5·12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施

汶川5·12地震不仅造成了特大地震灾害,同时还诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,主要包括崩塌(滚石)、滑坡、堰塞湖和泥石流等.崩塌、滑坡不仅阻塞了救援道路,严重延缓了救援进度.还形成了30多个堰塞湖.地震和滑坡活动还将促进泥石流活动,使震区泥石流进入活跃期,在后期降水作用下形成严重的泥石流灾害.通过初步分析,提出了震区次生山地灾害应急减灾措施和恢复重建中的减灾措施.     

5·12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施

汶川5·12地震不仅造成了特大地震灾害,同时还诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,主要包括崩塌（滚石）、滑坡、堰塞湖和泥石流等。崩塌、滑坡不仅阻塞了救援道路,严重延缓了救援进度。还形成了30多个堰塞湖。地震和滑坡活动还将促进泥石流活动,使震区泥石流进入活跃期,在后期降水作用下形成严重的泥石流灾害。通过初步分析,提出了震区次生山地灾害应急减灾措施和恢复重建中的减灾措施。     

"5.12"汶川地震次生山地灾害的分布与特点

"5.12"汶川地震的重灾区,主要分布在龙门山高山峡谷区和四川盆地深丘区等地,行政区划上涉及四川省的成都市、绵阳市、德阳市、广元市、阿坝藏族羌族自治州,甘肃省的陇南市,陕西省的汉中市等的山区,面积大于10×104km2.强烈地震除直接造成众多人员伤亡和各种设施被毁外,还在山区引发了大量次生山地灾害,形成灾害叠加,导致灾情更加严重.次生山地灾害主要沿龙门山地震断裂带集中分布和沿河谷两岸山坡分布,具有下列特点:1.类型多样,包括崩塌、滑坡、滚石、堰塞湖、泥石流等;2.数量上以滚石、崩塌、滑坡为主;3.导致了大量人员伤亡;4.堰塞湖主要由地震滑坡、崩塌形成;5.泥石流活动具滞发性,地震直接激发的泥石流仅一处;6.对生态环境破坏极大;7.加剧了防洪形势的严峻性;8.主要沿龙门山断裂带活动;9.活动强弱与地震烈度大小关系密切.     

“4·20”芦山7.0级地震次生山地灾害活动特征与趋势

2013-04-20芦山县发生7.0级地震,震源深度13 km.截至4月29日地震共造成196人遇难,21人失踪,13484人受伤,200余万人受灾.地震发生后,我们立即开展了地震次生山地灾害的遥感解译、实地调查及危险性评估工作.作者定义了地震次生山地灾害,分析了次生山地灾害的活动特征、形成机制与模式以及发展趋势,并与汶川地震次生山地灾害进行了对比.初步查明芦山地震诱发了1460余处崩塌和滑坡,大量落石和4处堰塞湖.次生山地灾害具有规模小、群发性和高位破坏的特征.崩塌和落石成群发育于坚硬岩石形成的陡坡上,主要发育区段有:芦山县的宝盛乡金鸡峡、双石镇大岩峡以及省道S210线K317路段和灵关镇以北小关子段,对沿河公路及救援生命通道影响严重.滑坡数量较少,以中小规模为主,主要发生于砂岩、页岩和松散堆积层中,仅发现一处大型滑坡并转化为碎屑流.堰塞湖主要由崩塌、滑坡形成,均为低危险性小型堰塞湖.芦山地震次生灾害的主控因素为构造、岩性、结构面和地形,崩塌破坏主要表现为顺层滑动破坏型、切层倾倒破坏型和结构面控制破坏型3种模式.芦山地震诱发崩塌、滑坡的数量、分布范围和规模比汶川地震小得多,其数量仅为汶川地震的5.53％,造成的地表破坏面积(3.06 km2)仅为0.57％.芦山地震区两次地震扰动的叠加效应,大大降低坡体的稳定性,震后崩塌、滑坡和泥石流的活动性增加,增幅有限,活跃期也相对较短,但震区山地灾害的隐伏性和隐蔽性强,给隐患排查带来困难.     

5·12汶川地震龙门山风景区地震次生山地灾害特征与处理

5·12汶川地震激发了龙门山风景区崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等链状次生山地灾害.通过应急调查发现,该区已有堰塞湖5处,危害性崩塌、滑坡6处,已成灾泥石流沟1条,潜在泥石流沟11条,根据各处灾害的主要特征,确定堰塞湖的危险程度,提出山地灾害处理建议.     

5·12汶川地震龙门山风景区地震次生山地灾害特征与处理

5·12汶川地震激发了龙门山风景区崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等链状次生山地灾害。通过应急调查发现,该区已有堰塞湖5处,危害性崩塌、滑坡6处,已成灾泥石流沟1条,潜在泥石流沟11条,根据各处灾害的主要特征,确定堰塞湖的危险程度,提出山地灾害处理建议。     

“4·20”芦山地震灾区次生山地灾害易发性评价

选择"4·20"芦山地震灾区为研究区,在野外实地考察的基础上,结合高精度遥感影像解译分析,针对地震灾区滑坡、崩塌和泥石流等次生山地灾害的形成条件展开系统分析;在ArcGIS 9.3软件支持下,采用信息量模型,选择坡向、坡度、地层岩性、断裂带、河流冲刷作用、地震烈度和降水量7个影响因子作为芦山地震灾区次生山地灾害易发性评价的指标参数,将其划分为高易发区、中易发区和低易发区,该评价结果与实地考察结果基本吻合。基于GIS的信息量模型能够很好地为芦山地震灾区次生山地灾害易发性区划研究提供指导,其结果可以用来解决次生山地灾害易发性评价中效率低、精度差、费时费力等问题,从而实现次生山地灾害易发性评价的信息化和科学化。     

我国山地灾害的研究

对山地开发利用不当,就会引起生态系统失调,山地灾害频繁发生。这成为我国以及许多国家在山区建设中所面临的一个现实问题。 山地灾害是山区常见的自然现象,其包括水土流失。泥石流、滑坡、崩塌、冰雪害、冻土以及发生在山区的地震、冰雹等灾害。本文着重论及我国对泥石流、滑坡与崩塌等山地灾害的研究。     

汶川县地震次生山地地质灾害遥感调查

5.12汶川大地震瞬间释放巨大的能量,致使山体破碎,河流变迁,极大的改变了震区的地貌和地表景观,形成了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等一系列次生山地地质灾害,对人民群众的生命财产和社会经济的发展形成了严重威胁.采用传统实地调查山地地质灾害分布状况的方法困难很大,航空遥感技术可以宏观、全面、精确、及时地获取地质灾害相关信息,及时采取应急措施预防灾害的进一步发生.综合利用不同时相、不同传感器的影像对汶川县地震次生山地地质灾害进行监测,很短时间内全面掌握了汶川境内的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞点的分布情况,利用先进的RS、GIS技术,在DEM的基础上,结合地质信息,通过水系流域的划分,探讨了地震地质灾害的特点和分布规律,为预防预警次生山地地质灾害提供了新的思路和方法.     

汶川地震引发的次生山地灾害链及人工断链效果——以小岗剑泥石流沟为例

汶川地震后,小岗剑沟由于滑坡、崩塌产生了大量松散物质,其地势陡峻,暴雨频率高,2009—2011年连续暴发10场泥石流,损毁公路,规模大时会堰塞绵远河,形成以频发性泥石流为主的典型地震次生山地灾害链。2012年完成泥石流治理工程,同年8月小岗剑沟再次发生泥石流,破坏了部分工程。以小岗剑沟为例,通过整理现场采集的图片和数据,并对比以往资料,研究次生山地灾害链链式反应过程以及经过工程治理后的灾害链人工断链效果。研究表明:小岗剑沟频发型次生灾害链的衰减不仅体现在引起下一级次生灾害的土石方量逐级减小上,而且体现在随时间变化的灾害激发条件提高上;虽然泥石流发生条件提高,但由于泥石流沟沟床不断被切深,小岗剑沟危险性随着可动势能增大而逐年增大,人工断链失败后,沟床再次下切,建议使用阶梯-深潭结构增加沟道阻力,保护沟道底部,避免可动势能继续增大;对比小岗剑沟、文家沟和红椿沟泥石流治理工程,发现灾害链总能量与投资正相关,要根据灾害能量进行合理投资,当能量到达一定量时,单位能量所需要的投资大幅度降低。     

Reconstructing the development of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range during the latter half of the Holocene

We examine the sequence of changes in the structure of the geosystems of the Primorsky Range (Baikal region) for the last 6000 years, based on a continuous recording of fluctuations of the vegetation reconstructed from spore-pollen complexes of a high peat bog. We determined the chronological timeframe of paleogeographical events. The study showed that there occurred a radical structure transformation of the geosystems in the mid-late Holocene, along with a recurrence of similar landscape transformations caused by the instability of natural conditions.     

On the origin of the seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere

Summary. It is known that flow in the mantle can produce preferred orientation in olivine crystals with seismic anisotropy as a consequence. Flow in the subcrustal lithosphere is unlikely because of the high viscosity. Lenses of high temperature and low-viscosity ( anomalous mantle ) are located under the crust in many tectonically active regions, and viscous flow can easily arise in such material resulting in seismic anisotropy. After cooling, such anomalous mantle acquires high viscosity and becomes incorporated into the lithospheric layer preserving the anisotropy produced by the flows which existed previously. The interaction of the stresses with cracks in the upper crust can be one of the causes of anisotropy in this layer.     

对沙漠化农田能转化效率及潜力的分析

我国北方东起黑龙江省嫩江地区, 吉林白城地区及辽宁西部, 包括内蒙兴安盟东南、哲里木、昭乌达、锡林郭勒、乌兰察布、伊克昭等盟的大部地区, 直至河北坝上、陕西榆林北部约26.7万平方公里的幅员范围内, 由于自然条件的特殊性(地表组成物质质地松散、沙粒成分比重很大及气候干旱、多大风, 且年内季风与周期性干旱相吻合), 加上人类不合理开发活动的影响, 成为我国目前沙漠化发展最活跃的地区, 其沙漠化土地近16.5万平方公里, 占全区总面积的61.5%。该地区有较长的经济开发史, 农、牧业相互影响, 交错分布的情况, 在历史上业已形成。据粗略统计, 该区范围内, 有旱作耕地近5, 000万亩, 多以传统的粗放的撂荒种植制进行经营, 长年遭受不同程度的风沙危害, 属于生产水平较为低下的农田类型。这些农田急待整治, 以便提高生产力。由于本区年均降水量在350-450毫米之间, 客观上具有发展旱作农业的可能性。如能合理经营、科学利用其自然资源, 将可能发展成为农、牧业结合的发达地区。从而对我国北方地区农业发展起促进作用。为了深化对沙漠化农田的认识, 揭示其生态失调的实质, 本文将就生态系统观点对其进行分析以寻求有效的整治沙漠化农田的途径。     

Direct determination of the characteristics of the currents responsible for the geomagnetic anomaly of the Rhinegraben

Summary. Previous geomagnetic measurements in the Rhinegraben have led us to assume that the responsible currents have the properties of direct currents and that they all flow in the sediments filling the graben. In order to verify these conclusions, we have performed measurements in a mine at a depth of 650 m. By comparing the field simultaneously recorded at the surface, in the mine and at the reference station, it is possible to deduce that the anomalous currents have the above mentioned properties.     

城市化的开发区模式研究

我国许多城市通过开发区建设,在短时间内完成了产业和人口的集聚,实现了城市地域空间和人口规模的跳跃性增长和产业结构的转型。由于在这种城市空间增长过程中,开发区建设起了决定作用,因此,这种以开发区带动整个地区城市化的方式可称为"开发区模式"。开发区驱动城市化的机制表现在开发区自身区域的城市化和开发区带动周围农村地区城市化两个层面,并具有快速跳跃性、外驱性和不稳定性、人为性、经济增长模式的单一性和基础设施建设的高标准性等特征。针对开发区建设中出现的问题,提出了促进其健康发展的建议。     

Transformation of the vegetation cover in the zone of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk

The influence of air emissions from the enterprises of the city of Norilsk on the vegetation cover of adjacent territories was revealed. The categories of resistance of some plant species and communities to technogenic loads have been ascertained. The protective role of overmoistening of habitats was observed for plants.     

Chemical composition of waters and the phytoplankton of the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river

Field observations showed that the characteristics of chemical composition of waters and the development of plankton algae in the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river are determined by their flowage. The most open Lake Nekipelovskoe communicates with the Selenga outlets throughout a year, and Lake Zavernyaikha only at the period of an open channel. Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton are located in the islands and are isolated from the outlets. According to composition of main ions, the lakes under investigation refer to the hydrocarbonate class, the calcium group. The sum of ions in the water of Lake Nekipelovskoe approaches the one in the Selenga (86?221 mg/dm³), and the highest sums of ions were recorded in the wintertime in the lakes isolated from the outlets (446?743 mg/dm³). The lakes of the delta are characterized by a high trophicity. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus in Lake Nekipelovskoe and Lake Zavernyaikha were 68 and 122 μg mg/dm³, and in Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton ?0.8 and ?0.63 μg mg/dm³, respectively. The most intense development of algae is observed in Lake Zavernyaikha, which is due to the high population of Baikal endemics. Lake Zavernyaikha showed a close negative correlation between the concentration of NO ₃ ^? , mineral phosphorus and phytoplankton biomass; the correlation coefficient was ?0.8 and ?0.63, respectively. The lakes exhibited increased contents readily hydrolysable organic matter, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration in winter; hydrogen sulfide was repeatedly recorded in Lake Khlystov Zaton. The water quality in the lakes during the springtime varies from “quite clean” to “weakly polluted”; at low-water periods, especially in winters, it can drop to the category of “exceedingly dirty”. The water quality of the Selenga can be influenced by the lakes during spring floods when material accumulated during the wintertime is transported to the river outlets and further to Lake Baikal.