中下游湖泊大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

2007年10月至2008年4月,对长江中下游地区四种不同类型(草型、天然养殖、施肥养殖以及城市湖泊)的10个湖泊的大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行研究,并分析其与水体营养状态之间的关系.研究结果表明,不同类型湖泊底栖动物的密度、生物量、多样性及特征种类均存在显著差异.草型湖泊具有最高的生物量和多样性,但密度最低,其特征种类为腹足纲动物.天然养殖湖泊生物量也较高,物种多样性处于中间水平,特征种类为河蚬、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕及苏氏尾鳃蚓.施肥养殖湖泊和城市湖泊底栖动物密度较高,并呈现出最低的物种多样性,特征种类主要是耐污能力较强的颤蚓类和摇蚊科幼虫.相关性分析表明湖泊营养状态指数与底栖动物密度呈显著正相关,而与生物量呈显著负相关,说明随着营养水平的增加,底栖动物群落逐渐被小个体的耐污种类所主导.Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数与营养状态指数亦呈显著负相关,反映目前长江中下游湖泊随营养水平增加底栖动物群落趋于简单化的演替趋势.     

太湖大型底栖动物群落结构与水环境生物评价

于2014年冬季和夏季调查太湖全湖116个样点的大型底栖动物,分析其群落结构及与环境因子的关系.共记录底栖动物55种,隶属3门7纲18目27科52属,底栖动物的平均密度和生物量分别为405.5 ind./m2和146.6 g/m2.优势度分析表明,河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、太湖大螯蜚(Grandidierella aihuensis)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)和拟背尾水虱属一种(Paranthura sp.)是太湖大型底栖动物的优势种.基于环境因子聚类分析,可将全湖分为3个区:敞水区、水生植被区和富营养区.方差分析表明各湖区间环境因子差异显著.统计分析表明,3个区底栖动物群落结构相似性低,差异显著.典范对应分析表明,水深、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、水生植物、溶解性有机碳和沉积物中值粒径与大型底栖动物群落结构显著相关.K-优势曲线、物种多样性指数显示,从水生植被区→敞水区→富营养区,营养水平增加,底栖动物多样性逐渐降低,生物量逐渐升高.研究结果表明营养水平、底质类型以及水生植被的分布是决定太湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的关键因子.     

渭河干流和秦岭北麓典型支流底栖动物群落结构及水质生物评价

为摸清渭河干流及源于秦岭北麓典型支流的大型底栖动物群落特征,本研究于2017年10月和2018年5月对渭河干流及秦岭北麓5条典型支流共40个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,并利用Margalef丰富度指数和生物指数BI生物指数对河流水质进行评价.共鉴定大型底栖动物210种,属于5门8纲75科187属.水生昆虫为优势类群,其物种数占总物种数的89.0%,且四节蜉属一种（Baetis sp.）作为绝对优势的物种出现在所有调查河流中.源于秦岭北麓的支流石头河底栖动物总密度最高（616.3 ind./m²）,总生物量最大（5.265 g/m²）;而渭河干流底栖动物总密度最低（125.6 ind./m²）,总生物量最小（0.289 g/m²）.水质较好的秦岭北麓典型支流底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数显著高于渭河干流,而Pielou均匀度指数在干支流间的差异性不大.通过Pearson相关分析和多元逐步回归分析得出,淤泥型底质、电导率、pH和硝酸盐氮是影响调查河流底栖动物群落特征的主导因子.丰富度指数法和生物指数法水质评价结果分别显示,渭河干流有73.3%和80.0%的采样点呈中度-重度污染状态,秦岭北麓典型支流有80.0%和68.0%的采样点呈无污染-轻度污染状态.本研究可为渭河流域生态管理与保护提供基础的数据支撑.     

改性当地土壤技术修复富营养化水体综合效果研究:Ⅱ.底栖动物群落结构和多样性的响应

从2010年10月开始在太湖梅梁湾围隔内实验区实施了改性当地土壤技术,在研究其对水体富营养化和蓝藻水华长效控制作用的同时,重点研究了底栖动物群落对此技术的响应.研究发现:经过11个月的处理,相比对照区,实验区内软体动物的平均密度和生物量分别增长了124%和33.8%,底栖动物Margalef和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别增长了41.1%和18.5%.环境因子和底栖动物群落的典范对应分析发现叶绿素a、温度、溶解氧和总磷对底栖动物群落有显著影响.本研究表明通过改性当地土壤技术降低水体营养盐含量和叶绿素a含量、增加底泥表层溶解氧含量,可以在一定程度上改善底栖动物生境,提高其物种多样性.     

河流大型底栖动物对环境压力的响应:以太湖、巢湖流域为例

为了解河流大型底栖动物对环境压力的响应关系,以人类干扰程度不同的太湖流域和巢湖流域为研究区,系统调查区域内河流大型底栖动物,结合水体、沉积物理化数据及生境质量状况,运用空间分析和多元统计分析等方法,探讨了大型底栖动物多样性及典型物种对关键环境因素的响应规律.结果表明,太湖流域和巢湖流域的环境质量和大型底栖动物群落结构均差异较大,巢湖流域的生境质量优于太湖流域,巢湖流域平原区部分点位的水体营养盐(特别是氮浓度)高于太湖流域平原区.巢湖流域丘陵区的敏感型物种(主要为水生昆虫)密度远高于太湖流域丘陵区,太湖流域丘陵区的耐污型物种(寡毛纲)平均密度稍高于巢湖流域丘陵区,而巢湖流域平原区的寡毛纲霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)平均密度远高于太湖流域平原区.广义加性模型建立的响应关系曲线表明,栖境多样性和总氮浓度可以作为生物多样性的指示因子.铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、椭圆萝卜螺(Radix swinhoei)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、霍甫水丝蚓、苏氏尾鳃蚓、黄色羽摇蚊(Chironomus flaviplumus)等特征物种与特定环境因子的响应关系显著,这些物种也可以作为环境监测的指示物种.底栖动物环境梯度的响应曲线能够定量地描述底栖动物群落对环境因子的响应关系,有利于深入了解水体水质、营养状态及生境质量与大型底栖动物群落结构的相关关系,进而预测不同人为干扰下大型底栖动物群落结构的变化趋势和演替过程.     

不同污染程度湖泊底栖动物群落结构及多样性比较

首次对湖北梁子湖水系污染程度不同(中营养型、中富营养型、富营养型)的4个湖泊的底栖动物群落结构和物种多样性进行了周年研究,结果表明,底栖动物种类数、物种多样性与湖泊受污染程度呈负相关系,密度与污染程度大体上呈正相关．还讨论了底栖动物环境指示种生态特性,研究表明中国长足摇蚊的密度与水体营养水平呈正相关,软体动物种类数与湖泊污染程度呈负相关．通过对软体动物、寡毛类及摇蚊类密度和生物量在不同湖泊之间的差异的分析,表明湖泊水体污染导致了底栖动物多样性明显降低．     

富营养深水水库底栖动物群落与浮游生物相关性分析

底栖动物和浮游生物通过食物网发生复杂的交互作用,是水库生态系统物质循环的重要组分.南湾水库和汤浦水库均为存在富营养化现象的深水水库,具有较长时间的水温分层期.本文选取这两座供水水库为对象,比较其水体营养状态、底栖动物的群落结构、现存量和多样性.通过群落状态指数(IICS)定量评估底栖动物群落状态,并采用PLS模型、Spearman秩相关以及回归图探讨浮游生物各类群密度与IICS的关系.研究结果显示,南湾水库富营养程度高于汤浦水库,寡毛类在南湾水库占据优势地位,摇蚊类在汤浦水库数量上占优.南湾水库以收集者为主,其数量占比远高于汤浦水库.深水水库通常存在较强的热分层,富营养化会加重水库底部的缺氧或厌氧状态,导致底栖动物遭受周期性的缺氧扰动,影响种类多样性和现存量,改变浮游生物类群与底栖动物群落的相关性,因此底栖动物群落与浮游生物的相关性能够提供判断水库富营养化程度的重要信号,进而为水库管理方提供更多有价值的参考信息.     

1988-2016年洞庭湖大型底栖动物群落变化及驱动因素分析

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖泊,其水文条件对湖泊湿地生态系统健康的维系发挥着不可替代的作用.近年来,水环境恶化日益威胁湖区水生态系统健康.然而,有关底栖动物水生态健康评价的研究仍然停留在物种群落结构方面,缺乏底栖动物群落功能对水污染响应的研究,尤其在较长时间尺度上.因而,本研究分析了19882016年近30 a来洞庭湖的水质和底栖动物群落数据,探寻底栖动物群落功能对水环境恶化的响应规律.结果表明,洞庭湖水体总氮浓度是威胁底栖动物物种和功能群落变动的主要因素.此外,不断恶化的水环境驱动底栖动物物种和功能群落结构改变,表现为敏感水生昆虫的比例下降,寡毛类、小型软体动物比例的上升,并伴随着体长为1.00~1.99 cm、背扁型、侧扁型、不移动等功能性状类别比例的下降.同时,水环境恶化降低物种丰富度、功能丰富度和劳氏二次熵多样性.基于距离的冗余分析结果显示,水体氮营养盐、重金属离子和有机污染物共同驱动底栖动物物种群落结构的变异,而营养盐类与无/有机污染物决定着其功能群落结构的变异.鉴于洞庭湖水质不断恶化的状况,本研究建议采取一系列措施,包括合理管控湖区周边废水直排入湖、取缔湖区内的非法采砂以及调控枯水季洞庭湖水位等.生物监测和评价方面,建议将底栖动物物种和功能群落一并纳入评价体系,且优先选用物种丰富度、功能丰富度和劳氏二次熵指数评估换水周期较短的大型浅水湖泊水质变化对底栖动物物种和功能多样性的影响.     

湖滨带开发利用对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响:以洪泽湖为例

湖滨带是湖泊与陆地生态系统间非常重要的生态过渡带,能够保障周围生态系统结构的完整以及功能的正常发挥.随着湖滨带被持续开发与利用,人为干扰对湖滨带的影响逐渐增强.大型底栖动物是淡水生态系统的重要生物类群之一,也是物质循环和能量流动的主要环节,起着承上启下的关键作用.为了解湖滨带开发利用对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响,2020年8月对洪泽湖湖滨带49个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查.共采集到大型底栖动物49种,隶属3门7纲17目26科44属,各样点大型底栖动物的密度差别较大,介于6.67~1386.67 ind./m²之间,整体上呈现西北高,东南低的趋势.相似性分析结果表明,河口型湖滨带和大堤型湖滨带与其他类型湖滨带差异显著,而围网型、圈圩型和光滩型3种湖滨带类型之间的大型底栖动物群落差异均不显著.相似性百分比分析结果表明,腹足纲的环棱螺属是造成不同湖滨带类型差异的主要物种.典范对应分析结果表明,悬浮物（SS）、溶解态总氮、pH、透明度（SD）、浊度、水生植物盖度和扰动指数对大型底栖动物群落有显著影响.考虑不同湖滨带宽度的开发利用情况,发现湖滨带开发利用200 m范围内,物种-环境解释率最高,说明200 m湖滨带范围内的开发利用情况对大型底栖动物的影响最大,对湖滨带200 m范围内的开发利用应该加强管控.结构方程模型表明湖滨带开发利用主要通过影响水生植物盖度、总氮、硝态氮、叶绿素a、SS、SD等进而影响大型底栖动物,且围网也会直接影响大型底栖动物群落结构.     

湖北清江流域胡家溪大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

2006年4月至2007年3月,对清江流域上游一二级支流--胡家溪的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查研究,并利用生物指数对河水水质进行了系统评价.结果表明,共采集到大型底柄动物87种,其中环节动物3种,软甲动物3种,水生昆虫76种,软体动物5种.群落表现出明显的时空特点,6月份的物种最多,12月份的物种最少,S5的物种最多.S1的物种最少;各微生境中共有种占据优势,物种相似性均大于75%;功能摄食群则以收集者占优,共计达51种.群落密度在4月份达到最大,为3293ind/m2;而生物量则在12月份达到最大,为163g/m2.采用Shannon多样性指数、生物指数和科级水平生物指数对胡家溪水质评价的结果是河水水质比较清洁.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.